Download Name Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological

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Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Answer the following questions in complete sentences, in your own words.
1. What is a macromolecule? Name four classes of biological macromolecules.
2. What is the relationship between monomers and polymers?
3. Anabolic enzymes catalyze reactions called dehydration synthesis; catabolic enzymes catalyze reactions called
hydrolysis. Compare the outcomes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis, with an example for each.
4. How is it possible to construct millions of different macromolecules from only a few dozen common monomers?
5. Sugars commonly found in living organisms have 3, 5, or 6 carbons.
a) What are the common functional groups found in sugars?
b) In figure 5.3, the sugars glucose and galactose are nearly identical, with the same chemical formula. Explain
why they are different.
6. What is a glycosidic linkage and how is it formed?
7. The carbons in sugars are given numbers. What is meant by a 1-4 linkage? What is the significance of a 1-6
linkage?
8. In terms of glycosidic linkages, what makes cellulose much more difficult to digest than starch?
9. Name the additional functional groups found in chitin.
10. What are the consequences of lipids having small polar regions and large domains of carbons and hydrogen?
11. Fats are often referred to as triglycerides. Explain why in terms of the chemical structure of lipid components.
12. List three differences between saturated and unsaturated fats.
13. What does the process of partially hydrogenating vegetable oil do to fats?
14. Explain how phospholipids form a lipid bilayer.
15. Describe the four components of amino acids.
16. Make a table and list the amino acids by the properties of their side chains: hydrophobic, hydrophilic, acidic, and
basic.
17. How is the peptide bond formed?
18. Define the following levels of protein structure:
a) Primary structure
b) Secondary structure
c) Tertiary structure
d) Quaternary structure
19. What are some of the factors that determine protein structure?
20. Describe the role of chaperonins in protein structure.
21. How is the three dimensional shape of proteins determined?
22. What is a nucleotide? There are several important differences between DNA and RNA nucleotides – what are
they?
23. How are purines different from pyrimidines?
24. Explain what is meant by complementary base pairing in DNA.