Download PAGE 1 Keshara Senanayake Full-term study guide Chapter 1

PAGE 1
Keshara Senanayake
Full-term study guide
Chapter 1
Health - the every changing process of achieving individual potential in the physical, social, emotional,
mental, spiritual, and environmental dimensions
wellness - the achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of the several dimensions
(These terms CAN be used interchangeably)
Morbidity - the relative incidence of disease
mortality - the proportion of deaths to population
-Activities of daily living (ASL's) are task of everyday living (just as eating breakfast, looking at mr.chew
in the hallway)
-mental health: the thinking part of psychosocial health; includes your values, attitudes, and beliefs
Social health - ability to have satisfying interpersonal relationships (interactions with others/behavior in
society)
Intellectual health - ability to think clearly, reason objectively, analyze critically, and use brain power to
meet life challenges.
Emotional health - ability to express emotions when they are appropriate, and controlling them when they
are not.
Environmental health - appreciation of the external environment
Spiritual health - subscribing oneself to a supreme being, "guiding force' You don't need religion for this.
Living a balanced life
Mental health - encompasses emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual health
Definition of "wellness" varies, its the balance of the mind, body and spirit.
Health disparities - differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of diseases and other
health conditions among specific population groups.
--> Disparities in health care: Minorities often face a disadvantage because of their race, ethnicity, gender
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and socioeconomic status.
Contributors to health disparities:
- race and ethnicity
-inadequate health insurance
-lifestyle behaviors
-transportation
Health promotion - combined educational/organizational/financial / environmental support to help people
reduce negative behaviors
Risk behaviors - behavior that increase susceptibility to negative health outcomes
Disease prevention - actions or behaviors designed to keep people from getting sick
primary prevention - actions designed to stop problems before they start
Secondary prevention (intervention) - intervention early in the development of a health problem
tertiary prevention - treatment and/or rehabilitation efforts
Incidence - the # of new cases
Prevalence - the # of existing cases
Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES) - academically trained health educator
Healthy life expectancy - the # of years a newborn can expect to live in full health (based on current rates
of illness and mortality)
Cultural competency - a set of congruent attitudes and policies that come together in a system or among
individuals and enables effective work in cross cultural situations ("we" VS "me")
Many diseases (like osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis, depression, diabetes and Alzheimer's) are more
common in women that men.
men and women are different health wise.
Women's health imitative (WHI) - national study of post menopausal women conducted in conjunction
with the NIH mandate for equal research priorities for women's health issues.
Factors that influence health status
-> individual influences: lifestyle, diet, smoking, stress, mental health, genetics
--> community influences: available resources, community services, community policies, priorities,
adequate education, law enforcement, and protective services /religious services
---> health case system influences: Access to health care, quality of health care, cost factors, technological
advances)
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-----> Interpersonal, social, work influences: relationships, communications, social support, job satisfaction,
family interactions, socioeconomic status)
Americans age 15-24 are most likely to die from unintentional injuries, followed by homicide and suicide.
(alcohol has played a role for most of these)
-health can effect grades
(3) major factors influence behavior and behavior changing decisions
Predisposing factors - our life experiences, knowledge, cultural and ethnic backgrounds and current beliefs
and values. Factors that predispose us to health conditions include: age, sex, race, income, family
background, educational background, and access to health case.
Enabling factors: skills and abilities, physical, emotional, and mental capabilities; community, and
government priorities and commitment to health; and safe and convenient resources and facilities that make
health decisions easy or difficult.
(+) enablers encourage you to carry through on your intentions to change
(-) enablers work against your intentions
Reinforcing factors - presence or absence of support, encouragement, or discouragement, employer actions
and polices; health provider costs and access; community resources; and access to health education
Self efficacy - belief in one's ability to perform task successfully (people are have self efficicacy have more
self esteem)
Personal self control - belief that one's own internal resources allow one to control a situation
Belief - appraisal of the relationship between some object, action or idea and some attribute of that object,
action or idea
Attitude - relatively stable set of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies in relation to something or
someone
-People who think they'll fail/easily frustrated have a external locus of control
-People who are confident have a internal locus of control
health Belief Model (HBM) - Model for explaining how beliefs may influence behaviors.
---> It holds several factors must support a belief before change is likely:
1) Perceives seriousness of health problem
2) Perceives susceptibility of the health problem
3) Cues to action
--> 3 other factors that are linked to perceives risk for health problems: demographic variables: age, gender,
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and ethnic background. Sociopsychological variables: personality traits, social class, and social pressure;
structural variables: knowledge about or prior contact with health problems
--> Some people and other chronic smokers miss these cues (like noimul) think that the immediate
pleasure outweighs the long range cost (like smoking)
Theory of reasoned action - our behaviors result from our intentions to perform actions. An intention is a
product of our attitudes and our beliefs about what other may want to do to us.
- A behavioral action is a written or stated commitment to perform an action
The theory of reasoned action also outlines three reasons for how we choose to behave:
1) our attitudes toward the behavior (what we think about the + or - effects of out actions
2) our level of perceived behavioral control - our beliefs about the constraints and/or opportunities that we
might have concerning the behavior
3) subjective norm - whether we think out actions meet the approval or disapproval of people important to
us
Shaping - using series of small steps to gradually achieve a particular foal
imagined rehearsal - practicing, through mental imagery, to become better able to perform an event in
actuality
modeling - learning specific behaviors by watching others perform them
Situational inducement - attempt to influence a behavior through situations and occasions that are
structured to exert control over that behavior
Positive enforcement - presenting something positive following a behavior that is being reinforced
--> Consumable reinforcers: food
--> Activity reinforcers: watch tv or go on vacation
--> Manipulative reinforcers: better grade by doing extra credit
--> Possesional reinforcers: rewards like TV or a new car
--> Social reinforcers- sign of appreciation/approval
self-talk - the customary manner of thinking and talking to yourself, which can impact your self-image
Rational-emotive therapy --> form of cognitive therapy (or self directed behavior change) based on the
connection between what people say to themselves and how they feel.
Blocking thought stopping -- by blocking or stopping negative thoughts a person can concentrate on taking
+ steps towards behavior change
Remember to cope with stress. Like this health test! Keep calm.
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--> Antecedents are setting events for behavior
--> Consequences are results of behavior
When analyzing personal behavior take into account:
frequency, duration, seriousness, basis for problem behavior, antecedents
CHAPTER 2
-Psychosocial health: the mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of health
-->
1) they feel good about themselves
2) they feel comfortable with other people
3) they control tensions and anxiety
4) they meet the demands of life
5) they curb hate or guilt
6) they maintain a positive outlook
7) they value diversity
8) they appreciate and respect nature
9) they enrich the lives of others
The term mental health is often used to describe the “thinking” or rational part of psychosocial health. This
is often referred to intellectual health - a subset of mental health.
-Mental health: the thinking part of psychosocial health; includes your values, attitudes, and beliefs
-> A mentally healthy person is likely to respond to life’s challenges constructively
Emotional health is often used with the term mental health.
--> Emotional health more accurately refers to the feelings, or subjective side of psychosocial health that
includes the emotion reactions of life.
Emotions are intensified feelings or complex patterns of feelings that we experience on regular basis
Emotions are described with the interplay of 4 main components:
1) physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive (thought) processes, and behavioral reactions.
4 basic types of emotions:
1) emotions resulting from harm, los of threats
2) emotions resulting from benefits
3) border line emotions like hope and compassion
4) and more complex emotions like grief, disappointment, bewilderment, and curiosity
Social bonds - degree and nature of interpersonal contacts
Social bonds - network of people and services with whom you share ties and get support
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Prejudice - a negative evaluation of an entire group of people that is based on unfavorable and often wrong
ideas of the group
Spirituality - a belief in a unifying force that gives meaning to life and transcends the purely physical and
personal dimensions of life
Spiritual health is define in:
- the quality of existence in which one is at peace with oneself and in good standing with the environment
- a sense of empowerment and personal control that includes feeling valued and in control of one’s
responses (but not in control of ones environment)
- a sense of connectedness to one’s deepest self, to other people, and to all that is generally regarded as
good
- a sense of meaning and purpose, which provides a sense of mission by finding and wisdom in the here and
now
Spirituality addresses 4 main themes:
1) interconnectedness (having harmony with yourself and others)
2) practice of mindfulness (is a form of meditation that focuses on ones ability to be fully present in the
moment)
3) spirituality as a part of daily life (embodies the ability to discover and articulate our own basic purpose
of life.) Foster hope, faith, and love.
4) living in harmony with our community.
Interconnectedness - a web of connections, including our relationships to ourselves, to others, and to a
larger meaning or purpose in life
Mindfulness - awareness and acceptance of the reality of the present moment
Faith - belief that helps each person realize a unique purpose in life
hope - belief that allows us to look confidentially and courageously into the future
love - acceptance, affirmation, and respect for the self and others
altruism - the act of giving oneself our of genuine concern for others
Dysfunctional families - families in which there is violence; physical, emotional or sexual abuse; parental
discord; or other negative family interactions
Internal factors - hereditary traits, hormonal function, physical health (including neurological function)
physical fitness level
learned helplessness - pattern of responding to situations by giving up because of repeated failure in the
past
learned optimism - teaching oneself to think optimistically
Your personality can form from heredity, environmental, culture, and experience influence
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People who have these traits are psychosocially healthy:
1) extroversion: the ability to a social situation and demonstrate assertiveness as well as power or
interpersonal involvement
2) Agreeableness: the ability to conform, be likeable, and demonstrate friendly compliance as well as love
3)Openness to experience: show curiosity
4) Conscientiousness - qualities of dependable and demonstrating self control and discipline
Resiliency - an individuals capacity for adapting to change and stressful events in healthy and flexible ways
Assets - internal and external resources and community supports that help a person be more resilient in
difficult times and more likely to make positive choices and respond in positive healthful ways
flourishing - living within an optimal range of human functioning, one that connotes goodness,
productivity, growth, and resilience.
Ways to build self esteem and self efficacy:
1) find a support group
2) complete required tasks
3) form realistic expectations
4) make time for you
5) maintain physical health
6) examine problems and seek help if necessary
-Sleeps serves as 2 biological purposes
1) conservation of energy
2) restoration, so that neurotransmitters that have been depleted during waking hours can be replenished
-Sleep duration is also controlled by circadian rhythms, which are linked to the hormone melatonin
-most important period of sleep is rapid eye movement sleep (REM), heart rate increases, respiration speeds
up, and dreaming tends to occur
Insomnia - difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) - the science that examines the relationship between the brain and behavior
and how this affects the body’s immune system
Happiness - feeling of contentment created when one’s expectations and physical, psychological and
spiritual needs have been met and one enjoys life.
Subjective well-being (SWB) - that uplifting feeling of inner peace and wonder that we call happiness
(has three components)
1) Satisfaction with present life
2) relative presence of positive emotions
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3) relative absence of negative emotions
Laughter is good for you!
The neurotransmitters function better in happy people.
Happiness doesn't depend on age, gender, race, of socioeconomic status.
To help improve the out look on life:
1) develop gratitude
2) use capitalization
3) know when to say when (having satisfice)
4) grow a signature strength
Gratitude - a sense of thankfulness and appreciation for the good things in your life as well as life’s lessons
Capitalization - the process by which we focus on the good things that happen to us and share those things
with others
mental illness - disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, moods, and behaviors and that impair daily
functioning.
satisfice: when an outcome is good enough, rather than ideal
-Stressed out people with a strong sense of humor become less depressed and anxious than those who have
less developed sense of humor
-students who use humor as a coping mechanism report that it puts them in a good mood
-telling a joke with a shared experience increases our sense of belonging and social cohesion
-positive emotions such as joy, interest, and contentment serve valuable life functions
-joy is associated with playfullness and creativity
-interest encourages us to explore our world (which enhances knowledge and cognitive ability)
- contentment allows us to savor and integrate experiences (and important step in achieving mindfulness
and insight
-emotions may be transient, their effects can be permanent and provide lifelong enrichment
- positive emotions benefit physical health while negative emotions impair it
-evidence shows a connection between emotions and physical health
-Chronic mood disorder are disorders that affect how you feel, such as persistent sadness or feelings of
euphoria. (they include depression and bipolar disorder)
Major depressive disorder: severe depression that entails chronic disorder, physical effects such as sleep
disturbances, and mental effects such as the inability to concentrate
>symptoms last for weeks, months, or years and they vary in intensity
-Bipolar disorder: form of depression characterized by alternating mania and depression, also called
MANIC-DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS.
>people with bipolar disorder often have severe mood swings (ranging from severe highs [mania] to lows
[depression])
>biological, genetic, and environmental factors seem to cause episodes in this illness
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>drug abuse, stress, and traumatic events are also factored in
-Major depressive disorder is caused by the interaction between biology, learned behavioral responses,
cognitive factors, environment, and situational triggers and stressors.
>some disorders (such as bipolar disorder) run in families
>people who have low self-esteem, who consistently view themselves and the world with pessimism or
who are readily overwhelmed by stress, are also prone to depression
>depression can be triggered by a serious loss, difficult relationship, financial problems, or pressures
-In recent years researchers have shown that physical changes in the body can be accompanied by mental
changes (such as depression)
-Women are almost twice as likely to experience depression
>men tried to distract themselves from a depressed mood whereas women focused on it. If focusing
obsessively on negative feelings intensifies these feelings, women who do this may predispose themselves
to depression.
>Depression in men is masked by alcohol, drugs, or long work hours.
>Depression is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease in both men and women, it is
also associated with a higher risk of death by heart disease in men
>men are more likely to act on suicidal feelings than women, and they are usually more successful at
suicide as well; suicide rates among depressed men are four times those of women.
-it is not normal for older people to be depressed, but age and medicated can induce depression
>depression in children is an increasingly reported phenomenon.
-both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological modes of treatment are recommended for clinical depression.
>drugs often relieve the symptoms of depression (like loss of sleep/appetite)
>and psychotherapy can be helpful by improving the ability to function
The two most common psychotherapy treatments include:
1) Cognitive Therapy
>It helps a patient look at life rationally and correct habitually pessimistic thought patterns. It focuses on
the here and now rather than analyzing the patients pass. It lasts 6 -18 months of weekly sessions consisting
of reasoning and behavioral exercises
2) Interpersonal Therapy
> its combined with cognitive therapy, it also addresses the present but focuses on correcting chronic
relationship problems. Interpersonal therapist forces on a patients relationships with their families and other
people
-Antidepressant drugs offer several options for treating depressive disorders. The most common
antidepressants are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
>ALWAYS ask a health profession before using or quitting an antidepressant
-Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder,
and phobic disorders.
>Anxiety disorders are the number one mental health problem in the united states
>it is also the leading mental health problem among adolescents
>anxiety disorders are characterized by persistent feelings of threat and worry in coping with everyday
problems
-Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
>GAD is a content sense of worry that may cause restlessness, difficulty in concentrating, tension, and
other symptoms
>people who have this develops a dehabilitating level of anxiety
>GAD often runs in families
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>it is readily treatable with benzodiazepines which calm the person for short periods
Panic attack: severe anxiety reaction in which a particular situation, often for unknown reasons causes
terror.
>heredity, stress, and certain biochemical factors play a role in panic attacks. It is known it can be a over
reactive flight-or-fight response.
-People who feel compelled to perform rituals over and over again, are fearful of dirt or contamination;
have an unnatural concern about order, symmetry, and exactness may have OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE
DISORDER (OCD)
>obsessions must consume more than 1 hour per day to be considered part of a OCD
-Phobic disorders involve persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. Often out
of proportion to the circumstances.
>a social phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by the persistent fear and avoidance of social
situations
-Scientist aren't sure where anxiety disorders come from but they give the following causes:
>Biology
>Environment
>Social and cultural roles
-Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression, and an additional 14% experience a milder from
of the disorder called "winter blues"
> it strikes in the winter months and is associated with a reduced exposure to sunlight
>people with SAD suffer from irritability, apathy, carbohydrate craving and weight gain
>researchers believe SAD is caused by a malfunction in the hypothalamus (the gland that regulates
responses to external stimuli) stress may also play a role
>light therapies are used to treat SAD
>diet change (eating complex carbs), increased exercise, time management, sleep restrictions,
psychotherapy, and antidepressants can help
-Schizophrenia is characterized by alterations of the sense (including auditory and visual hallucinations);
the inability to sort out incoming stimuli and make appropriate responses; an altered self, and radical
changes in emotions/movements/behaviors (THIS IS NOT LIKE SPLIT PERSONALITY AND
MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER)
>MRI and PET scans have shown schizophrenia is a biological disease of the brain. Brain damage occurs
early in life (2nd trimester) but symptoms are known in early adolescence.
>drugs/psychotherapy can help
-They're a lot of gender issues in Psychosocial health
>doctors diagnose women with hysterical personality disorder (thought of as a woman’s disorder) and if its
a man they diagnose them as anti social personality which is thought of as being a mans disorder.
>PMS is premenstrual syndrome
>PMDD is premenstrual dysphoric disorder, which is considered the severe form of PMS.
>PMS is characterized by depression, irritability, and other symptoms of increased stress typically
occurring just prior to menstruation and lasting a day or two. PMS is somewhat disruptive/uncomfortable
and does not interfere with daily function, PMDD does. To be diagnose with PMDD a woman must have at
least 5 symptoms of PMS for a week to 10 days with at least one symptom being serious enough to
interfere with life.
>antidepressants are prescribed
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-More lives re lost to suicide than any other single cause except cancer and cardiovascular disease.
>suicide is a result of poor coping skills, lack of social support, lack of self esteem, and inability to see ones
way out of a bas situation
Warning sides of suicide include:
>recent loss and seeming inability to let go of grief
>change in personality
>change in behavior
>diminished sexual interest
>expressions of self hatred
>change in sleep pattern
>a direct statement about it
>an indirect statement about it
>final preparations
>a preoccupation with themes of death
>marked changes in personal appearance
Remember when dealing with a suicidal person:
>monitor the warning signals
>take threats seriously
>let the person know how much you care
>listen
>ask directly
>do not belittle their feelings
>help the person think of alternatives
>remember that your relationship with others involves responsibilities
>tell your friends spouse, partner, relatives, or counselors
-breakdown is support systems, high societal expectations of the individual, and dysfunctional families are
the three major reasons people are seeking professional help
If you are expecting treatment you should go through the following phases:
1. physical checkup
2. a psychiatric history
3. a mental status examinations
A mental health professional should be caring, and helpful. Please do ask questions!
A list of mental health professionals in the book are
1) Psychiatrist
2) Psychologist
3) clinical/psychiatric social worker
4) Counselor
5) Psychiatric nurse specialist or Psychiatric nurse practitioner
6) Psychoanalyst
7) Licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT)
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Chapter 3
Stress: the experience of a perceived threat (real or imagined) to one's well-being resulting from a series of
physiological responses and adaptations
Stressor: A physical, social, or psychological event or condition that we perceive challenges or threatens us
and that produces a stress response.
Stress response: the series of physiological changes and adaptations that result from a stressor
>stressors can be physical, social, emotional, intellectual, economic, or spiritual
> they can be positive or negative
>based on out interpretation/perception
>these perceptions are based on past experiences, biological factors, characteristics of the event/station
Coping: is the act of managing events or conditions to lessen the impact of a stressor
Eustress: stress that presents opportunities for personal growth; POSITIVE STRESS
>asking out mr.chew and he says yes
Distress: stress that can have a detrimental effect on health, NEGATIVE STRESS
>financial problems
>mr.chew broke up with you
>prolonged distress is BAD FOR YOU
You can not get rid of stress, you need it.
-Whenever we're surprised or something happens our emotional reactions triggers the adrenal glands (two
almond sized glands sitting atop the kidneys) to secrete adrenaline and other hormones into the bloodstream
>as a result heart speeds up, breathing increases, blood pressure is elevated, and blood sugar rises.
This is know as the FLIGHT-or-FIGHT response: Physiological arousal response in which the body
prepares to combat or escape a real or perceives threat
>this series of behavioral, neurological, and immunological changes are designed to help us; however, if
overtaxed, the response can be damaging to our bodies
Flight or fight is a complex physiological response to stress is which our bodies move from homeostasis
>
Homeostasis: a balanced physical state in which all the body's system function smoothly and maintain
equilibrium
>to one of crisis as the body attempts to return to homeostasis after responding to stressors.
>This is referred to as ADAPTIVE RESPONCE (form of adjustment in which the body attempts to restore
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homeostasis)
>Hans Selye in 1936 called the internal fight to go back to homeostatic as GENERAL ADAPTATION
SYNDROME (GAS) [the pattern followed in the physiological response to stress, consisting of the alarm,
resistance, and exhaustion phases
>it has three phases: ALARM, RESISTANCE, and EXHAUSTION
Alarm phase: when the body is exposed to a real or perceived stressor, the fight-or-flight response kicks
into GEAR!
>stress hormones flow and the body prepares for battle!
>subconscious perceptions and appraisal of the stressor stimulate the area in the brain responsible for
emotions
>emotional stimulation triggers the physical reactions we associate with stress
>when the mind perceives a real or imaginary stressor, the cerebral cortex, the region of the brain that
interprets the nature an event is called into attention. If it sees a threat it triggers the AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) that response is to prepare the body for action.
>ANS is the portion of the central nervous system that regulates body functions that a person does not
normally consciously control
>such as heart function, breathing, and glandular function.
>when we are stressed the activity rate of all these bodily functions increases dramatically to give us the
physical strength to protect our selves
>ANS HAS TWO BRANCHES
--> the sympathetic nervous system which energizes the body for fight or fight by signaling the release of
several stress hormones that speed the heart rate, increases the breathing rate and other responses
--> the parasympathetic nervous system functions to slow all the systems stimulated by the stress response
and acts to COUNTERACT RHE SYMPATHETIC BRANCH
>in a healthy person the two work together
-->The response of the sympathetic nervous system to stress involves a series of biochemical exchanges
>hypothalamus (structure in the brain) is the control center of the sympathetic nervous system and
determines the overall reaction to stressors.
>when the hypothalamus senses it needs more energy to fight the stressor it stimulates the adrenal glands
located near the top of the kidneys to release epinephrine (adrenaline)
>causes more blood to be pumped to beat the heart
>dilated the bronchioles (air sacs in the lung) to increase oxygen intake
>stimulates liver to release glucose
>dilated pupils
-because blood is diverted from the digestive system this often causes the nausea you feel and dry mouth
>>At the same exact time the hypothalamus uses chemical messengers to trigger the pituitary gland within
the brain to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which signal the adrenal glands to release
cortisol, a hormone which makes stored nutrients more readily available.
>other parts of the brain releases Endorphins a naturally occurring opiate to relieve pain
---> The resistance phase is like the alarm phase but at an intense level, stressor still exists. Tries to go to
homeostasis.
--> Exhaustion phase is when the body has a prolonged response and leads to a ALLOSTATIS LOAD (or
exhaustive wear and tear of the body)
>the physical and emotional energy to fight the stressor has been depleted. Chronic stress can create
continuous alarm and resistance resulting in total depletion of energy.
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>AS THE BODY ADJUSTS TO CHRONIC UNRESOLVED STRESS THE ADRENAL GLANDS
CONTINUE TO RELEASE CORTISOL WHICH REMAINS IN THE BLOODSTREAM FOR LONGER
PERIOD OF TIME DUE TO SLOWER METABOLIC RESPONSES.
>over time this leads to reduce in immunocompetence, or the ability of the immune system to respond to
various assaults. Blood pressure can remain dangerously elevated, and you may get sick easily.
-Chronic stress impacts heart rate, blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke and other forms of CVD
(cardiovascular disease)
>can lead to increased plaque buildup due to elevated cholesterol, hardening of the arteries,
increases/fluctuating blood pressure, and difficulties in cardiovascular responsiveness
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI): science of the interaction between the mind and the immune system
>analyses the intricate relationship between the minds response to stress and the immunes system ability to
function correctly
>during prolonged stress elevated levels of adrenal hormones destroy the ability of certain white blood cells
(known as killer T cells to aid the immune response)
>acute stressors are like arguments, public speaking, and academic examinations
>prolonged stressors are like a natural disaster, living with a handicap, loss of a spouse, and unemployment
-Diabetes and stress are linked
Diabetes: disease in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or to use insulin effectively
>the activation of the sympathetic nervous system by stress can lead to an increase glucose production and
inadequate production of insulin (a hormone that controls blood sugar levels)
>high stress can effect it a lot. High blood sugar levels mat begin to damage body organs such as kidneys
and blood vessels in the extremities and eyes.
>Being healthy, relaxing, and exercising helps!
-Mental disorders are prevalent in the age group 15-24 than any other.
-Stress is the greatest contributor to mental disability
---> Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an acute stress disorder caused by experiencing an extremely
traumatic event, such as rape or combat
>the development of PTSD is based on the hyperressponsive action of the flight-of-fight response
>PTSD symptoms are
->dissociation (perceived detachment of the mind from the emotion state of even the body)
->Acute anxiety or nervousness (in which a person is hyper aroused, may easily cry or experience mood
swings, flashbacks, nightmares, or recurrent thought/visual images. They might have shaking, nausea, and
relive the moment again)
>Key psychosocial stressors include change, hassles, pressure, inconsistent goals, and behaviors, conflict,
overland, and other factors.
--> Anytime change occurs in your normal routine (whether good or bad) you will experience stress
>the more changes you experience and the more adjustments you must make, the greater the stress effects
may be
>Drs.Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe made the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) that judged
whether major life events precede illness onset
>they determined that certain events (both positive or negative) predicted increased risk for certain illness
->Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman focused on petty annoyances
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>Hassles: petty annoyances and frustrations
>minor hassles like loosing your keys, slipping/falling, and finding a seat in your new class seem
unimportant but their cumulative effects have been shown to be harmful in the long run
>hassles are related to subsequent illness and disease to a greater degree than are major life events
-->Pressure occurs when we feel forced to speed up, intensify, or shift the direction of our behavior to meet
a higher standard or performance.
>Pressures can be based on our personal goals and expectations, concern about what others think, or
outside influences
>among the most significant outside influences are society’s demands that we compete and be all that we
can be
>Negative stress effects are magnified when there is a disparity between our goals (what we value or hope
to obtain in life) and our behaviors (actions that may or may not lead to these goals)
>thwarted goals may lead to frustration, and frustration has been shown to disrupt homeostasis
>if we consciously try to attain our goals in a direct manner we can reduce the negative stress
->Conflict occurs when we are forced to make difficult decisions between competing motives, behaviors,
or impulses, or when we are forced to face incompatible demands, opportunities, needs, or goals
>conflict often occurs when our values are tested
>"Yo keshara smoke some weed its real good foh real ya herd best thing ever"
>"But dude its sooo bad for you"
>"Do it! Do it!"
->Excessive time pressure, too much responsibility, high expectations of yourself and those around you and
lack of support can lead to OVERLOAD, a state of being overburdened
->People who regularly suffer from overload, frustration, and disappointment may eventually experience
BURNOUT, a state of physical and mental exhaustion caused by excessive stress.
>people involved
>people involved in helping professions such as teaching/social working and other people working in highpressure, dangerous jobs
->Other foams of psychosocial stress include problems overcrowding, discrimination, and socioeconomic
difficulties such as unemployment and poverty
>Students perceived as different may become victims to subtle and not-so-subtle bigotry, insensitivity,
harassment, and hostility. Race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, age, sexual orientation or other 0isms
(different viewpoints and backgrounds) and effect students
>Health effects of excessive stress in certain minority groups are shown statistically. African Americans
suffer from higher rates of hypertension and CVD than most white people
->Environmental stress include
>natural disasters/human disasters
background disaster: environmental stressors of which people are often unaware
>such as noise, air, and water pollution, although we may be unaware of them and their effects for decades
>our bodies respond to it with GAS*hahaha* (General adaptation syndrome)
PAGE 16
>people who cannot escape background stressors may exist in a constant resistance phase, which can
contribute to stress-related disorders
>Appraisal: the interpretation and evaluation of information provided to the brain by sense
>sometimes our appraisals of demands, not the demands themselves result in stress
>appraisal in a natural process not a conscious activity
>when new information becomes available appraisal helps us recognize stressors, evaluate them and decide
how to cope
>when you sense your coping resources are enough you experience little to no stress
>but if you sense life's demands exceeds your coping resources, you are likely to feel strain and distress.
>several coping resources influence how you appraise stress
>two of the most important ones are self esteem (a sense if positive self regard) [low self esteem and a
stressful life and predict suicidal ideation, a desire to die and thoughts about suicide]
> AND self-efficacy (refers to belief or confidence in personal skills and performance abilities)
-->TWO TYPES OF STRESS-RELATED PERSONALITIES (identified by Meyer Friedman and Ray
Rosenman)
>Type A people are hard-driving, competitive, time-driven perfectionists
>Type B personalities are relaxed, noncompetitive, and more tolerant of others
>Type A characteristics are more prone to heart attacks than are their Type B counterparts
-->Type A behavior can be modified and they can become more tolerant
>researchers are duke show Type A personality is more complex than that and its the "toxic core" in type A
personalities that makes them angry, distrustful of others, and cynical.
>A collection of characteristics classified as hostility
Hostility: the cognitive, affective, and behavioral tendencies toward anger and cynicism
>its this toxic core rather than their hard-driving nature that makes Type A individuals more vulnerable to
self-impose stress
>people who are hostile often have below-average levels of self-esteem and social support and other
increased risks for ill health
->Hostility can have severe effects on cardiovascular health
->Hostility can three components
1) Cognitive -> negative beliefs about and attitudes toward others, including cynicism and mistrust
2) Affective -> anger, which can range from irritation to rage can be assessed with regard to frequency,
intensity, and target
3) Behavioral -> actions intended to harm others, either verbally or physically
>White men and people with low socioeconomic status appear to be at highest risk for hostility
>along with obese people, smokers, and those who drink/live a sedentary lifestyle
>Susanne Kobasa a psychologist says psychological hardiness can negate self-imposed stress associated
with Type A behavior
>Psychological hardiness: a personality trait characterized by control, commitment, and the embrace of
challenge.
>people with a sense of control are able to accept responsibility for their behaviors and change those that
they discover to be dehabilitating
->Psychological stress: stress caused by being in an environment perceived to be beyond one's control and
endangering one's well being
>the person judges that it is beyond his/her resources and jeopardizes his or her well being
PAGE 17
>as you go from freshmen --> senior you have less stress
>male and female have different stressors
>they also have different coping behaviors
>women report greater use of time management techniques to deal with stress, whereas men tend to engage
in more leisure activities to lessen academic stress
>Many mental health problems may be traced to stress-related trauma that occurs at key periods of life
(especially college years)
>recognizing your personal stressors is the first step toward making positive changes
>one of the most effective ways to combat stressors is to build skills and coping strategies that will help
inoculate you against them
>assess your stress -> can you alter the circumstances? or change your behavior?
>Change your responses -> requires practice and emotional control. (don't get angry, deal with it rationally)
>Learn to cope
->Stress inoculation: stress management technique in which a person consciously tries to prepare ahead of
time for potential stressors
->Downshifting (or called voluntary simplicity) is taking a step back and simplifying your life
>determine your ultimate goal
>make both short-term and long-term plans for simplifying your life
>complete a financial inventory
>plan for health care cost
>select the right career
>consider options for saving money
-When looking for good friends look for those who
>have values and interest like yours (as well as different interest(
>good listeners
>trustworthy
>not to critical, honest
>responsible
>willing to exercise
>know to laugh/cry/engage in meaningful conversation
>sometimes focusing on others can help you get your own problems into better focus and control
->Always have a support base (family, or counselor)
>stress management calls for mental action in two areas
1) positive self esteem, which can help you cope with stressful situations
2) you need to develop the mental skills necessary to manage your reactions after it has occurred
Cognitive restructuring: the modification of thoughts, ideas, and beliefs that contribute to stress
>Change the way you think to combat stress. Negative self talk is BAD!
>become aware --> stop it --> and replace it with positive
>Pessimism and perfectionism are forms of negative self talk
Dichotomous thinking is thinking black or white
Here are some actions you can take:
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1) reframe a distressing event from a positive perspective
2) worry constructively
3) look at life as being fluid
4) consider alternatives
5) moderate your expectations
6) weed out trivia
7) don't rush into action
8) tolerate mistakes by yourself and others
9) live simply
-> Learn to laugh and cry it stimulates the heart and temporarily revs up the body --> then heart rate and
blood pressure decreases which relaxes the body
>known to reduce stress hormones, improve mood, enhance creativity, reduce pain, and improve immunity
-Fight the urge to be angry
>5 main sources of anger is when you see a threat to
1) safety and well-being
2) power
3) perfectionism
4) self-sufficiency and autonomy
5) self-esteem and status
>not all anger is bad, it can help us fight back in danger. But when it clouds up your mind it is bad
>Three main ways to deal with anger:
1) expressing it
2) suppressing it
3) calming it
-------> Expressing your anger is the healthiest, if you express it in an assertive way instead of an
aggressive way in the long run.
>Exercise "burns off" existing stress hormones by directing them to their intended metabolic function
>exercise can also relive stress by raising the levels of endorphins (mood elevating, pain killing hormones)
>Relaxation helps you cope with stress
>as your body relaxed your heart rate slows, your blood pressure and metabolic rate decrease, and many
other body-calming effects occur
->Eating RIGHT will help you provide the stamina you need to get through problems
>under eating AND overeating is bad for you
>Sympathomimetics are food substances that can produce stress-like responses. (caffeine)
-->Managing you time is helpful
>take on only one thing at a time
>clean off your desk
>find a clean, comfortable place to work
>prioritize your tasks
>don't be afraid to say no
>avoid interruptions
PAGE 19
>reward yourself for work completed
>use time to your advantage
>break overwhelming tasks into small pieces, and allocate a certain amount of time to each.
>remember that time is precious!
->Manage your finances!
>develop a realistic budget
>when bills come in, take care of them immediately
>consider electronic banking
>become knowledgeable about how to manage your money
>avoid those tempting credit cards
>don't get into debt
Other popular stress management techniques are:
>Visualization: the creation of mental images to promote relaxation
>Meditation: a relaxation technique that involves deep breathing and concentration
>Biofeedback: a technique that involves using a machine to self-monitor physical responses to stress
A know meditative technique is mindfulness
>Mindfulness: The ability to be fully present in the moment
> it can aid in relaxation and to reduce emotional and physical pain
->Interacting with the natural environment (like jogging, biking, and swimming) provides a sensory
experiences (feeling, smelling, touching, listening, and hearing) while strengthening muscles and the
cardiovascular system
>by practicing thought-stopping, blocking negative thoughts, and focusing on positive emotions via selftalk we can help ourselves through a negative experience
>developing a spiritual side is a internal AND social process
>listening actively is important!
>by using our minds for objective reasoning, we develop the intellectual dimension of spiritual health
PAGE 20
CHAPTER 9
-True hunger occurs when there is a lack or shortage of basic food needed to provide the energy and
nutrients that support health.
>when hungry the chemical messengers in the brain (hypothalamus) puts a physiological response to make
us look for food
Hunger: The physiological impulse to seek food, prompted by the lack or shortage of basic foods needed to
provide energy and nutrients that support health
-Must Americans eat because of out appetitive, not because of hunger.
>doesn't have to do with hunger (but can be related to it)
>can be triggered by smells, tastes, and others at certain times during the day
Appetite: the desire to eat; normally accompanies hunger but is more psychological than physiological
Hunger appetite and other things also influence when, how and what we eat. Like the following:
1) Cultural and social meanings attached to food (we gain out FOOD PREFERENCES from food we grew
up eating)
2) Convenience and advertising
3) Habit and custom (religion food preferences fall under this also)
4) Emotional comfort
5) Nutritional value
6) Social interactions
7) Regional/Seasonal trends
Nutrition: The science that investigates the relationship between the physiological function and the
essential elements of the foods eaten
> With our country's overabundance of food/food choices media "prime" us to want delicious food
>we have easy access to Nutrients
>Nutrients: the constituents of food that sustain humans physiologically: protein, carbohydrates, fats,
vitamins, and minerals
>Americans should have few nutritional problems however current diet trends contribute to many major
diseases: cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, ect
A healthful diet provides the proper combination of energy and nutrients. It is sufficient to keep us
functioning well in our daily lives.
It should be
1) Adequate: providing enough energy/nutrients to main health.
>Calorie is the unit of measurement used to quantify the amount of energy we obtain from particular food.
Different people need different calorie intake
2) Moderate: to much consumption can lead to weight gain, portion control is essential
3) Balanced: you diet should contain the proper combination of foods from different groups.
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4) Varied: eat a lot of different foods each day. Variety helps you avoid boredom and keep the diet
interesting!
5) Nutrient dense: referring to the proportion of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients compared to the
number of calories.
Studies show how caloric intake has increased (studies show it isn't an actual increase of food eaten but the
number of calories in the foods we choose to eat) this + out sedentary lifestyle its not surprising we have
seen a dramatic rise in obesity
Our bodies cannot synthesize or produce certain essential nutrients and we must obtain them from foods we
eat.
>before out body uses food we need to break it down from large food particles to smaller useable ones. The
sequence of functions by which the body breaks/absorbs/excretes food is known as the digestive process.
>Digestive process: the process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them
Digestive process goes like:
1)Mouth prepared for food by increasing production of salvia (which contains enzymes that begins the
digestive processes)
2) from here food passes down the esophagus to the stomach where food is mixed by muscular contractions
and broken down by enzymes and stomach acids.
3) further digestive activity, and absorption of nutrients takes place in the small intestine aided by enzymes
from the liver and pancreas.
4) next water and salts are absorbed by the last intestine and solid waste moves into the rectum and is
passed out through the anus.
>Whole process takes 24 hours
>You can survive much longer without food then water
>people can go weeks without certain vitamins and minerals before experiencing serious deficiency
symptoms
>dehydration (abnormal depletion of body fluids) can cause serious problems in a matter of hours, and
death after a few days without water
>human body is 50 to 60% water by weight
>water in the body bathes cells, aids in fluid and electrolyte balance, maintains pH and transports
molecules and cell throughout the body
>water is a major component is the blood which carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and is
responsible for maintaining cells in working order
>individual need for water vary drastically to things like dietary factors, age, size over health, enviromental
temperature/humidity levels, and exercise
>disease like diabetes and cystic fibrosis, cause people to lose fluids at a rate necessitating a high volume of
fluid intake
-Next to water, Proteins are the most abundant substances in the human body
>Proteins are major components of nearly every cell
>they play a big role in the developing and repairing of bone, muscle, skin, and blood cells
>they are the key elements of the antibodies that protect us from disease, of enzymes that control chemical
activities in the body, and of hormones that regulate body functions
> Proteins help transport iron, oxygen, and nutrients to a body cells and supply another source of energy to
cells when fats and carbohydrates aren't readily available
PAGE 22
>adequate amounts of protein in the diet are vital to many body functions and ultimately to survival
>Whenever you consume proteins, your body breaks them down into smaller molecules known as amino
acids, the building blocks of proteins.
>9 out of the 20 different amino acids are termed essential amino acids, which means they body must
obtain them from the diet
>the other 11 can be produced by the body
>dietary protein that supplies all the essential amino acids is called complete (high-quality) proteins.
>typical protein from anima products is complete
>When we consume foods that are deficient in some of the essential amino acids, the total amount of
protein that can be synthesized from the other amino acids decreased.
>for proteins to be complete, they also must be present in digestible form and in amount proportional to
body requirement
>Proteins from plant sources are often incomplete proteins in which they may lack one or two of the
essential amino acids.
>it is easy for non-meat eater to combine plant food effectively and eat complementary sources of plan
proteins.
>Plant sources of protein fall into 3 specific categories:
1) legumes (beans, peas, peanuts, and soy products)
2) grains (such as wheat, corn, rice, and oats)
3) nuts and seeds
Certain vegetables (such as leady green vegetables and broccoli) also contribute valuable plant proteins
>People who are not interesting in getting all their protein form plants can mix their diet with low fat
animal proteins (chicken, fish, and lean red meat). Low fat or nonfat cottage cheese, skim milk, egg whites,
and nonfat dry milk.
>in a typical diet of 200 calories 10 - 35 % should come from protein (50-170g)
-Carbohydrates are basic nutrients that supply the body with glucose, the energy form most commonly used
to sustain normal activity
>Carbs can be metabolized more quickly and efficiently the proteins and are a quick source of energy for
the body, being easily converted to glucose, the fuel for the body's cell
>these food also play an important role in the functioning of internal organs, the nervous system, and the
muscles.
>not all carbs are the same. Separated into 2 categories
1) Single sugars which are found primarily in fruits
2) complex carbohydrates which are found in grains, cereals, dark green leafy vegetables, yellow fruits,
carrots, yams, and cruciferous vegetables (like broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower) (and also other
vegetables like potatoes)
>Most people don't get enough complex carbs in our daily diets.
>A typical American diet contains large amounts of simple sugars commonly called glucose.
>Eventually, the human body converts all types of simple sugars to glucose to provide energy to the cells
>it its natural form glucose is sweat and is obtained from substances like corn syrup, honey, molasses,
fruits ect
>glucose and fructose are monosaccharide, they contain one molecule of sugar
>Disaccharides are combination of two monosaccharide.
>good example of disaccharides are like table sugar (sucrose), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (malt sugar)
PAGE 23
>disaccharides must be broken down into monosaccharide before they can be used by the body
>Complex carbohydrates, or also known as POLYSACCHARIDES are formed by long chains of sugar
molecules. Like disaccharides, they must be broken down into simple sugars before they body can use
them. There are two major forms of complex carbs: starches and fiber, or cellulose
>Starches make up the majority of the complex carbs group and come from flour, bread, past and related
foods
>the body breaks down carbs to glucose which can be absorbed by cells to use as energy.
>Polysaccharides can also be stored in body muscles and the liver as glycogen.
>When the body requires a sudden burst of energy,, it breaks down glycogen into glucose
>Carbs has a lot to do with athletic performance
>some people consume concentrated sugar foods/drinks before/during athletic activity thinking that the
sugar provide extra energy
>this might be actually be bad, because of
1) your gastrointestinal tract which react to activity (or nervousness) by moving material through the small
intestine more rapidly than usual, undigested disaccharides and/or unabsorbed monosaccharide will reach
the colon, which can result in an inopportune bout of diarrhea
2) large amounts of sugar during exercise also can have a negative effect on hydration.
>marathon runners and other people who require reserves of energy for demanding tasks often attempt to
increase stores of glycogen in the body by carbohydrate loading.
>this process involves modifying the nature of both workouts and diet, usually during the week or so before
the competition
>right before competition, they dramatically increase their intake of carbohydrates to force the body to
store more glycogen to be used during the endurance activities
-Fiber: the indigestible portion of plant foods that helped move food through the digestive system and
softens stools by absorbing water. It is often referred to as "bulk" and "roughage". It delays the absorption
of cholesterol and other nutrients, and softens stools by absorbing water. Fiber also appears to reduce risk
from heart disease and helps to control weight by creating a feeling of fullness without adding extra
calories.
>insoluble fiber (which is found in bran, whole-grain breads and cereals, and most fruits and vegetable) is
associated with these benefits and reduce of risk for several types of cancer
>Soluble fiber appears to be a factor in lowering blood cholesterol levels and reducing risk for
cardiovascular disease. (get it from oat bran, died beans, and some fruits/vegetables)
Fiber does have these benefits:
1) protection against colon and rectal cancer
2) protection against breast cancer
3) protection from constipation
4) protection against diverticulosis (a condition in which tiny bulges or pouches form on the large intestinal
wall, which can cause stress/pain)
5) protection against heart disease (soluble fiber can known to reduce blood cholesterol, by lowering LDL)
6) Protection against diabetes (can improve control of blood sugar)
7) Protection against obesity
-Fats (or lipids): basic nutrients composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms; needed for the proper
functioning of cells, insulation of body organs against shock, maintenance of body temperature, and healthy
PAGE 24
skin and hair
>fats make food taste better and carry the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K to the cells
>they also provide a concentrated form of energy in the absence of sufficient amounts of carbohydrates and
make you feel full after eating
> Triglycerides: the most common form of fat in the body; excess calories consumed are converted into
triglycerides and stored as body fat
>triglycerides make up to about 95% of the total body fat, are the most common form of fat circulating in
the blood. When we consume to much calories the liver makes the excess into triglycerides which are
stored throughout the body
>The remaining 5% of body fat is composed of substances such as cholesterol
>Cholesterol: A form of fat circulating in the blood that can accumulate on the inner walls of arteries
causing a narrowing of the channel through which blood flows
>this build up of cholesterol in the inner walls of the arteries forms plaque
>Plaque: cholesterol buildup on the inner walls of arteries; a major cause of atherosclerosis
>this buildup is a major cause of atherosclerosis (the depositing of fatty substances that leads to blockage of
vessels), a component of cardiovascular disease
>ratio of cholesterol to HDL important for determining the risk for heart disease. Lipoproteins facilitate the
transport of cholesterol in the blood.
High-density-lipoproteins (HDLs): compounds that facilitate the transport of cholesterol in the blood to the
liver for metabolism and elimination from the body.
-HDLs can transport more cholesterol then LDL's
-LDLs or low density lipoproteins are compounds that facilitate the transport of cholesterol in the blood to
the body's cells.
-So people with higher level of HDLs appear to be lower at risk for developing cholesterol-clogged arteries.
-Fat cells consist of chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
>those unable to hold any more hydrogens in their chemical structure are labeled saturated fats (they come
from mostly animal sources)
>Unsaturated fats, which come from plants and include most vegetable oils, are generally liquid at room
temperature and have room for additional hydrogen atoms in their chemical structure
>terms monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) refer to the relative number of hydrogen
atoms that are missing in an unsaturated fat.
>peanut and olive oil are MUFA
>corn, sunflower, and safflower oils are high in PUFA)
>research shows PUFA may decrease HDLs and LDLs
>PUFA goes into two difference groups: omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids
>MUFA's are seen to lower LDL levels and increase HDL's
>MUFA's are also resistant to oxidation (a process that leads to the cell and tissue damage.
>Trans fats (trans fatty acids) fatty acids that are produced when polyunsaturated fat oils are hydrogenated
to make them more solid
>trans fat increased LDL and decrease HDL's
>unlike regular fats and oils, there partially hydrogenated fats stay solid/semisolid at room temperature
>they change into irregular shapes at the molecular level, priming them to clog up arteries.
>not having enough fat to consume can increase our blood triglyceride levels that promote heart disease
while lowering LDLs
>not all fat is bad, two essential fatty acids we need are
1) Linoleic acid
PAGE 25
2) alpha linolenic acid.
>these two fats are needed to make hormone like compounds that control immune function, pain
perception, and inflammation,
>although they both are PUFA's and have similar names they do different things
> linoleic acid, a member of the omega-6 family of fats reduces LDL's when consumed in reasonable
amounts (found in soy beans, peanuts, corn, and sunflower seeds)
>alpha linoleic acid is found in the omega-3 fatty acid family of fats (found in flax, canola oil, sardines,
spinach, kale, ect)
>alpha-linoeic acid is converted to two other beneficial omega-3 fats in the body. Found a lot in cold
blooded fish
>You can add the correct amount of fatty acids by
1) Eat fatty fish
2) substitute soy and canola oils for corn, safflower, and ground flaxseed to your diet to increase the intake
of alpha-linoleic acid
>Moderation of fat intake is helpful
>no more that 7-10% of your total calorie should come from saturated fat and that no more than 30%
should come from all forms of fat.
Tips to cut fat from your diet:
1) Know what you are you putting in your mouth
2) Use olive oil for baking and sautéing
3) Avoid margarine products with trans fatty acids
4) Choose lean meats, fish, or poultry.
5) Choose fewer cold cuts, bacon, sausages, hot dogs, and organ meats
6) Select nonfat dairy products whenever possible
7) When cooking, use substitutes for butter, margarine, oils, sour cream, mayonnaise and salad dressings.
8) Think of your food intake as an average over a day or a couple of days.
Vitamins: essential organic compounds that promote growth and help maintain life and health
Vitamins are either fat soluble which means they are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help or
fats
>or water soluble which means they dissolve easily in water
>Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat soluble
Vitamin A: visions; growth and repair of body tissues; reproduction; bone and tooth formation; immunity;
cancer protection; hormone synthesis (found in milk, cheese, and leafy greens)
Vitamin D: calcium and phosphorus metabolism (bone and tooth formation); aids body's absorption of
calcium (self synthesis with sunlight, fortified milk, fortified margarine, eggs)
Vitamin E: protects red blood cells; antioxidant; stabilization of cell membranes (vegetable oils, green leafy
vegetables, wheat germ, liver, ect)
Vitamin K: synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and blood proteins that regulate blood calcium (liver, green
leafy vegetables, milk)
>B-complex vitamins are Vitamin C are water soluble.
Vitamin B1 (thiamin): helps carbs covert to energy; supports normal appetite and nervous system function
(meat, liver, poultry, legumes, pasta)
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin): helps carbs, fats, and protein convert to energy; promotes healthy skin and normal
vision (milk, dark green vegetables, whole grain/cereals)
Vitamin B3 (niacin): helps convert nutrients to energy; promotes health of skin, nerves, and digestive
PAGE 26
system (meat, eggs, poultry, fish, legumes, peanuts, all protein foods)
Vitamin B5 (panthothenic acid): coenzyme in energy metabolism (widespread in foods)
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine): protein and fat metabolism; function of antibodies and red blood cells; helps
convert trytophan to niacin (meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, legumes, green leafy vegetables)
Vitamin B7 (Biotin): coenzyme in energy metabolism, fat synthesis; glycogen formation (widespread in
foods)
Vitamin B9 (folate): red blood cell formation; protein metabolism; new cell division; prevents neural tube
birth defects (green leafy vegetables, liver, legumes, seeds)
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): maintenance of nerve cells; red blood cell formation; synthesis of genetic
material
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): heals wounds, maintains bones and teeth; strengthens blood vessels;
antioxidant; strengthens resistance to infection; aids iron absorption (citrus fruits, dark green vegetables)
>Fat-soluble vitamins tend to be stored in the body, and toxic accumulation in the liver may cause
cirrhosis-like symptoms
>Water-soluble vitamins are generally excreted and cause few toxicity problems
Hypervitaminosis: a toxic condition caused by overuse of vitamin supplements
Minerals: inorganic, indestructible elements that aid physiological processes
>without minerals, vitamins could not be absorbed. Minerals are ready excreted and are not toxic
>Macrominerals: minerals that the body needs in fairly large amounts: sodium, calcium, phosphorus,
magnesium, potassium, sulfur, and chloride.
>Sodium is needed for the regulation of blood and bodily fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart
activity, and certain metabolic functions
>to much sodium is bad and its linked to hypertension (high blood pressure)
>Calcium plays a vital role in the building of strong bones and teeth, muscle contraction, blood clotting and
nerve impulse transmission
>Many leafy greens are a good source of calcium (some contain oxalic acid which makes calcium hard to
absorb though) (spinach, chard and beet greens are not good sources of calcium) also nuts
>take food containing protein, vitamin D, and vitamin C for optimum absorption. Vitamin D is known to
improve calcium absorption
>we know sunlight helps make vitamin D in the body
>carbonated drinks may have added phosphoric acid (phosphate) in drinks can cause you to excrete extra
calcium and decrease in bone density (effects lean more to women though)
>calcium-phosphorous imbalance can lead to kidney stones and other calcification problems and to
increased atherosclerotic plaque
> Trace minerals: minerals that the body needs in only very small amounts: iron, zinc, manganese, copper,
and iodine.
>iron deficiency frequently leads to iron-deficiency anemia.
>Anemia is a problem resulting from the body's inhabilitating to produce hemoglobin (the bright red
oxygen carrying component of the blood).
>when iron-deficiency anemia occurs, body cells receive less oxygen and carbon dioxide wastes are
removed less efficiently. As a result the iron deficient person feels tired/run down
>anemia can also result from blood loss, cancer, ulcers, ect
>women are more likely to develop iron deficiency problems (menstrual problem may occur)
>Iron overload or iron toxicity due to ingesting too many iron-containing supplement is deadly
>increased iron can cause gallstone
PAGE 27
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs): the average daily intake of energy and nutrients considered
adequate to meet the needs of the most healthy people in the united states under usual conditions
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): a set of nutritional values, a new combined listing, including more than
26 essential vitamins and minerals that applies to healthy people
U.S Recommended Daily Allowances (USRDAs): Dietary guidelines developed by the food and drug
administration (FDA) and the U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Adequate Intake (AI): best estimate of nutritional needs
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): the highest amount of nutrient that an individual can safely consume
daily without risking adverse health effects
Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs): recommended amounts of 19 vitamins and minerals, also known as
micronutrients
Daily Reference Values (DRVs): recommended amounts for macronutrients such as total fat, saturated fat,
and cholesterol
Daily Values (DVs): percentages listed as "% DV" on food and supplement labels; made up of the RDIs
and DRVs together
>mypyramind plan takes into consideration various dietary and caloric needs for variety of individuals.
Goals of MyPyramid Plan
1) personalization
2) Gradual improvement
3) physical activity
4) Variety
5) Moderation
6) Proportionality
>A serving is the recommended amount you should consume, whereas a portion is the amount you choose
to eat at any one time and may be more or less than a serving
>most people select portions bigger than servings
>Discretionary Calories are those obtained from foods that do not provide a significant amount of
nutritional values. Most of us have a very small discretionary caloric allowance (occasional indulgences)
-Strive to be physically active for at least 30 minutes daily, preferably with moderate to vigorous activity
levels on most days.
-Remember eating nutrient-dense foods are important
>nutrient density is important and void "empty calories" high calorie count food with little nutritional value
Vegetarianism provides a great alternative to our high-fat, high-calorie, meat-based cuisine. But vegetarians
PAGE 28
can develop serious dietary problems
Vegetarian: A term with variety of meanings. Vegan avoid all foods of animal origins; lacto-vegetarians do
not eat meat or eggs but do eat dairy products; ovo-vegetarians avoid flesh food but eat both diary products
and eggs; pesco-vegetarians avoid red meat but eat fish, dairy products and eggs; semivegetarians eat
chicken, fish, dairy products, and eggs (but not red meat)
>people who follow a balanced vegetarian diet weigh less and have better cholesterol levels, fewer
problems with bowel movements and a lower risk of heart disease. (and some cancers like kidney and
colon cancer)
-vegan diets need B2 and B12. Also susceptible for ion, calcium, zinc and other mineral deficiency but can
obtain these from supplements
Functional foods: food believed to have specific health benefits and/or to prevent disease
Antioxidants: substances believed to protect active people from oxidative stress and resultant tissue damage
at the cellular level
>known to protect people from oxidative stress, and resultant tissue damage at the cellular level
>oxidative stress occurs in the complex process in which free radicals (molecules with unpaired electrons
that are produced in excess when the body is overly stressed) either damage or kill healthy cells, cell
proteins, or genetic materials in the cells. Antioxidants produce enzymes that savage free radicals, slow
their formation, and/or actually repaired oxidative stress damage
>theories still no real data for the theory of more usage = more benefit
>Carotenoids: fat-soluble compounds with antioxidant properties
>transported by lipoproteins, and stored in the fatty tissues of the body
>over 600 found in nature but 2 main ones
1) Lycopenese (found in tomatoes, papaya, pink grapefruit)
2) Lutein (found in green, leafy vegetables) known to protect the eyes
Both are believed to be more beneficial than beta-carotene (the most research carotene so far, is a precursor
to vitamin A)
Foliate: also known as vitamin 9, it is believed to decrease levels of homocysteine, an amino acid that has
been linked to vascular disease
-Folic acid is the syhtetic counterpart and is absorbed twice as much
Probiotics: live microorganisms found in or added to fermented food; they optimize the bacterial
environment in our intestines
Dietary supplements: vitamins and minerals taken by mouth that are intended to supplement existing diets
>overdosing is bad
Men and women differ in body size, body composition and overall metabolic rates so they also have
differing needs for most nutrients throughout the life cycle.
>Women have a lower ration of lean body mass to adipose (fatty) tissue at all stages of life.
>the rate of metabolism is higher in men so they burn more calories doing the activities
>women have many "milestones" in life when their nutritional requirements vary significantly from
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requirements at other times. From menarche to menopause, women undergo cyclical physiological changes
that can exert dramatic effects on metabolism and nutritional needs.
>during menstrual cycle many women report food cravings
>with menopause nutritional needs change again
>the body's need for calcium to ward off bone deterioration becomes pronounced with the depletion of the
hormone estrogen
Americans have the "meat and potatoes" diet
>increases risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, ect
College students face a lot of problems when it comes to healthy eating. From living in dorms, lacking
refrigeration, financial/time constraints, and food choices can become overwhelming
When dealing with fast food
-Ask for nutritional analyses of items
>order salads but be careful what you add to them
>if you have fries check what type of oil is used
>avoid giant sizes and extra sauces
>limit beverages
>substitute a vegetable based meat substitute into your fast-food choices
If short of time and funds
1) buy fruits and vegetables in season for lowest cost
2) buy locally whenever possible
3) use coupons and specials to get price reductions
4) shop at discount warehouse food chains
5) purchase meats and other products in volume; freeze them
6) Drain off extra fat after cooking. Save juices to use in soups
7) If you have no food for money take to a staff of your county/city health official. They can get you
assistance
8) Invest in storage containers that hold up well to microwaves
Food safety is a growing concern
>signs of food illnesses vary tremendously and usually include one or several symptoms: diarrhea, nausea,
cramping, and vomiting
>several factors contribute to the increase in foodbourne illnesses.
>the movement away from traditional diets to fresh fruit not in that season has caused us to import it and
thus putting ourselves at risk for ingesting exotic pathogens or even pesticides that have been banned for
safety reasons.
>food can be contaminated by being watered with contaminated water, being fertilized by animal manure,
being picked up by people who have not washed their hands
Its up for the consumer to prevent foodbourne illnesses, practice cleanliness. Cook thoroughly and eat
leftovers in sufficient time.
Food irradiation: treating foods with gamma radiation from radioactive cobalt, cesium, or other sources of x
rays to kill microorganisms
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>energy waves are low doses of radiation, or ionizing energy used to destroy pathogens and keep them
from replicating. They pass through the food without leaving any radioactive residue
-irradiation lengthens food products' shelf life and prevents the spread of deadly microorganisms,
particularly in high-risk foods such as ground beef and pork.
-Additives are substances added to foods to reduce the risk of foodborne illness, prevent spoilage, and
enhance the look and taste of foods.
>can be used to enhance nutrient value (like fornication of milk with vitamin D and of grain products with
foliate) [not always good though]
>generally the fewer chemicals, colorants, and preservatives the better. Certain additives can react with
medications
Examples of common additives include the following:
1) Antimicrobial agents (like salt, sugar, nitrates)
2) Antioxidants (substances that preserve color and flavor by reducing loss due to exposure to oxygen.
3) Artificial colors, nutrient additives, and flavor enhancers such as MSG (monosodium glutamate)
4) Sulfites (used to preserve vegetable colors; some people have severe allergic reactions to them)
5) Dioxins (found in coffee filters, milk containers, and frozen foods)
6) Methylene chloride (found in decaffeinated coffee)
7) Hormone (bovine growth hormone (BGH) found in animal meat and milk
Food allergies: overreaction by the body to normally harmless proteins, which are perceived as allergens. In
response the body produced antibodies, triggering the allergic symptoms.
Food intolerance: adverse effects resulting when people who lack the digestive chemicals needed to break
down certain substances eat those substances
Organic: Grown without use of pesticides, chemicals, or hormones
CHAPTER 13
-Disease causing agents are called pathogens
-Global epidemic of a disease is called a pandemic
-endogenous organisms; organisms that normally inhabit inside the body and lives in peaceful coexistence
with it (generally harmless, but in people with weakened immune systems these organisms can cause
serious health problems
-exogenous microorganisms; organisms that normally do not inhabit the body. When they do they tend to
cause illness.
>the more easily these pathogens gain a foothold in the body and sustain themselves the more aggress they
may be in causing disease
-multifactorial disease: disease caused by interactions of several factors
>for a disease to occur in a person, or host, the host must be susceptible, which means that the immune
PAGE 31
system must be in a weakened condition; an agent capable of TRASMITTING the disease must be present;
and the environment must be hospitable to the pathogen in the terms of temperature, light, moisture, and
other requirements.
Factors you can not control that makes you more susceptible to disease
1) Heredity
2) Aging (after age of 40 we become more vulnerable)
3) Environmental conditions
4) Organism resistance (organisms /pathogens/ that have mutates to become more resistant to the body's
defenses)
Factors you can control
1) stress
2) nutrition
3) physical fitness
4) sleep
5) use of drugs
6) personal hygiene
7) risk behaviors
8) -- other variables
>make sure to:
-eat for health
-get adequate rest
-take time to calm down
-exercise regularly
- get vaccinations
-limit exposure to pathogens
-wash hands
-don't overuse antibiotics
-don't abuse alcohol/drugs
-Pathogens enter in several ways
>direct contact (touching infected person)
>indirect (touching an objected infected by an infected person)
-Autoinoculation: transmitting a pathogen from one part of your body to another part (touching the sore on
your lip, then your eyes)
Dogs/cats host animal borne pathogens
-interspecies transmission of disease (disease from human to animal [vice versa] rare; but can happen
(rabies)
-Our skin is a critical early defense system
>skin allows few pathogens to enter
>enzymes that appear in body secretions (such as sweat) provide additional protection destroyed
microorganisms on skin and producing inhospitable pH levels.
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-Internal lining of the body provide yet another protection.
>mucous membranes in the respiratory tract and other linings of the body trap/engulf invading organisms
>cilia (hair-like projections in the lungs/respiratory tract) sweep invaders toward body openings, where
they are expelled
>tears/nasal secretions/ear wax/ are designed to destroy/neutralize pathogens
>if they breech these defenses the immune system kicks in
Immunity: condition of being able to resist a particular disease by counteracting the substance that produces
the disease
>any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called a antigen
>when the body is invaded by an antigen the body forms antibodies that are matched to that specific
antigen (like key - lock)
>antibodies belong to a group of large molecules known as immunoglobins, 9 chemically distinct protein
substances, setting up for destruction -- destroying antigens
>once antigen enters, the body begins the process
>body considers shape/size/and if part of body or not
> this process is called the HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES
>body's major defense against bacteria and toxins they produce
-Cell-mediated immunity is characterized by the formation of a population of LYMPHOCYTES
(specialized white blood cells) that can attack and destroy the foreign invader
>constitute the body's main defense against viruses/bacteria/pathogens
>found in blood, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and certain glands
>another key player is called the MACROPHAGES; a cell eating white blood cell)
-their are 2 forms of lymphocytes; the B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cell) are involved in
the immune response
>B cells made in soft tissue of hollow shafts of long bones
>T cells made/multiply in the thymus (lies behind the breastbone)
-T cells helps in different ways
>Regulatory T cells help direct the activities of the immune system and assist other cells, particularly B
cells to produce antibodies
>"helper T cells" -- these cells are essential to activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages
-Another form of T cell is called "killer T cell/ cytotoxic T cell" directly attacks infected/ malignant cells.
>killer t cells enable the body to get rid of itself of cells that have been infected
>suppressor T cells turns off the activity of B cells, killer T cells, and macrophages
>they circulate in the blood and lymphatic system neutralizing/destroying antigens/enhancing immune
system
-After a successful attack, some attacker T and B cells enable the body to recognize and respond to
subsequent attacks by the same kind of organism at a later time
>once they have survived certain infectious disease they become immune to those disease; in their memory
T and B cells quickly activate to come to their defense
>the body sometimes makes mistakes and targets its own tissue as the enemy; and attempts to destroy itself
>this is known as autoimmune disease
>rheumatoid arthritis
>systemic lupus
>erythematosus (SLE)
>myasthenia gravis
PAGE 33
-Sometimes the antigen-antibody fail to function completely
>result from immunodeficiency syndrome (such as HIV and AIDS)
-If infection is localized, redness/swelling/pus may occur
>indicate invading organisms are being fought
>another indication is the development of a FEVER, or rise of the body temp from 98.6 F.
>caused by toxins secreted by pathogens that interfere with the control of body temperature
>mild fever acts as a form of protection (extreme is BAD)
-raising 1 to 2 degrees provides an environment that destroys some disease-causing organisms.
>fever also stimulates the body to produce more white blood cells
-Pain is defense mechanism to alert the person to stop the activity that causes the pain
Vaccination: inoculation with killed or weakened pathogens or similar, less dangerous antigens to prevent
or lessen the effects of some disease
>artificial immunity is called artificially acquired immunity
vs
Naturally acquired passive immunity (as occurs when mother passes immunity to fetus via their shared
blood supply or to an infant via breast milk)
Allergy: hypersensitive reaction to a specific antigen or allergen in the environment, in which the body
produces excessive antibodies to that antigen or allergen
>allergies cause hypertensive reaction, once excessive antibodies to these antigens are produces they
trigger the release of histamine, a substances that dilates blood vessels, increases mucous secretions, and
produces other allergies.
-8 allergens account for more than 90% of all documented food allergies
1) milk/other daily products
2) eggs
3) fish
4) shellfish
5) tree nuts
6) peanuts
7) wheat
8) soybeans
hay fever: a chronic reparatory allergic disorder that is most prevalent when ragweed and blowers bloom
Bacteria: simple, single-celled microscopic organisms. About 100 known species of bacteria cause disease
in humans (toxins they release cause it)
>3 major types; classified by shape
1) cocci
2) bacilli
3) spirilla
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Staphylococcus: a round bacterium usually found in clusters
>found on skin a lot
>if there is a cut on the skin it may enter and cause infection
>acne,boils,styes are all "staph" infections
One staph caused disorder: TOXIC SHOCK SYSNDROME (TSS) is potentially fatal most common in
menstruating women who use tampons.
Steptococcus: a found bacterium, usually found in chain formation
>5 different types are known to cause diseases
>group A steptococcus (GAS) cause streptococcal pharyngitis ("step throat") and scarlet fever
>group B can cause illnesses in newborn babies, pregnant women, older adults, and adults with liver
disease
>necrotizing faciitis deadly flesh eating step
Meningitis: an infection of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
>Pnemucoccal meningitis is the most common form
Pneumonia: disease of the lungs characterized by chronic cough, chest pains, chills, high fever, and fluid
accumulation; may be caused by bacteria, viruses, chemicals , or other substances
Tuberculosis (TB): a disease caused by bacterial infiltration of the respiratory tract
>over 2 billion humans carry the disease
>2 million die each year
>15 million people live with active TB
Peptic ulcers: damage to the stomach or intestinal lining usually caused by digestive juices; most ulcers
result from infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
Viruses: minute microbes consisting of DNA or RNA that live inside another cell and use the cell's
resources to reproduce themselves
>1/500th the size of a bacteria
>150 known viruses cause humans diseases
>viral diseases are hard to treat because viruses can withstand severe conditions
>some viruses have incubation periods; time between exposure to a disease and the appearance of
symptoms
>Common colds are responsible for more days lost from work than any other ailment
>over 100 different types
> colds are endemic (always present to some degree)
-Influenza: a common viral disease of the respiratory tract
>usually not life threatening but with other diseases it can be
>3 major types of flu viruses have been discovered (with many existing strains from each variety)
PAGE 35
Infectious Mononucleosis "mono": a viral disease that causes pervasive fatigue and other long-lasting
symptoms
>as the disease progresses lymphs may enlarge, body rashes might appear
>caused by epstein-barr virus
>readily detected from blood test
Hepatitis: a viral disease in which the liver becomes inflamed, producing symptoms such as fever
headache, and possibly jaundice
>three main types: A, B, and C
-Hepatitis A (HAV): contracted from contaminated food (contaminated by human excrements)
>vaccines available
-Hepatitides B (HBV): spread from unprotected sex, also from sharing needles/infected mother --> to child
>can cause liver disease/cancer
>on deciline since 1982 vaccination
-Hepatitis C (HCV): epidemic; on rise. Cases can be traced from blood transfusion or organ transplant.
85% of people infected develop chronic infections; and if left untreated they may develop cirrhonisis of the
liver.
>liver failure due to chronic hepatitis C is the leading cause of liver transplants in the united states
Measles: a viral disease that produces symptoms including itchy rash and a high fiver
Rubella(german measles): a milder form of measles that causes a rash and mild fever in children and may
cause damage to a fetus or newborn baby
>can cause congential rubella in the first trimester in which the baby may be born deaf/blind
Fungi: a group of multicellular and unicellular organisms that obtain their food by infiltrating the bodies of
other organisms, both living and dead; several microscopic varieties are pathogenic
>useful to humans (bread/penicillin/mushrooms)
>can cause infection: candidiasis (vaginal yeast infection)
>athlete's foot
>ring worm
>jock itch
-Protoze: microscopic single-celled organisms that can be pathogenic
>associated with tropical diseased like African sleeping sickness and malaria
>most common in U.S is trichomoniasis
>a common waterborne disease of it is giardiasis; people who get this may suffer intestinal pain
Parasitic worm: largest of the pathogens, most of which are more a nuisance than a threat.
Prions: self replicating protein based pathogen (mad cow disease)
"mad cow disease" (BSE) human variet = nvCJD is a fatal brain disease
>transmitted when cows are fed slaughterhouse leftovers
West nile virus (WNV): spread by the bite of an mosquito
PAGE 36
>fever, headache, inflammation of brain
Ebola Hemorrhagic fever: fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates
>animal borne
>spread via direct contact with blood or secretions (may also be airborne)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): viral respiratory illness that first emerged in asia in 2003
>spread by personal contact
Avian (bird) flue: avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds
>h5N1 is a highly pathogenic and is capable of crossing the species barrier
Escherichia coli O 157:H7: one of the 170 types of E. coli bacteria that can infect humans
>most are harmless but this one produces lethal toxins and cause severe illness or death
>can live in intestines of healthy cattle and then contaminate food products at slaughter houses
>mild diarrhea to kidney failure to people with weakened immune systems
bioterrosim: idea of using infectious microorganisms as weapons
Sexually transmitted infections (STI's): infectious diseases transmitted through some form of intimate,
usually sexual, contact
>more than 20 known types of STI's
>veneral diseases ---> sexually transmitted diseases
>19 millions new cases in U.S every year
>more than 65 million people live with incurable STI's
>social stigma can prevent people from getting help
>media hype --> promotes "easy sex"
>ignorance factors in
STI's are generally spread through some form of intimate sexual contact
>oral-genital
>hand-genital
>anal intercourse
>less likely but possible include: mouth to mouth contact
>most STI pathogens prefer dark, moist places (especially the lining of reproductive organisms)
>STI's have both pathogen-specific incubation periods and periods of time during which transmission is
most likely, called periods of communicability.
Practice the following to reduce your risk
1) avoid casual sexual partners.
>have sex only if you are in a long-term relationship
2) avoid unprotected sex involving the exchange of blood, semen, or vaginal secretions with people whose
behaviors put them at risk for infection
3) practice safe sex using latex condoms
4) avoid unprotected oral sex in which semen, blood, or vaginal secretions could penetrate mucous
PAGE 37
membrane through breaks in the membrane
>always use a condom or dental dam during oral sex
5) avoid using drugs that may dull your senses and affect your ability to take responsible precautions
6) if you are worried about your STI status have yourself tested, don't infect others
Chlamydia: bacterially caused STI of the urogenitial tract
>shows no symptoms sometimes
>effects 2.8 million people
>in men it may include painful urination/pus like discharge from penis
>for symptoms in women it may include yellowish discharge
>women tend to be asymptomatic (shows no symptoms but carries disease) 70% don't realize until
secondary damage occurs
>secondary damage can be serious in both generals
>men can suffer injury to prostate gland
>in women it can cause sterility, and damage to the fallopian tube and lead to pelvic inflammatory disease
(PID)
>if an infected women become pregnant she has a high risk for a miscarriage and stillbirth
>Gonorrhea: second most common STI in the U.S, if untreated can cause sterility
>700k cases per year
>caused by bacterial pathogen neissseria gonorrhea
>infects the lining of the urethra, genital tract, pharynx, and rectum
>may spread to other parts from intercourse
>effects usually 20 - 24 year olds
>20% of all men are asymptomatic
>bacteria can live for a long time in the uterus or fallopian tube
>if detected early antibiotic treatment is generally effective
>blockage of the vasa deferentia due to scar tissue may cause sterility
-Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) term used to describe various infections of the female reproductive
tract
>not actual STI
-Syphillis: one of the most wide spread STI's; characterized by distinct phases and potentially serious
results
>caused by bacterium: Treponema pallidum
>transmitted through DIRECT sexual contact
>rare instances comes through breaks in the skin; through deep kissing in which body fluids are excharged
or through some other transmission
>syphillis is called the "Great imitator" because its symptoms resembles those of several other infections
Primary syphilis: 1st stage of syphillis, is often characterized by development of chancre, a sore located ,spt
frequently at the site of initial infection
>painless but oozes with bacteria ready to infect someone else
>appears 3-4 weeks after initial infection
>tends to be on penis or scrotum on men
PAGE 38
>if contracted from oral sex sore is on mouth, throat, or other "first contact" area
>in women its the vaginal wall or high on the cervix
>may disappear in 3 -6 weeks
Secondary syphillis: a month to year after the chancre disappears, secondary symptoms appear including a
rash or white patches on the skin or on the mucous membranes of the mouth/throat/genitals
>symptoms disappear; making people thing everything is now fine
Latent syphilis: after the secondary stage; the syphilis bacteria begins to invade body organs
>children can be born with congenital syphilis which causes blindness/deafness/disfigurement/ or death
Late syphilis: all effects are evident; indications include heart and central nervous system damage,
paralysis, premature senility, and ultimately dementia
Herpes: is a general term for a family of infections characterized by sores or eruptions on skin
>can be transmitted fro kissing or sharing utensils
Genital herpes: STI caused by herpes simple virus
>affects 45 million Americans 12 and older
>2 types of herpes simple virus (HV)
>both simple types 1 and 2 can infect any area of the body
(you can have type 1 infection on your lip and transmit the HSV-1 to your partner during oral sex)
>can go away and come back during times of stress
>women with a history of genital herpes appear to have a greater risk of developing cervical cancer
Following tips can help you prevent contracting herpes
1) if you have cold sores be extremely careful kissing another person
>don’t share lipstick/lip balm
2)seek medical help if you have questionable sores
3)if you have herpes, reduce your risk of outbreak by avoiding excessive stress
4) use condom or dental dam during oral sex
5) gargle with mouth wash after oral sex/was your hands with soap and water after any kind of sexual
contact and after disposing of condoms
-Genital warts: warts that appear in the genital area or the anus; caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV)
>over 100 different types and more than 30 types are sexually transmitted
>20 million Americans infected with it currently
>6.2 new cases every year
>2 different types
1) full-blown genital warts (which are noticeable)
2) the much more prevalent flat warts which are not usually visible to the naked eye
>puts people at risk for cervical cancer
>may lead to dysphasia, or change in cells that may lead to a precancerous condition
PAGE 39
>new vaccination in 2006 was approved by the FDA
>protects against four types of HPV the lead to 70% of cervical cancers
Candidiasis: yeast like fungal disease often transmitted sexually. Also known as moniliasis
>when it infects the mouth whitish patches form, and the condition is referred to as thrush
Trichomoniasis: protozoan STI characterized by foam like discharge and unpleasant order
public lice: (often called "crabs" parasitic insects that can inhibit various body areas, especially the genitals
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): extremely virulent sexually transmitted disease that renders
the immune system inoperative
>65 million people since 1981 have been infected by HIV the virus that causes AIDS
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): the slow-acting virvus that causes AIDS
>1.7 million people infected with HIV in U.S since 1981 and 550,000 have died
>people with HIV are diagnosed with AIDS only when they developed blood infections, the cancer known
as Kaposi’s sarcoma, or any 21 other indicator diseases
>level of master immune cell (CD4) is 1/5th the level of a healthy person
>HIV enters one person's body when another person's infected body fluids gain entry through a breach in
body defenses
>anus/mucous membranes of genital organs provide best entry
>break occurs in membrane virus enters then multiplies
>progressively destroys helper T cells weakening the body's defense
>virus can change the genetic structure of the cells it attacks
>does not get transmitted through casual contact
People who engage in high-risk behaviors increase their risk for the disease; people who do not engage in
these behaviors have minimal risk
The follows are risks
1) exchanging body fluids
2) injecting drugs
-blood transfusions prior to 1985; a small group of people have become infected
-Mother to child transmissions occurs when a HIV positive woman passes the virus to the baby
-Women are increasingly accounted for new cases of AIDS
-nearly 60% of HIV cases are women
-women are 4 to 10 times more likely than men to contract HIV through unprotected sex with an
unprotected partner
-vaginal area more suspect able to micro tears, and during sexual intercourse women is exposed to more
semen than a man is to vaginal fluids
-women who have STI's are more likely to be asymptomatic and therefore unaware they have a disease;
preexisting STI's increase the risk of HIV transmission
PAGE 40
-Person may go for months or years after infection by HIV before seeing significant symptoms appear
>incubation time varies greatly from person to person
-takes about 8 - 10 years to cause the slow, degenerative changes in immune system
>person might experience opportunistic infections (infections that happen when the immune system is not
functioning effectively)
>colds, sore throats, fever, tiredness, nausea, night sweats ect
Once antibodies have formed in reaction to HIV, a blood test called "ELISA" will detect their presence. If
sufficient antibodies are present, the test will be positive. When a person who previously tested negative
(no HIV antibodies present) and have another test that is positive "seroconversion" is said to have occurred
>take another test ELISA followed by another test called "western blot"
New drugs have slowed the progression from HIV to AIDS and prolonged life expectancies
>most treatments combine selected drugs. especially protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(before virus invades the cell)
>all protease dugs seems to work best in combination with other therapies
>all these are experimental and not absolute for all people
>no cure
Only way to prevent HIV is to avoid risky behavior.
>reduce risk by the choices you make in sexual behaviors and by taking responsibility for you health
>people assume they are safe because they are heterosexual, and don’t do drugs
>anyone who engages in unprotected sex is at risk
>sex with multiple sex partners is the greatest threat
A good resort is abstinence, or use a condom
Generally noninfectionous diseases are not transmitted by a pathogen or by any form of personal contact.
Lifestyle and person hygiene are underlying causes.
Chronic lung diseases pose a serious and significant threat to Americans today.
>fourth leading cause of death
>most sufferers live with a condition known as chronic dyspnea uncomfortable breathlessness even with
slight exertion
>can result in major disability and lack of function as the lungs fill up with mucus, become susceptible to
bacterial or viral infections, or cause acute stress on the heart
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs): a collection of chronic lung diseases including asthma,
emphysema, and chronic bronchitis
>80-90% of persons with COPD have a history with smoking
>in addition to smoking they have been exposed to dust/fumes/gases
Bronchitis: inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes
Emphysema: a respiratory disease in which the alveoli become distended or ruptured and are no longer
functional
PAGE 41
>as they are destroyed it becomes harder and harder to take in a fresh supply of air before the air held in the
lungs is expended
Alveoli: tiny air sacs of lungs where gas exchange occurs (oxygen enters the body and carbon dioxide is
removed)
Asthma: a chronic reparatory disease characterized by attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, and
coughing
>chronic inflammatory disorder that blocks air flow into and out of the lungs
>can trigger bronchospams (contractions of the bronchial tubes in the lungs) that are several and can cause
death
2 distinct types
1) instrinsic/nonallergic asthma
>may be trigger by anything except an allergy (smoke inhalation, laughter, exercise)
2)more common form is called, extrinsic or allergic asthma (runs in families, and develops as a child)
>often by adulthood it goes away
>ages 5 - 40 asthma prevalent
>risk factors range from one or both parents having it to birth weight
>asthma strikes more boys than girls in childhood; in adulthood it strikes more women than men
asthma rate is 50% higher in African American people than whites, and 4x more die from it then whites
>as risen in the last decade
>relaxation techniques can help
Sleep apnea: disorder in which a person has numerous episodes of breathing stoppage during a night's sleep
>effects more than 18 million Americans 1 in every 15 people
>can lead to high blood pressure/stroke/depression
2 major types
1) central sleep apnea: occurs when the brain fails to tell the breathing muscles to initiate breathing.
Alcohol abuse and medications can cause this
2) Obstructive sleep apnea is the more common form, when air cannot move into and out of a person's nose
or mouth, even though the body tries to breathe.
>caused when a person's throat muscles and tongue relax during sleep and block the airways
>people who are overweight or obese have more tissue to flap/sag making the risk greater
>breathing doesn't always completely stop, the level of air exchanged is minimal.
>blood pressure goes up
>oxygen saturation levels in the blood falls
>body signals to breathe with a sudden gasp of breath
>treatments include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
-Over 90% of headaches consist of three major types:
1) Tension headaches: also referred to as "muscular contraction headaches" caused by muscle contractions
or tension in the neck or head
>red wine/lack of seep/fasting/menstruation also cause it
PAGE 42
Migraine headache: more than 29 million Americans (3x more women than men) suffer a migraine
>condition characterized by locating headaches that possibly result from alternating dilation and
constriction of blood vessels
>often hereditary
>symptoms vary greatly by individual
>aura is a pre cursor to a migraine (flashing flights/vomiting/sensitivity)
>cause is unknown but research indicated its caused when blood vessels dilate in the membrane that
surrounds the brain
Cluster headaches: rare
>pain is severe "killer" "suicidal" pain
> headaches have a stabbing pain on one side of the head, behind the eye, or in one defined spot
>Epilepsy: a neurological disorder caused by abnormal electrical brain activity; can be accompanied by
altered consciousness or convulsions
Seizures fall into two categories:
1) when they seem to fall in just one region of the brain, they are classified as partial
2) when they involve all or most parts of the brain, they are generalized
Parkinson's disease: a chronic, progressive neurological condition that causes tremors ("shaking palsy")
and other symptoms
Multiple sclerosis (MS): a degenerative neurological disease in which myelin, an insulator of nerves breaks
own
Lactose intolerance: inability to produce lactase, an enzyme needed to covert milk sugar into glucose
Ulcerative colitis: an inflammatory disorder that affects mucous membranes of the large intestine,
producing bloody diarrhea.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): nausea, pain, gas, or diarrhea caused by certain foods or stress
arthritis: painful inflammatory disease of the joints
>strikes 1 in 5 Americans
>there are over 100 types of arthritis diagnosed today [common forms include: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid,
gout, lupus, and fibromyalgia)
Osteoarthritis (OA): progressive deterioration of bones and joints that has been associated with the wear
and tear theory of aging
Rheumatoid arthritis: an autoimmune inflammatory disease
Fibromyalgia: a chronic rheumatoid-like disorder that can be highly painful and difficult to diagnose
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus) A disease with the immune system attacks the body, producing
antibodies that destroy or injure organs such as the kidneys, brain, and heart
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): a condition of unknown cause characterized by extreme fatigue that is not
caused by other illnesses
Repetitive stress injury (RSI): an injury to nerves, soft tissue, or joints due to the physical stress of repeated
motions
Carpal tunnel syndrome: a common occupational injury in which the median nerve in the wrist becomes
irritates causing numbness, tingling, and pain in the fingers and hands.
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Chapter 6
-Fertility: our ability to reproduce
-Conception: the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm
>3 conditions needed for the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm
1) A viable egg
2) A viable sperm
3) Access to the egg by the sperm
Contraception (birth control) - methods of preventing conception
>society has yet found a simple, infallible, and risk-free way to prevent pregnancy since people first
associated sexual activity with pregnancy
>2 concepts are used to evaluate the effectiveness of a particular contraception
1) Perfect failure rate: refers to the number of pregnancies that are likely to occur in the first year of use if
the method is used perfectly without any error (per 100 uses of the method during sexual intercourse)
2)Typical use failure rate: refers to the number of pregnancies that are likely to occur during the first year
of typical use, with normal number of errors/temporary lapses/incorrect/incomplete use
>typical use info is more practical
Contraception falls into several categories
Barrier method: contraceptive methods that block the meeting of egg and sperm by means of a physical
barrier (such as condom, diaphragm or cervical cap), a chemical barrier (such as spermicidal) or both
Hormonal methods: contraceptive method that introduces synthetic hormones into the woman's system to
prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, or prevent a fertilized egg from implanting
Male condom: a single use sheath of thin latex or other material designed to fit over an erect penis and to
catch semen on ejaculation
Remember! A new condom must be used for each act of sexual intercourse.
>condom must be rolled onto the penis before the penis touches the vagina and held in place when
removing the penis from the vagina after ejaculation
>you can lubricate with contraceptive foams/creams
>do not use baby oil, cold cream, ptroleum jelly or hand lotion because the mineral oil causes the latex to
disintegrate
>old/poorly stores condoms are more likely to break
>discard expired condoms
Spermicides: substances designed to kill sperm
>suppositories are waxy capsules that are inserted deep in the vagina, where they melt, and should be used
PAGE 45
1 hour prior to intercourse or they lose their effectiveness.
>Vaginal contraceptive film is another method of spermcide delivery. A thin film infused with spermicides
gel is inserted into the vagina, so it covers the cervix.
>the film dissolves into a spermicidal gel that is effective for up to three hours
>Female condom (reality condom): a single use polyurethane sheath for internal use during vaginal or anal
intercourse to catch semen or ejaculation
>has two flexible rings, one acts as an anchor and the other rings which remains outside the vaginal
protects the labia and the base of the penis from infection
>provides protection from HIV and other STI's
-Diaphragm: a latex, cup-shaped device deigned to cover the cervix and block access to the uterus; should
always be used with spermicides
>using this during the menstrual period or leaving it longer than 24 hours puts the user in risk of TSS
>Toxic shock syndrome (TSS): a potentially life threatening disease that occurs when specific bacterial
toxins multiply and spread into the bloodstream, most commonly through improper use of tampons or
diaphragms
>another problem is that the diaphragm puts undue pressure on the urethra, blocking urinary flow and
predisposing the user to bladder infections
Cervical cap: a small cup made of latex that is designed to fit snugly over the entire cervix
>works by blocking sperm from the urethra
>must be used with spermicides
>cannot be used during menstrual period or for longer than 48 hours because of TSS
Lea's shield: a one-size-fit-all silicon rubber contraceptive device that covers the cervix and is available by
prescription
Today sponge: a contraceptive device, made of polyurethane foam and containing nonoxynol 9, that fits
over the cervix to create a barrier against sperm
oral contraceptive pills: pill taken daily for three weeks of menstrual cycle that prevent ovulation by
regulating hormones
>99% effective in preventing pregnancies
>most commonly used contraceptive
>may also lessen menstrual difficulties, PID, ovarian cysts, ect
>works by using synthetic estrogen and progesterone (combination pills). Estrogen in the pill prevents
ovulation by inhibiting the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Progesterone in the pill
prevent proper growth of the uterine lining and thickness of the cervical mucus, thus forming a barrier
against sperm
>taken in a cycle
>at the end of each 3 week cycle, the user discontinues the drug or takes placebo pills for 1 week.
>the resultant drop in hormones causes the uterine lining to disintegrate and the user will have a menstrual
period, usually within 1 to 3 days
>menstrual flow is generally lighter than for women who don't use the pill because the hormones in the pill
prevent thick endometrial buildup
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Seasonale: an extended cycle oral contraceptive that causes woman to menstruate only once every three
months
>progestin only pills contain small doses of progesterone and no estrogen
>96% effective
>>better for women who feel uncertain about using estrogen pills/suffer from side effects related to
estrogen
Early signs of medical complications for users of the birth control pill:
Abdominal pain
Chest pain (Severe cough, shortness of breath, or sharp pain on breathing in)
Headaches
Eye problems
Severe leg pain
Ortho Evra: a patch that releases hormones similar to those in oral contraceptives; each patch is worn for 1
week
NuvaRing - A soft flexible ring inserted into the vagina that releases hormones, preventing pregnancy
Dep-Provera: an injectable method of birth control that lasts for 3months
Sterilization: permanent fertility control achieved through surgical process
>Tubal ligcation: sterilization of the woman that involves cutting off or cauterizing the fallopian tubes
>Essure: a nonsurgical female sterilization process in which a physician places small micro coils into the
fallopian tube to block them
>coils promote the growth of scar tissue around the device and cause the fallopian tubes to become blocked
>Essure is permanent
>hysterectomy: removal of the uterus , is a method of sterilization requiring major surgery
Male sterilization is less complicated
>Vasectomy: sterilization of the man that involves cutting and either sealing or tying off both vasa
deferentia
Intrauterine device (IUD): a T shaped device that is implanted in the uterus to prevent pregnancy
Withdrawal: a method of contraception that involves withdrawing from the vagina before ejaculation; also
called the coitus interruptus
>because 500k sperm in drop of fluid before ejaculation it is very unreliable
Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP's): drugs taken within 3 days after intercourse to prevent fertilization
or implantation (dubbed "morning after pill")
>not the same as the "abortion pill" RU-486
>taken after intercourse but before women misses her period
>95% effective day after
>a ECP pill name Plan B was approved in 2006
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>is a progestin only pill
Abstinence: deliberately avoiding intercourse
-oral-genital sex/mutual masturbation is called outer-course
>100% effective against pregnancies (but not STI's)
Fertility awareness methods (FAMs): several types of birth control that require alteration of sexual
behaviors rather than chemical or physical intervention in the reproductive process
>abstaining from sexual intercourse during fertile times
Cervical mucus method: a birth control method that relies on observation of changes in the cervical mucus
to determine when the woman is fertile so the couple can abstain from penis-vagina contact during those
times
Body temperature methods" a birth control method in which a woman monitors her body temperature for
rise that signal ovulation, so that the couple can abstain from penis-vagina contact around this time
Calendar method: a birth control method in which the woman's menstrual cycle is mapped on a calendar to
determine presumed fertile times, so that the couple can abstain from penis-vagina contact during those
times
28 days of menstrual cycle
1-5 "menstrual phase" Safe for unprotected intercourse (not getting pregnant)
6-8 sperm deposited during this period may remain viable at ovulation
9-13 unprotected sex should not occur
(6-13 is called the proliferation phase)
Day 14- ovulation
15-16 unprotected sex should not occur
17-18 ovum may remain viable through this point
19-28 relatively safe
Abortion: the expulsion or removal of the embryo or fetus from the uterus
>1st trimester abortions have low risks for women
1st trimester abortion is called vacuum aspiration
>Vacuum aspiration: an abortion technique that sues gentle suction to remove fetal tissue from the uterus
Dilation and evacuation (D&E): an abortion technique that sues a combination of instruments and vacuum
aspiration; fetal tissue is both sucked and scraped out of the uterus
>used in second trimester pregnancies
Induction abortion: abortion technique in which chemicals are injected into the uterus through the uterine
wall; labor begins, and the women delivers a dead fetus
Hysterectomy: surgical removal of the fetus from the uterus
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Intact dilation and extraction (D&X): a late-term abortion procedure in which the body of the fetus is
extracted up to the head and then the contents of the cranium are aspirated
Mifepristone: a steroid hormone that induces abortion by blocking the action of progesterone
>"medical abortion"
Preconception care: medical care received prior to becoming pregnant that helps woman asses and address
potential maternal health issues
>if you smoke/drink STOP
>reduce/eliminate caffeine intake
>avoid x-rays
>maintain normal weight; lose weight if necessary
>take prenatal vitamins
Always make a financial evaluation!
>contingency panning; if your partner or you and your partner die make plans. A prearranged plan of action
will smooth their transition into new families
2 types of physicians can attend pregnancies and deliveries
>the obsterician-hynecologist (OB-gyn) is a medical doctor (MD) who specializes in pregnancy and birth
>gynecology (women reproductive doctor)
>a family practitioner is a licensed MD who provides comprehensive care for people of all ages
>unlike OB-gyn they can serve as the baby's physician after attending the birth
>midwives: experiences practioneers who assist with pregnancy and delivery
> certified nurse midwives are registered nurses with specialized training
>lay midwives may/may not have extensive training to handle emergencies
Teratogenic: Causing birth defects; may refer to drugs/environmental chemicals/x-rays/diseases
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): a collection of symptoms including mental retardation, that can appear in
infants of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy
Toxoplasmosis: a disease caused by an organism found in cat feces that, when contracted by a pregnant
woman may result in stillbirth or an infant with mental retardation or birth defects
Down Syndrome: a genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation and a variety of physical
abnormalities
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG): hormone detectable in blood or urine samples of a mother within
first few weeks of pregnancy
Trimester: a 3 month segment of pregnancy; used to describe a specific developmental changes that occur
in the embryo or fetus
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Embryo: the fertilized egg from conception until the end of 2 month' development
Fetus: the term for a developing baby from the third month of pregnancy until birth
Placenta: the network of blood vessels connected to the umbilical cord that carries nutrients, oxygen, and
wasted between the developing infant and the mother (2nd trimester)
-"fourth trimester" the first 6 weeks of an infant’s life outside the uterus
Triple marker screen (TMS) - a maternal blood test that can be used to help identify fetuses with certain
birth defects and genetic abnormalities
amniocentesis: a medical test in which a small amount of fluid is drawn from the amniotic sac to test for
down syndrome and other genetic
Amniotic sac - the protective pouch surrounding the baby
Episiotomy: a straight incision in the mother perineum in the area between the vulva and the anus,
sometimes performed toward the end of the second stage of labor to prevent the tearing of vaginal tissues
and to speed delivery
Postpartum depression: energy depletion, anxiety, mood swings, and depression that women may feel
during the post-partum period
Preeclampsia - a complication in pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and
edema
Eclampsia - potentially fatal complication resulting from untreated preeclampsia; involves maternal strokes
and seizures
Cesarean section (C-section): a surgical birthing procedure in which a baby is removed through an incision
made in the mother's abdominal and uterine walls
Miscarriage: loss of the fetus before it is viable; also called spontaneous abortion
Rh factor: a blood protein related to the production of antibodies. If an Rh-negative mother is pregnant with
an Rh-positive fetus, the mother will manufacture antibodies that can harm the fetus
Ectopic pregnancy: implantation of fertilized egg outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube; a medical
emergency that can end in death from hemorrhage or peritonitis
Stillbirth: the birth of a dead baby
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): the sudden death of an infant under 1 year of age for no apparent
reason
PAGE 50
Infertility: difficulties conceiving
Endometriosis: a disorder in which uterine lining tissue established itself outside the uterus; the leading
cause of infertility in women in the united states
Pelvic Inflammatory disease (PID): an infection that scars the fallopian tubes and consequently blocks the
sperm migration, causing infertility
Low sperm count: a sperm count below 20 million sperm per millimeter of sperm; the leading cause of
infertility in men
Fertility drugs: hormones that stimulate ovulation in women who are not ovulating; often responsible for
multiple births
Alternative insemination: fertilization accomplished by depositing a partner's or a donor's semen into a
woman's vagina via a thin tube; almost always done in a doctors office
in vitro fertilization (IVF): fertilization of an egg in a nutrient medium and subsequent transfer back to the
mother's body
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT): procedure in which an egg harvested from the woman's ovary is
placed with the man's sperm in her fallopian tube, where it is fertilized and then migrates to the uterus for
implantation
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): fertilization accomplished by injecting a sperm cell directly into
an egg
Nonsurgical embryo transfer: in vitro fertilization of a donor egg by the male partner's (or donor's) sperm
and subsequent transfer to the female partner's or another women's uterus
Embryo adoption programs: a procedure whereby an infertile couple is able to purchase frozen embryos
donated by another coupe
CHAPTER 7
Addiction: continued involvement with a substance or activity despite ongoing negative consequence
>physiological dependence: the adaptive state that occurs with regular addictive behavior and results in
withdrawal symptoms
>psychological dependence plays a role in showing why behaviors not related to the use of chemicals (like
gambling) may be addictive
>a person who possesses a strong desire to continue engaging in a particular activity is said to have
developed a psychological dependence
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>the two are really intertwined
>to be addictive a substance or behavior must be able to produce a positive mood change
>chemicals are responsible for most addictions, not only because they have mood changes but also they
cause cellular changes at the cellular level
Based on 4 criteria for addiction
1) use for a purpose of relieving a withdrawal symptoms (a series of temporary physics psychological
symptoms that occur when the addicted person stops using the drug)
2) continues use of the substance even though you knows its bad to you or others
3) trying to cut down or quit. You might also have a relapse, the tendency to return to the addictive
behavior after a period of not doing the drug
4) building a tolerance to the drug, where continued intake of the same dose has little effect. The drug user
must increase dosage.
Addictions are characterized by four common symptoms:
1) compulsions: preoccupation with a behavior and an overwhelming need to perform it
2) loss of control: unable to know whether doing it is healthy or not
3) negative consequences: physical damage, legal trouble, financial ruin (ect) are associated with the
addiction
4) denial: inable to see the behavior is destructive
codependence - a self-defeating relationship pattern in which a person is "addicted to the addict"
>basically a very dysfunctional relationship (family ties sometimes)
Enablers - people who knowingly or unknowingly protect addicts from the natural consequence of their
behavior
>drugs work because they physically resemble the chemicals produced naturally within the body
>drugs work by binding to specific receptor sites in the body
>these sites are located on the membranes of some cells to which, because of their shape, size, electrical
charge, and chemical properties, drugs can attach to themselves.
>most drugs attach to multiple receptor sites on cells
Scientist divide drugs into 6 categories
>these classifications are based on primarily on drug action
>some stimulate/some depress
>psychoactive drugs are drugs that have the potential to alter mood or behavior
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1) Prescription drugs: medications that can be obtained only with a written prescription of a licensed
physician
2) Over-the-counter- (OTC) drugs- medications that can be purchased without a physicians prescription
3) recreation drugs: drugs that contain chemicals that help people relax or socialize; most, but not all, drugs
in this category are legal (like tobacco, coffee, tea, chocolate, alcohol ect -- even though they are
psychoactive)
4) herbal preparations: substances of plant origin that are believed to have medicinal properties
5) illicit (illegal) drugs: drugs whose use, possession, cultivation, manufacture, and/or sale are against the
laws because they are generally harmful (al are psychoactive)
6) commercial preparations: commonly used chemical substances like cosmetics, cleaning products, ect
>routes of admissions: the manner in which a drug is taken into the body
>the most common methods are
- oral ingestion (by mouth and into the digestive tract)
-inhalation (through the nostrils or mouth and into the lings)
-injection into the muscles drugs into the body via a hypodermic needle
>[intramuscular] into the muscle
>[intravenous] into blood stream
>[subcutaneous] under the skin
Intravenous injection - involves the insertion of a hypodermic syringe directly into a vein, which is the
most common method of injection because it is felt most rapidly
>drugs can also be absorbed though the skin or tissue linings (inunctions) [like a nicotine patch]
>or through the vagina/anus in the form of suppositories
>mixed with a waxy medium so they melt so the drug can be released into the bloodstream
Drug misuse: the use of a drug for a purpose for which it was not intended
Drug abuse: excessive use of a drug
Antibiotics: prescription drugs designed to fight bacterial infection
benzodiazepines: central nervous system depressants that relax the body
antidepressants: prescription drug used to treat clinically diagnosed depression
generic drugs: medications marketed by chemical name rather than brand name
Analgesics: pain reliever
Prostaglandin inhibitors: drugs that inhibit the production and release if prostaglandins, hormone-like
substances often associated with arthritis or menstrual pain
PAGE 53
Generally Recognized as safe (GRAS): a list of drugs generally recognized as safe, which seldom cause
side effects
Generally recognized as effective (GRAE): a list of drugs generally recognized as effective, which work for
their intended purposes only
laxatives: medications used to soften stool and relieve constipation
diuretics: drugs that increase the excretion of urine from the body
polydrug use: use of multiple medications or illicit drugs
Synergism: interaction of two or more drugs that produces more profound effects that would be expected if
the drug were taken separately. Also known as potentiation.
Antagonism: a type of drug interaction in which two or more drugs work at the same receptor site, so one
bocks the action of the other
Intolerance: a type of drug interaction in which two or more drugs produce extremely uncomfortable
symptoms
Cross-tolerance: development of tolerance to one drug that reduces the effects of another, similar drug
7 representative categories of drugs:
1) stimulants
2) depressants
3) hallucinogens/psychedelics
4) designer drugs
5) inhalants
6) steroids
Drugs are classified into 5 schedules (categories) based on their potential abuse/safe use
Schedule I drugs have the highest potential for abuse and have no medical use
II - V have known and accepted medical applications
Cocaine: a powerful stimulant drug made from the leaves of the south American coca shrub
>if snorted it can cause sinusitis
>smoking it (known as freebasing) and intravenous injections are even more dangerous
>cocaine is both an anesthetic and a central nervous system stimulant
>in tiny doses it slows heart rate
>in larger doses it increases heart rate and blood pressure, loss of appetite can lead to weight loss,
convulsions ect
>also depression, talkativeness
>as dose increase behavior becomes volatile
PAGE 54
Freebase - most powerful distillate of cocaine
street cocaine (cocaine hydrochloride) is converted to pure base using ether to remove the hydrochlorate
salt and many of the "cutting agents" used to dilute the drug
>his volatile
>free base (end product) is smoke through a water pipe
>short intense high
Crack: a distillate of powdered cocaine that comes in small hard "chips" or "rocks"; no the same as rock
cocaine
Amphetamines: a large and varied group of synthetic agents that stimulate the central nervous system (like
adderall)
Methamphetamine (meth): a powerfully addictive drug that strongly activated certain areas of the brain and
affects the central nervous system
>ice: a potent inexpensive form of methamphetamine that has long lasting effects
Marijuana: chopped leaves/flowers from cannabis indica or cannabis sativa
>psychoactive stimulant that intensifies reactions to environmental stimuli
>tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): the chemical name for the active ingredient in marijuana
hashish: the sticky resin of the cannabis plant which is high in THC
>causes dilation of high/bloodshot eye/"cotton mouth"/increased thirst-hunger/lowered blood pressure
>maybe panic, paranoia, psychosis
>has several medical purposes
>controls nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy
>improves appetite and forestalls the loss of lean muscle mass associated with AIDS wasting syndrome
>reduces muscle pain and spasticity caused by diseases like multiply sclerosis
>relives eye pressure of glaucoma
-opiates: drugs that induce sleep and relive pain; includes derivatives of opium and synthetics with similar
chemical properties (also called narcotics)
opium: the parent drug of the opiate; made from the seed pod resin of the opium poppy
morphine: a derivative of opium; sometimes use by medical practitioners to relieve pain
Codeine: a drug derived from morphine, used in cough syrups and certain painkillers
>opiates are powerful depressant of the central nervous system
>lowers heart rate
PAGE 55
>respiration and blood pressure
Heroin: an illegally manufactured derivative of morphine usually injected into the bloodstream
black tar heroin: a dark down, sticky form of heroin
>is a depressant
>most common router of admission for heroin addicts is "mainlining" intravenous injection of powdered
heroin mixed in a solution
endomorphins: opiate0like hormone that are manufactured in the human body and contribute to the natural
feeling of wellbeing
>Methadone maintenance: a treatment for people addicted to opiates that substitute methadone, a synthetic
narcotic, for the opiate of addiction
>Hallucinogens: substances capable of creating auditory or visual distortions
>psychedelics: drugs that distort the processing of sensory information in the brain
>reticular formation: an area in the brainstem that is responsible for relaying messages from the senses to
other areas in the brain
>synesthesia: a drug created effect in which sensory messages are incorrectly assigned (user "hears" taste
or "smells" a sound)
>lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): psychedelic drug causing sensory disruptions; also called "acid"
>increase heart rate
>elevated blood pressure/temperature
>increased relax speed
>euphoria common (good high!)
>dysphoria (a sense of evil = bad high)
>mostly a psychological addiction
Mescaline: a hallucinogenic drug derived from the peyote cactus
peyote: a cactus with small "buttons" that when ingested produce hallucinogenic effects
>also a stimulant
>instant vomiting/nausea
psilocybin: the active chemical found in psilocybin mushrooms; it produces hallucinations
>similar to LSD in effects
Phencyclidine (PCP): a hallucinogen, commonly called "angel dust" that causes hallucinations, delusions,
and delirium
>is a anesthetic
>is a depressant
>slurred speech/impaired coordination
PAGE 56
Designer drugs (club drugs): synthetic analogs (drugs that produce similar effects) of existing drugs
>collectively known as club drugs
>include ecstasy, GHB, rohypnol, ect
>has unwanted effects like hallucinations, amnesia, paranoid, and even death
Ecstasy (MDMA): a club drug that creates a feeling of openness and warmth but also raises heart rate and
blood pressure.
Rohypnol: a powerful sedative, commonly known as the "date rape" drug for its ability to cause
semiconsciounsnes and facilitate unwanted sexual encounters
gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB): a central nervous system depressant alleged to have body building
properties that had been used as a "date rape" drug
Ketamine (special K): an anesthetic used primarily in veterinary settings that has gained popularity as a
club drug with potentially dangerous hallucinogenic effects
Inhalants: chemicals that produce vapors that when inhaled produce highs
>can cause hallucinations/euphoric highs
>legal to purchase and universally available
>pain thinner, lighter fluid, wax, spot remove ect
>volatile chemicals in these products reach the bloodstream within seconds. An inhaled substance is not
diluted by stomach acids/fluids and is more potent then being swallowed
>combining with alcohol can cause a synergistic effect and can cause severe liver damage
>may experience dizziness, disorientation, impaired coordination, reduced judgment, slowed reaction time
>sudden sniffing syndrome (SSD) occurs if a user inhales deeply and then participates in a physical activity
>Amyl nitrate: a drug that dilated blood vessels and is properly used to relive chest pain
>can produce fainting, dizziness, warmth, and skin flushing
>nitrous oxide: the chemical name for "laughing gas" a substance that is sued for surgical or dental
anesthesia
>can be found in propellants in aerosol products such as whipped cream
>gives you a state of euphoria, floating sensation, and illusions
>pain relief, and silly feelings (laughing/giggling)
anabolic steroids: artificial form of the hormone testosterone that promote muscle growth and strength
>can be injected or received as pills
>produces a state of euphoria, diminished fatigue and increased bulk
>severe depression occurs when you stop and lasts 1 or more years after
>can caused mood swings "roid rage" (aggressions/violence), acne, liver tumors, elevated cholesterol
hypertension, kidney disease and immune system disturbances
>in women it may cause a lowered voice, facial hair, enlarged cliterous, and smaller breast
>in mean, it stops the production of testosterone causing them to grow breast and to testicles to atrophy
PAGE 57
>its now a schedule III drug
>
>ergogenic drugs: substances believed to enhance athletic performance
CHAPTER 8
-Moderate use of alcohol can be helpful
>alcohol is the most widely used recreational drug in society
>most popular drug on college
>heavy episodic (binge) drinking: drinking just to get really drunk, 5 or more drunks on a single occasion
for men and 4 or more for women
>can lead to extreme intoxication, involving unconsciousness/alcohol poisoning
>alcohol exacerbates their already high risk for suicide automobile crashes, and falls
>many college and university customs/norms/traditions/ and encourages dangerous practices
>university campuses are heavily targeted by promoting alcohol industry
Ethyl alcohol (fermentation): an addictive drug produced during fermentation and found in many beverages
Fermentation: the process whereby yeast organisms break down plant sugars to yield ethanol (and CO2)
>fermentation continues until the solution reaches 14% alcohol solution
>for beers, ales, and wines it ends with fermentation
>hard liquor is produced through distillation
>alcohol vapors are released from the mash at high temperatures. The vapors are then condensed and mixed
with water to make the final product
>the proof: the measure of the percentage of alcohol in the final beverage
>alcohol percentage is HALF of the given proof (ie, 80 proof = 40% alcohol)
>lower proof = produce fewer alcohol effects
Light beer can (12 oz) -> 2.4 - 4.8% alcohol by volume
Amount of alcohol per serving: 0.29-0.59 oz
Regular beer (12 oz): 3.2% - 5.0% alcohol per volume
Amount of alcohol per serving: 0.38 - 0.60 oz
Wine (4oz): 12% alcohol per serving
Amount of alcohol per serving: 0.48 oz
Most cocktails (mixed drinks): 40 - 50% alcohol per volume
PAGE 58
Amount of alcohol per serving: 1.25 oz
>unlike most molecules alcohol are small enough/fat soluble to be absorbed throughout the entire
gastrointestinal system
>a negligible amount of alcohol is absorbed through the lining of the mouth
>20% of the alcohol diffuses through the stomach lining into the bloodstream, and nearly 80% pass through
the lining of the upper third of the small intestine
>absorption into the bloodstream is rapid and complete
-several factors influence how quickly your body will absorb alcohol:
>alcohol concentration in your drink
>amount of alcohol your consume
>the amount of food in your stomach
>pylorospasm (spasm of the pyloric valve in the digestive system)
>your metabolism
>weight and body mass index
>mood
>the higher concentration of alcohol in your drink the more rapidly it will be absorbed in your digestive
tract
>wine/beer absorbed more slowly than distilling beverages
>carbonated alcohol beverages such as champagne and carbonated wines are absorbed more rapidly than
those containing no sparkling additives or fizz
>they cause the pyloric valve (the opening from the stomach into the small intestine) to relax and thereby
empting its contents of the stomach more rapidly into the small intestine
>because small intestine is the site of the greatest absorption of alcohol, carbonated beverages increase the
rate of absorption
>if your stomach is full, absorption sows more because the surface area exposed to alcohol is smaller
>full stomach slows the emptying of the alcohol into the small intestine
>more you consume the longer absorption takes
>alcohol irritates the pylorospasm
>when the pyloric valve is closed noting can move from the stomach to the small intestine which slows
absorption.
>it can cause vomiting
>mood is another factor because emotions affect how long it takes for contents of the stomach to empty
into the intestine
>stress/tension cause the stomach to dump its contents quicker into the small intestine
>alcohol is metabolized by the liver
>converted into acetaldehyde (by alcohol dehydrogenase) --> then oxidized into acetate --> converted to
CO2 and H2O and eventually excreted
>acetaldehyde is a toxic chemical, can cause nausea/vomiting/liver damage
PAGE 59
>alcohol has 7 calories per gram
>a lot of calories (~ 150 in a regular beer)
>breakdown of alcohol is 0.5 oz per hour
>this amount of alcohol is equal to 12 ounces of 5% beer, 5 ounces of 12% wine, or 1.5 ounces of 40%
liquor
>blood alcohol concentration levels (BAC): the ratio of alcohol to total blood volume; the factor used to
measure the physiological and behavioral effects of alcohol
>as BAC increased the drinker suffers increase physiological and psychological effects
>a drinkers BAC depends on weight and body fat
>the water content in body tissues
>concentration of alcohol consumed
>rate of consumption
>volume of alcohol consumed
>heavier people have larger body surface area through which alcohol can diffuse
>alcohol does not diffuse as rapidly into body fats as into water so BAC is higher in a person with more
body fat
>women have more body fat and less water in her body tissues than a man of the same Wight so she gets
intoxicated quicker
# of drinks =2 --> BAC: 0.05 - 0.06 = relaxed/warm/decrease in reaction time
# of drinks = 3 --> BAC: 0.05-0.09 = balance/hearing impaired/euphoria/loss of motor coordination
# of drinks = 3/4 = BAC 0.08-0.10 = legal intoxication in most states (some lower)
# of drinks = 4 = BAC 0.11-0.12 = coordination/balance is difficult/impaired judgment
# of drinks 5 = BAC 0.14-0.15 = major impairment of mental/physical control/slurred speech/motor skills
# of drinks 7 = BAC 0.20 = loss of motor control, must have assistance moving/mental confusion
# of drunks >10 = BAC >0.30 severe intoxication/loss of consciousness
# of drinks 14 = BAC 0.40 = unconsciousness,coma,death
>use breath analysis and urinalysis to determine BAC
Learned behavioral tolerance: the ability of heavy drinkers to modify behavior so that they appear sober
even when they have high BAC levels
>alcohol is known to cause many injuries. Accident/fight related
>drinking large amount of alcohol in a short period of time can cause BAC to reach a lethal range
>death from alcohol poisoning can be caused by either the central nervous system and respiration
depression or inhalation of vomit or fluids into the lungs
>signs: weak/rapid pulse/unusual/irregular heartbeat/pale or blue skin
>Alcohol has a influence on your ability to make decisions about sex
>other than body fat, women get drunk quicker because they have half as much alcohol dehydrogenase as
men (the enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the stomach before it reaches the bloodstream/brain)
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>BAC in women would be 30% higher than a man’s
>hormonal differences/certain times in the menstrual cycle/use of oral contraceptive can contribute to
longer periods of intoxication (peak occurs related to estrogen levels)
>alcohol depresses CNS functions
>this depresses respiratory rates, pulse rate, and blood pressure
>as CNS depression depends, vital functions become noticeably affected (coma and death CAN result)
>alcohol is a diuretic that causes increased urinary output
>this affect usually leads to dehydration but the body keeps most water in muscles
>water is usually pulled out of the cerebrospinal fluid (fluid within the brain/spinal cord)
>leads to mitochondrial dehydration at the cellular level within the nervous system
>mitochondria are organelles that need the fluid balance to fulfill cellular respirations (creation of ATP for
the bodies use)
>mitochondria can not carry out normal function --> leads to hangover
>hangover: the physiological reaction to excessive drinking which includes headache, upset stomach,
anxiety, depression, diarrhea, and thirst
Congeners - forms of alcohol that are metabolized more slowly than ethanol and produce toxic by products
>alcohol upsets water balance in body and leads to excess urination/dehydration/thirst the next day
>alcohol irritates the gastrointestinal system and may cause indigestion and heartburn if taken on an empty
stomach
>beware of drug interactions with alcohol
>can depress the CNS (central nervous system)
>alcohol + narcotics/barbiturates/valdium like drugs are deadly
>long term effects of alcohol include disease of the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and live (as
well can some cancels)
>even moderate drinkers have some degree of shrinkage in the brain
>some moderate drinking can help reduce risk of coronary artery disease
>increase in HDL and the antithrombotice effect. Decrease in clotting factor that contribute to
arthrosclerosis
>but too much can cause higher blood pressure, increased heart rate and cardiac output
> cirrhosis: the last stage of liver disease associated with chronic heavy use of alcohol, liver cells die and
damage is permanent
>one of the most common liver related diseases associated with alcohol
>heavy drinking = liver begins to store fat (known as fatty liver)
>if you keep drinking the fat can not be transported to storage sites and fat filled liver cells stop functioning
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>continued drinking can lead to liver deterioration called fibrosis
>cirrhosis is end result
Alcohol hepatitis: condition resulting from chronic alcohol abuse in which he liver is inflamed --> can
progress to cirrhosis
Alcohol is a carcinogen --> can cause cancer in esophagus/stomach/mouth/tongue/liver
>can also effect the pancreas --> increase risk of osteoporosis
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): a disorder that may affect the fetus when the mother consumes alcohol
during pregnancy. Can cause mental retardation, small head, tremors, and abnormalities of the face, limbs,
heart, and brain
Fetal alcohol effects (FAE): a syndrome describing children with prenatal alcohol exposure but without all
the physical or behavioral symptoms of FAS. (low birth weight, irritability, and possible permanent mental
impairment)
Alcohol abuse: use of alcohol that interferes with work, school, or personal relationships
Alcoholism (alcohol dependence); personal/health problems related to alcohol use are severe and stopping
alcohol use results in withdrawal
>biological and family factors/social and cultural factors cause alcohol abuse and alcoholism
Children from dysfunction alcoholic family assumes roles to cope:
1)family hero
2)scapegoat
3)lost child
4)mascot
>alcohol has a large cost to society
>some ethnic group alcohol effects more
Intervention: a planned confrontation with an alcohol in which family members, friends, and professional
counselors express their concern about the alcoholic’s drinking
Alcoholic anonymous (AA): an organization whose goals is to help alcoholics stop drinking
Delirium tremens (DTs) a severe state of confusion sometimes brought on by withdrawal from alcohol.
Symptoms include hallucinations, anxiety, and trembling
>Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of death in the united states
>tobacco companies use heavy advertising
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>most smokers are social smoking -- they smoke with people rather than alone
>smoke less often and less dependant on nicotine
>less likely to quit also
4 factors that contribute to smoking in college
1) depression
2)social norms that tolerate smoking
3)tendency towards risk taking
4)lack of self efficacy to resist peer pressure
>chemical stimulant “nicotine” is the major psychoactive substance in tobacco products
>when smoked its relapsed/inhaled into lungs
>when sucked/chewed on tobacco release nicotine through salvia and absorbed through mucous
membranes in the mouth
>particulate matter condenses in the lungs to form a thick brownish sludge called tar
>contains various carcinogenic (cancer causing agents) and chemical irritants like penol that can contribute
to lung cancer
>in healthy lungs cilia (hair like projections in the lungs) are on the lining of the upper respiratory passages.
>they sweep away foreign matter which are expelled by coughing
>nicotine impairs the cleaning function of cilia and paralyze them for about an hour after a single cigarette
>allows tars and other solids to accumulate and irritate the sensitive lung tissue
>Carbon monoxide is a gas found in tobacco smoke that binds with oxygen receptors in the blood
>filtered cigarettes are designed to reduce levels of gas like hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide, may
actually deliver more
>close cigarette contain 40%% ground cloves (spice) and 60% tobacco
>clove cigarettes contain higher levels of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide than regular cigarettes
>numbing effect of eugenol (in clove) makes users take deeper breaths
>cigars are tobacco wrapped in more tobacco
>cigars contain 23 poisons and 43 carcinogens
>increase risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Bidis: hand rolled flavored cigarette
>they come in flavor such as vanilla, chocolate, and cherry
>bindi’s produce contain three times more toxic than cigarettes
>3x more CO an nicotine, 5x more tar
>the wraps are nonporous so you have to inhale longer
Two types of smokeless tobacco: chewing and snuff
Chew tobacco: a stringy type of tobacco that is placed in the mouth and then sucked or chewed
>it comes in three forms 1)loose leaf 2) plug 3) twist
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>chewing tobacco contains tobacco leaves treated with molasses and flavor
>placed quid of tobacco in mouth between teeth and gums and then sucks/chews the quid to release
nicotine
>dipping is the other method of chewing tobacco where you place a small amount of chewing tobacco
between the front lip and teeth for rapid nicotine absorption
Snuff is a powdered form of tobacco that is sniffed and absorbed through the mucous membranes in the
nose or placed inside the cheek and sucked
>usually placed inside the cheek or against the gums
>smokeless tobacco has even more nicotine
>chewing for 30 mins = 4 cigarettes
Luekoplakia: a condition characterized by leathery white patches inside the mouth; product by contact with
irritants in tobacco juice
>smokeless tobacco impairs sense of smell/taste and can indirectly/directly lead to hypertension/high blood
pressure/obesity
-nicotine is a powerful CNS stimulants
>makes you aroused/alert
>stimulated the adrenal glands to increase adrenaline
>increase heart/reparatory rate
>constricts blood vessels
>makes heart work harder
>decrease blood sugar levels and the stomach contact to signal hunger
>decrease taste reduces appetite
>nicotine poisoning: symptoms often experienced by beginning smokers, including diarrhea,
lightheadedness, rapid and erratic pulse, clammy skin, nausea and vomiting
>tobacco increases risk of cancer (lungs/pancreas/lips ect)
>smoke particles irritate the lung pathway, causing excess mucus production. They indirectly destroy the
wall of the lungs alveoli with coalesce. Causes damage to the lungs
>smoking contributes to platelet adhesiveness: stickiness of the red blood cells associated with blood clots
>oxygen deprivation associated with smoking decreases the oxygen supplied to the heart and can weaken
tissues.
>smoking contributes to irregular heart rhythms
>CO2 and nicotine from cigarettes smoke can produce angina attacks (pain spasm in the chest when the
heart muscle doesn’t get enough blood)
>smokers are twice as likely to suffer a stroke as nonsmokers are
>stroke is when a small blood vessel in the brain burst or is blocked by a blood clot, denying oxygen and
nourishment to the vital portions of the brain
>can cause loss of mental function, paralysis or death
>contributes to stroke by raising blood pressure which increase stress on vessel walls.
>smoking impairs the respiratory system
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>more prone to breathlessness, chronic cough, and excess phlegm production
>chronic bronchitis is the presence of a productive cough that persists or recurs frequently
>their inflamed lungs produce more mucus and constantly try to rid themselves of the mucus and foreign
particles which causes the “smokes hack” (the persistent cough)
Emphysema: a chronic lung disease in which the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs are destroyed, making
breathing difficult
>decrease ability to obtain O2 and remove CO2
>smoking causes impotence in men
>causes inadequate erections
>gum disease is 3x more common among smokers than amount nonsmokers
>nicotine makes other medicine less effective
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS): smoke from tobacco products, including secondhand and mainstream
smoke
mainstream smoke: smoke that is drawn through tobacco while inhaling
secondhand smoke (side stream smoke): the cigarettes pipe or cigar smoke breathed by nonsmokers
>Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal include irritability, restlessness, nausea, vomiting, and intense cravings
for tobacco
>nicotine chewing gum and nicotine patch have been shown to be effective
>also nasal spray which requires a prescription is much more powerful and delivers nicotine faster
>nicotine inhaler (also requires prescription): -- nicotine absorbed via mouth not lungs
For breaking the habit two common techniques are operant conditioning and self control therapy
>pairing the acts of smoking with an external stimulus is a operant strategy (carrying a buzzer, smoking
whenever it rings. Removing the buzzer = stop smoking)
>self control is viewing smoking as a learned habit and removing it
Big benefits quitting
>CO2 and O2 levels return to normal in a few hours
>mucus and clog airways is broken up and eliminated in months
>circulation and sense of taste/smell improve in weeks
>in a year risk of lung cancer decreases
>2 years risk of heart attack drops to near normal
>10 smoke free years the ex smoker can live a normal life
>most popular and widely consumed drug in the U.S is caffeine
caffeine: a stimulant found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and some soft drinks
>Xanthines: the chemical family of stimulants to which caffeine belongs
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>mild CNS stimulants
>causes wakefulness, insomnia, irregular heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, indigestion, and mild delirium
Caffeinism: caffeine intoxication brought on by excessive caffeine use; symptoms include chronic
insomnia, irritability, anxiety, muscle twitches, and headaches
And that’s all folks!