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World History
• Chapter Five “Rome &
Rise of Christianity”
• 600 B.C. – A.D. 500
Section One:
The Rise of Rome
Objectives
• 1. Discuss how the Romans
conquered the plain of Latium,
the Italian peninsula & then the
entire Mediterranean world.
• 2. Explain how the Romans
maintained control over their
conquered lands.
I. The Land & Peoples of Italy
• Italy is a peninsula about 750
miles long
• Apennine Mts. run down the
middle
• Located in the Mediterranean
Sea
The Land & Peoples of Italy
• 3 important plains for
farming
• 1. Po River
• 2. plain of Latium, where
Rome is located
• 3. plain of Campania
A. The Impact of Geography
• Rome located 18 miles inland
on the Tiber River
• Easy access to the sea but
safe from pirates
• Built on 7 hills
The Impact of Geography
• Italian peninsula was a
natural stopping point for
trade & travel
• Important position in the
Mediterranean
B. The Peoples of Italy
• 1500 to 1000 B.C. / Latins
• Indo-European group who
settled in Latium
• Herders & farmers
The Peoples of Italy
• 800 B.C. / Etruscans
• Turned Rome from a village into
a city & gave Romans their
mode of dress – toga & short
cloak
• Organization of the Roman
army
Etruscan tomb
Etruscan Sarcophagus
Etruscan
writing
Etruscan Temple
The Peoples of Italy
• Greeks settled in southern Italy /
Sicily
• Gave the Roman their alphabet
& artistic models of sculpture,
architecture & literature
II. The Roman Republic
• Early Rome ruled by kings, some
Etruscan
• 509 B.C. overthrew the last
Etruscan king
• Republic – a form of government
in which the leader is not a
monarch & certain citizens have
the right to vote
A. War & Conquest
• Enemies surrounded Rome
• 264 B.C. defeated the
states of Latium, the
Greeks in the south & the
last Etruscan settlements
in the north
War & Conquest
• Roman confederation
• Latins had full citizenship
• Other groups were allies who
controlled their local affairs, but
gave soldiers
• Such people could become Roman
citizens
B. Why Rome Was Successful
• 3 virtues: duty, courage &
discipline
• Livy Roman historian
Cincinnatus gave
examples
Why Rome Was Successful
• Good diplomats
• Extending Roman citizenship
& allowing states to run
internal affairs
• Skilled persistent soldiers &
brilliant strategists
Why Rome Was Successful
• Built towns & connected them with
roads
• Allowing soldiers to be deployed
quickly
• Law & politics, Roman were
practical & created institutions that
responded to problems
III. The Roman State
• Distrusted kingship
• Built a different form of
government
A. The Government of Rome
• Two groups:
• 1. Patricians – great landowners,
who became Rome’s ruling class
• 2. Plebeians – landholders,
craftspeople, merchants & small
farmers
• Only patricians elected to public
office
Patrician
carrying
busts of
his
ancestors
in a
parade
The Government of Rome
• Chief executive officers
• Consuls (2) – ran the
government & led the
Roman army into battle
• Praetors – in charge of civil
law
The Government of Rome
• Senate, about 300 patricians
served for life
• Centuriate assembly, elected
consuls & praetors & passed
laws
• Organized by classes based on
wealth
B. The Struggle of the Orders
• Plebeians wanted political &
social equality
• Fought in the army to
protect Rome
The Struggle of the Orders
• 471 B.C. Council of the plebs created
Officials called the Tribunes of the
plebs empowered to protect the
plebeians
• 287 B.C. Council received the right to
pass laws
• Still dominated by wealthy ruling class
C. Roman Law
• First code of law, Twelve Tables
• Law of Nations, dealt with
Roman & non-Roman legal
questions
• Standards of justice applied to
all people equally & used
principles recognized today
509 B.C.
about 100 years
the adoption of
“The Twelve
Tablets”
Law of Nations
• Innocent until proven
otherwise
• The accused has a right to a
defense before a judge
• Judges should decide cases
based on evidence
IV. Rome Conquers the
Mediterranean
• Faced a strong power in
Carthage
• Had a large trading empire
• Began a long struggle in 264
B.C. to control the
Mediterranean
A. The First Punic War
• Rome vs. Carthage
• Rome defeated Carthage in
a navy battle in 241 B.C.
• Sicily became Rome’s first
province
1st Punic
War
The First Punic War
• Sent Hannibal the greatest
Carthaginian general to
start the second Punic War
B. The Second Punic War
• Hannibal brought war to the
Romans
• Entered Spain moved east
crossing the Alps
• 40,000 men, 6,000 horses &
elephants
Hannibal
The Second Punic War
• 216 B.C. at Cannae Rome
lost an army of 40,000 men
• Hannibal remained free to
roam Italy
• By 206 B.C. had pushed the
Carthaginians out of Spain
The Second Punic War
• Rome decided to invade
Carthage
• Forced Carthaginians to recall
Hannibal from Italy
• At the Battle of Zama in 202
B.C. Romans crushed Hannibal’s
forces
C. More Conquests
• 50 years later, Rome
rd
fought a 3 Punic War
• 146 B.C. Roman soldiers
sacked Carthage
• Conquered Macedonia &
Greece
Ruins of
Carthage
Rome’s new
empire