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World History • Chapter Five “Rome & Rise of Christianity” • 600 B.C. – A.D. 500 Section One: The Rise of Rome Objectives • 1. Discuss how the Romans conquered the plain of Latium, the Italian peninsula & then the entire Mediterranean world. • 2. Explain how the Romans maintained control over their conquered lands. I. The Land & Peoples of Italy • Italy is a peninsula about 750 miles long • Apennine Mts. run down the middle • Located in the Mediterranean Sea The Land & Peoples of Italy • 3 important plains for farming • 1. Po River • 2. plain of Latium, where Rome is located • 3. plain of Campania A. The Impact of Geography • Rome located 18 miles inland on the Tiber River • Easy access to the sea but safe from pirates • Built on 7 hills The Impact of Geography • Italian peninsula was a natural stopping point for trade & travel • Important position in the Mediterranean B. The Peoples of Italy • 1500 to 1000 B.C. / Latins • Indo-European group who settled in Latium • Herders & farmers The Peoples of Italy • 800 B.C. / Etruscans • Turned Rome from a village into a city & gave Romans their mode of dress – toga & short cloak • Organization of the Roman army Etruscan tomb Etruscan Sarcophagus Etruscan writing Etruscan Temple The Peoples of Italy • Greeks settled in southern Italy / Sicily • Gave the Roman their alphabet & artistic models of sculpture, architecture & literature II. The Roman Republic • Early Rome ruled by kings, some Etruscan • 509 B.C. overthrew the last Etruscan king • Republic – a form of government in which the leader is not a monarch & certain citizens have the right to vote A. War & Conquest • Enemies surrounded Rome • 264 B.C. defeated the states of Latium, the Greeks in the south & the last Etruscan settlements in the north War & Conquest • Roman confederation • Latins had full citizenship • Other groups were allies who controlled their local affairs, but gave soldiers • Such people could become Roman citizens B. Why Rome Was Successful • 3 virtues: duty, courage & discipline • Livy Roman historian Cincinnatus gave examples Why Rome Was Successful • Good diplomats • Extending Roman citizenship & allowing states to run internal affairs • Skilled persistent soldiers & brilliant strategists Why Rome Was Successful • Built towns & connected them with roads • Allowing soldiers to be deployed quickly • Law & politics, Roman were practical & created institutions that responded to problems III. The Roman State • Distrusted kingship • Built a different form of government A. The Government of Rome • Two groups: • 1. Patricians – great landowners, who became Rome’s ruling class • 2. Plebeians – landholders, craftspeople, merchants & small farmers • Only patricians elected to public office Patrician carrying busts of his ancestors in a parade The Government of Rome • Chief executive officers • Consuls (2) – ran the government & led the Roman army into battle • Praetors – in charge of civil law The Government of Rome • Senate, about 300 patricians served for life • Centuriate assembly, elected consuls & praetors & passed laws • Organized by classes based on wealth B. The Struggle of the Orders • Plebeians wanted political & social equality • Fought in the army to protect Rome The Struggle of the Orders • 471 B.C. Council of the plebs created Officials called the Tribunes of the plebs empowered to protect the plebeians • 287 B.C. Council received the right to pass laws • Still dominated by wealthy ruling class C. Roman Law • First code of law, Twelve Tables • Law of Nations, dealt with Roman & non-Roman legal questions • Standards of justice applied to all people equally & used principles recognized today 509 B.C. about 100 years the adoption of “The Twelve Tablets” Law of Nations • Innocent until proven otherwise • The accused has a right to a defense before a judge • Judges should decide cases based on evidence IV. Rome Conquers the Mediterranean • Faced a strong power in Carthage • Had a large trading empire • Began a long struggle in 264 B.C. to control the Mediterranean A. The First Punic War • Rome vs. Carthage • Rome defeated Carthage in a navy battle in 241 B.C. • Sicily became Rome’s first province 1st Punic War The First Punic War • Sent Hannibal the greatest Carthaginian general to start the second Punic War B. The Second Punic War • Hannibal brought war to the Romans • Entered Spain moved east crossing the Alps • 40,000 men, 6,000 horses & elephants Hannibal The Second Punic War • 216 B.C. at Cannae Rome lost an army of 40,000 men • Hannibal remained free to roam Italy • By 206 B.C. had pushed the Carthaginians out of Spain The Second Punic War • Rome decided to invade Carthage • Forced Carthaginians to recall Hannibal from Italy • At the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C. Romans crushed Hannibal’s forces C. More Conquests • 50 years later, Rome rd fought a 3 Punic War • 146 B.C. Roman soldiers sacked Carthage • Conquered Macedonia & Greece Ruins of Carthage Rome’s new empire