Download The Crusades

Questions
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How powerful was the Roman Catholic Church?
What were the Crusades?
What caused the Crusades?
Why was the First Crusade unsuccessful?
Which Muslim leader took over Jerusalem during the
Second Crusades?
Which powerful leader fought in the Third Crusade?
What were the effects of the Crusades?
What was the Inquisition?
What important changes were made to England’s
government?
The Power of the Church
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 From the 11th through 15th centuries, the Roman
Catholic Church and European monarchies such as
England and France, were increasing in power.
 Many church officials helped political leaders run
their kingdoms.
 The Church also had great wealth, which made it an
even more powerful institution. The wealth of the
pope was greater than any European Monarch.
 The pope’s power caused many kings to cooperate
with the church.
Battle for Palestine
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 The Crusades were
military expeditions
from Christian Europe
to Palestine.
 They had lasting
impact on European
politics and society.
The Causes of the Crusades
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 European Christians began
the Crusades for several
reasons.
 Jerusalem and the area
around it is sacred to
Christians, Jews, and
Muslims. Christians called
this area the Holy land.
 The Seljuk takeover of
Jerusalem in 1071 made
Christian pilgrimages to the
Holy land nearly
impossible.
The Crusades

 European feudal princes often used
success in warfare as one way to gain
power. Many princes were eager to
go on the Crusades.
 European Merchants were also
willing to finance the Crusades
because they may gain access to the
rich trade routes that connected with
Asia to the east.
 Seljuk forces attacked the Byzantine
Empire. The Byzantine Empire asked
the pope for help. By 1096, the pope
responded and the First Crusade
began.
The First Crusade

 In 1096, European armies started
out for the Byzantine Empire
capitol of Constantinople. From
there they planned to attack
Palestine.
 Many Crusaders didn’t take
enough supplies. Thousands
died on the way and many were
captured and enslaved.
 Christians forces captured
Jerusalem in 1099. They divided it
into Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and
Jerusalem.
Muslims Return to Power

 The Second Crusade (11471149) began after Muslim
Turks recaptured Edessa in
1144. Muslim forces were able
to defeat the Crusaders with
the rise of a new Muslim
leader Saladin.
 In 1187 Saladin gathered a
large force to attack the
Crusaders. He won many
victories and took over
Jerusalem and news reached
Europe.
The Third Crusade
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 After the fall of Jerusalem, the pope
called for another crusade.
 Some of Europe’s most powerful
leaders went on the Third Crusades
like king Richard the Lion-Hearted.
He became the Crusaders leader
because of courage and skill in battle.
 The Crusaders never gained back
Jerusalem but in 1192, Saladin and
Richard agreed on a truce. Jerusalem
would remain under Muslim rule and
Saladin would allow Christians to visit
the holy city.
The Fourth Crusade

 The truce did not last, and a fourth
crusade was launched in 1202-1204.
 To pay Italian traders who were
transporting the Crusaders they
agreed to attack the Byzantine city of
Zara. The Crusaders, then sacked
Constantinople to put a political ally
in charge of the Byzantine Empire.
 The pope was furious with the
Crusaders for attacking a Christian
city. The Crusaders didn’t continue
the Crusade and the Byzantine
Empire was weakened.
Muslims Recapture Palestine

 Europe began the Crusades
but by 1270, the Muslims
had driven the Crusaders
out of Palestine, and the
wars ended.
 The Crusaders did not
have a permanent effect on
Muslims in Palestine.
People lives just continue.
 Christian traders remained
in Palestine and European
pilgrims continued to visit
their religion’s Holy land.
Effects of the Crusades

 European contact with the
cultures of the eastern
Mediterranean grew
during the Crusades.
Crusaders brought back
Asian goods, resulting in
increased trade.
 Increased trade across the
Mediterranean helped
European towns to grow
and made the role of urban
merchants more important.
Effects of the Crusades
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 Another effect was the rising Christian
hostility toward Jews.
 More and more Christians believed that
all non-Christian were their enemy. On
their way to Palestine, some crusaders
massacred European Jews and continued
the killing in Palestine.
 After the Crusades, Jews were expelled
from England in 1290 and from France in
1306 and 1394. Many of the Jews moved
to eastern Europe.
 Muslims allowed Jews and Christians to
live in peace. Many Crusaders who
stayed in Palestine came to respect
Muslims, but Christian intolerance
toward Jews continued.
The Reconquista
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 Muslim leaders drove the Crusaders out
of Palestine. But in Spain just the
opposite occurred. Here, it was
Christian armies that drove out the
Muslim rulers
 Reconquista or reconquest in Spain
and Portugal was a series of battles by
Christian armies to recapture territory
from the Muslims.
 In the early 700s, Muslims had
conquered the Iberian Peninsula, which
includes present-day Spain and
Portugal.
 By the 1000s, Spanish and Portuguese
kingdoms rose to defeat Muslim forces.
Inquisition
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 King Ferdinand and Queen
Isabella unified Spain through
military and religious authority.
 Church officials punished
people opposed to church
teachings. This was called the
Inquisition.
 Many Jews and Muslims in
Spain and Portugal were
tortured and executed by the
Inquisition.
 In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella
completed the Reconquista by
forcing out the last Muslim
rulers and their followers and
many Jews as well.
The Changes in Government
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 The legal practices of medieval England
are the foundations of many modern
legal practices.
 King Henry II brought common law to
courts. This meant local customs would
be part of the decision making. Which
brought equal treatment.
 In 1199, King Henry’s son John came to
power and he implemented the Magna
Carta. This document guaranteed the
protection of the law and trial by jury.
This document also limited the power
of the king and the right for people to
not be imprisoned unlawfully called
Habeas Corpus.