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Transcript
Genetic Engineering Bio.3.3.2 Summarize how transgenic organisms are engineered to benefit society Bio.3.3.3 Evaluate some of the ethical issues surrounding the use of DNA technology (including cloning, genetically modified organisms, stem cell research, and Human Genome Project). Human Genome Project • The goals of the Human Genome Project were to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome and map the location of every gene on each chromosome. • This information will advance the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human genetic disorders. • The Human Genome Project included sequencing the genes of many model species to provide insights into gene function. Human Genome Project • We learned there are far fewer proteinencoding human genes than once believed but far more proteins because of the complex way they are encoded. • Bioinformatics uses computers to catalog and analyze genomes. • Proteomics studies the identities, structures, interactions, and abundances of an organism’s proteins. Recombinant DNA • Researchers use restriction enzymes to insert DNA fragments into vectors (often a virus). • The resulting DNA from two different organisms is called recombinant DNA. Recombinant DNA • The human genes for insulin and blood clotting factors has been placed in bacterial plasmids. • This allows the bacteria to produce human insulin and human clotting factors. • People in need of insulin, diabetics, or clotting factors, hemophiliacs, can receive these products much cheaper than in the past with no threat of being exposed to blood borne diseases. Recombinant DNA • Organisms created through recombinant DNA technologies are included in the broad classification of genetically modified organisms. • Golden rice • Rice that contains carrot genes so the rice includes the precursor of vitamin A. • A lack of vitamin A results in the death of 1-2 million children annually and blindness in half a million more children. Gene Therapy • Gene therapy refers to treating genetic disorders by correcting a defect in a gene or by providing a normal form of a gene. • A normal piece of DNA can be made in lab and inserted into a vector (something that will deliver the normal DNA to the person’s cells) • Many times, a virus shell is used as the vector • The virus “infects” the person’s cells, injecting the corrected DNA. • Cell now uses corrected DNA to carry out its normal functions. • Cystic fibrosis is treated this way. Cloning • In cloning by nuclear transfer, a nucleus from a body cell of one individual is introduced into an egg cell (without its nucleus) from another individual. • An organism identical to the nucleus donor results. Cloning • First mammal cloned was a sheep. The clone was named Dolly. • Dolly had an abnormally short lifespan. • Her telomeres were too short so her cells couldn’t go through mitosis as many times as usual. Ethical Issues • Some people fear that the release of genetically modified organisms would pose an environmental risk. • Breeding with non-transgenic organisms could spread the engineered genes • Who owns or controls these genes? • In some cases the plants are engineered to not produce pollen or seeds so the engineered genes don’t spread but that means the farmers can’t collect seeds and replant. They have to purchase them every year. Ethical Issues • Allergens • GMOs could contain genes for something that a person is allergic to but they aren’t expecting that allergen to be in that food. • Where is the line between medical treatment and enhancement? • What if we eliminate a gene that causes a disease but also has a benefit (maybe one we don’t know about)? Ethical Issues • Should people be allowed to select their child’s traits? • Who should have access to your genetic information? • Should your employer know you have a higher chance of a heart attack than others? • Should your insurance company be allowed to deny you coverage if you have a heart attack because you had a pre-existing condition thanks to your genes showing an increased risk? • Should parents be required to do genetic engineering on a child with a genetic disease?