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Psychopathology • What is abnormal behavior? It is behavior that is: atypical (deviant), disturbing (distressful), maladaptive (dysfunctional), and unjustifiable. • Medical Model: Sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured • • • • • • • DSM IV: Book of all psychological disorders 5 Levels: -Level 1: Neurosis & Psychosis -Level 2: Personality Disorders -Level 3: Physical Problems -Level 4: Social Stressors (1-6) -Level 5: GAF (1-100) • • • • DSM does not explain the causes of disorders Pro: provides a roadmap for treatment Con: labels and can create bias Neurosis • • • • • -Depression -Anxiety -Somatoform -Phobia -Dissociative • • • Dysthymia: Ongoing mild-moderate depression for 2 years (one year in teens). Major Depression: Severe depression for 2 weeks. Includes suicidality Bipolar Disorder: Alternating highs and lows with extremes on each end. • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Highly stressed and anxious most of the time • Panic Disorder: At least two panic attacks in a month • OCD: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder -obsessions (repeated thoughts) & compulsions (repeated actions). PTSD: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Experiencing something out of the norm which causes excessive anxiety and flashbacks. • Psychological problems which turn physical. • • • • -Hypochondriasis: Exaggerating symptoms -Conversion Disorder: Loss of a sense due to stress -Factitious Disorder: Creating something that does not exist but believing it does -Malingering: Creating something that does not exist for personal gain and knowing it. • • • • • • • Amnesia: Forgetting one’s personal information Fugue: Forgetting one’s identity and travelling to a new location Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): AKA MPD Taking on two or more distinct personalities with histories of their own (AlterEgo). Comes about to protect the weaker personality Delusional Disorder Schizophrenia • • Delusional Disorder: Function fine in society but have delusions (thoughts contrary to reality). -bizarre: can’t possibly occur -non-bizarre: could possibly occur • • • (Split Mind) -Loss of Functioning, Hallucinations, Loose Association (+) -Flat Affect (-) • • • • • Paranoid (most common), Disorganized (most severe), Catatonic, Undifferentiated, Residual Causes are genetic. 1% of population. -Dopamine overactivity in the brain Highest likelihood if: -identical twin, both parents, one parent, fraternal twin, sibling • • • • • • • • Autism: Communication disorder, repetitive behaviors, social deficits Aspergers: Less severe form of Autism PDD: Least severe form of Autism Mental Retardation: Low IQ and above deficits Separation Anxiety: Unable to be apart from primary caregiver ADHD (Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Inattention) ODD: Defiance, Anger, Hostility Conduct Disorder: Lack of Conscience • Psychological Disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. Histrionic: Center of attention, Sexually seductive, Exaggerative Narcissistic: Egotistical, lacks ability to empathize with others Antisocial: Lacks Conscience Schizoid: Unable to connect to others and doesn’t care to relate to others Avoidant: Afraid of criticism, being judged, and relating to others, but wants to Schizoid: Odd, eccentric personality showing some signs of schizophrenia Dependent: Co-dependent, can’t make decisions and lets others walk on them OCPD: Perfectionistic, Orderly to the point of losing enjoyment of the activity Borderline: Bipolar, idealizes and devalues others, extreme emotion and intense anger. • • • • • • • • • • Psychotherapy – (Healing of the soul): A planned, emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained socially sanctioned healer and a sufferer. • Dual Relationship – A therapist who involves him/herself in the life of his/her client in a personal way, or takes a client with whom there is already a personal involvement. Biomedical: A prescribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on the patient’s nervous system. (mainly prescribed by Psychiatrists) • • • Eclectic Approach: The use of a blend of approaches Psychoanalysis (Freud): Focuses on the subconscious; was one of the first famous therapies. • -Free Association: Saying whatever comes to mind • -Resistance: Individual blocks anxiety laden material • -Interpretation: Creating insight into subconsciously blocked material in order to make it conscious • -Transference: The client experiences strong positive or negative feelings towards the therapist. • -Countertransference: The therapist experiences strong or negative feelings towards the therapist (modern concept). -PsychoDynamic Therapy • Influenced by Psychoanalysis, this is a more modern day therapy which is face to face and includes the past and present. • Interpersonal Psychotherapy: A variation of Psychodynamic Therapy (12-16 Sessions) which is somewhat effective for depression. -Humanistic Therapy • Rogers & Maslow • -Focuses on present & future more than past • -Focuses on the conscious mind rather than the unconscious mind. • -Takes immediate responsibility rather than time to uncover hidden issues • -Promotes growth rather than curing illness • -Client-centered therapy: Focuses on client’s self perceptions and gives them unconditional positive regard (no judgment) & provides Active Listening. -Behavior Therapy • Applies learning principles to eliminate troubling behaviors such as fears and anxieties • -Counterconditioning: Pairs the troubling behavior with a new response that is incompatible (positive pairing) • -Aversive Counterconditioning (Aversive Conditioning): Pairs with a new response which is a negative pairing. • -Systematic Desensitization (Wolpe): Form of counterconditioning-anxiety and relaxation cannot be compatible. Create a list of anxiety-provoking material and relax as list is imagined • Virtual Exposure Reality Therapy: Wearing a headset, experiencing anxiety through simulation • Flooding: Relaxing and imagining high anxiety situations • • Implosion: Being placed in high anxiety situations in real life. Operant Conditioning Token Economy: Earning tokens for behavior and exchanging them for privileges or treats -Cognitive Therapies • Assumes that our thinking colors our emotions. Sees self-blame as integral parts of depression. • -Cognitive Therapy is the most effective therapy for depression, but combined with medication, it is generally the most effective treatment. • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Combines the effort to alter the way people think and the way they behave. (Alter thoughts & actions). • • Family Therapy: Therapy which views the family as a system & attempts to improve relationships and communication within the family. Group Therapy: Allows others to see that problems are similar. • • Is Psychotherapy effective: 89% of clients view psychotherapy as beneficial. Regression toward the mean: The tendency for unusual events or emotions to return towards their average state. • Counselors (MFT, Pastoral): Focus on marriage & family relations and can focus on the individual’s well-being LCSW (Social Workers): Focus on relationships as well as abuse situations. Psychologists (Ph.D): Similar to counselors, also focus on testing. Psychiatrists: MD’s who prescribe medications Psychopharmacology: Study of drug effects on the mind and behavior. -antipsychotics (thorazine, chlorpromazine) used for Schizophrenia create side effects of tremors, twitches and Tardive Dyskinesia (similar to Tourrettes Syndrome); -modern antipsychotics (Risperdal, Zyprexia): less side effects but slightly less effective Antidepressants: (SSRI-Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors): Zoloft, Paxil, Prozac; -These medications lift people from depression and protect them from falling back into deep depressions because they block the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from the synapses. Mood Stabilizing Medications (Lithium): Medications used for Bi-Polar Disorders Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): Shock Therapy; Rarely used today. Primarily used in the 60’s, 70’s & 80’s as a treatment for depression. Side Effects: Seizures, Memory loss. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS): Sends a magnetic field through the skull to stimulate or dampen activity. Also good for depression & not as many side effects. Lobotomy (Psychosurgery): Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue. Surgery cuts the nerves to the frontal lobe. Procedure was once used on uncontrollably violent patients. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Social Psychologists study how we influence and relate to each other. Attribution Theory: Explaining one’s behavior by disposition (personality) or situation. Fundamental Attribution Error: The tendency to underestimate situation and overestimate disposition Attitudes: Feelings based on our beliefs that predispose our reactions to others Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon: The tendency for people who agree with a small action to comply with a larger one. Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger): In order to reduce discomfort, we bring our attitudes in line with our actions Conformity: Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward a group standard. Conditions that strengthen conformity: -one is made to feel inferior -group has at least 3 people -group is unanimous -one admires the group -one has not made a response yet -one’s culture encourages respect for standards Normative Social Influence: Sensitivity to social norms to gain approval or avoid rejection Informational Social Influence: The willingness to listen to others Conformity Experiment (Solomon Asch) showed people 3 lines and asked which one was same as the original. Most experienced discomfort when five others agreed with the wrong line. Milgram Experiment: 65% of adult male “teachers” fully obeyed commands to continue despite the “learners” mention of heart condition and cries of protest. Obeyed most when: -close at hand and legitimate authority -prestigious institute -learner was depersonalized or distanced -no role models for defiance Social Facilitation: The phenomenon of stronger performance in the presence of others Social Loafing: The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards a common goal Deindividuation: The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity Group Polarization: The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion. Groupthink: The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony overrides a realistic alternative or choice Prejudice: Unjustifiable and negative attitude towards a group and its members. Stereotype: A generalized belief about a group of people. Discrimination: Unjustifiable behavior towards a group of people. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Aggression: The physical, emotional, or verbal behavior intended to hurt another. Frustration-Aggression Principle: Frustration creates anger which in turn creates aggression Conflict: A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas Social Trap: A situation in which the conflicting parties by pursuit of their own goals end up in a mutually destructive behavior Mere Exposure Effect: The phenomenon that repeated exposure to new stimuli increases the chances of liking it. Similarity & Proximity: Two most important determinants in attraction. A 3rd is those who are attracted to us especially when self-esteem is low. Passionate Love: Beginning more intense stages of attraction Companionate Love: Deeper and truer attachment to another. Altruism: The unselfish regard for others. Bystander Effect: The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are present. (Kitty Genovese) Social Exchange Theory: Our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Social Responsibility Norm: Expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. Superordinate Goals: Shared goals that override differences among people and require cooperation. GRIT: Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction – A strategy designed to decrease international tensions.