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Transcript
Ok, we talked about the Posterior Pituitary, but what about the Anterior Pituitary? Anterior Pituitary ! Hormones released by hypothalamus regulate secretion of hormones by synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary itself " ! Hormone Cascade Pathways 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. AP Biology Hypothalamic hormones are either releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones promoting or inhibiting release of Anterior Pituitary’s hormone Signal to brain stimulates hypothalamus Hormone secreted stimulates or inhibits anterior pituitary hormone Anterior Pituitary hormone acts on a target endocrine tissue Stimulates secretion of yet another hormone Exerts systemic (body-wide) metabolic or developmental effects AP Biology Anterior Pituitary hypothalamus thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroid gland ic otrop ortic CTH) c o n adre one (A horm Kidney tubules gr ow th Adrenal cortex stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH) L) PR n( cti ola pr Tropic Hormones: Regulate the function of OTHER endocrine cells or glands ho rm on e (G H) posterior antidiuretic pituitary hormone (ADH) anterior pituitary m o el an xytoc in oc yt est gonadotropic im ul hormones: at in follicleg ho rm (M on SH e ) Uterine muscles & mammary gland Melanocyte in amphibian Bone and muscle AP Biology AP Biology Testes Ovaries Mammary glands in mammals Nontropic hormones of the anterior pituitary Homology in hormones What does this tell you about these hormones? How could these hormones have different effects? same gene family gene duplication? prolactin mammals milk production birds fat metabolism fish amphibians salt & water balance delays metamorphosis & maturation growth hormone ! Melanocyte stimulating hormone " " ! Prolactin " growth & development Regulates the activity of pigment-containing cells in the skin of amphibians, fish, and reptiles Inhibits hunger in humans " Target cells = mammary glands in mammals Stimulates mammary gland growth and milk synthesis in mammals ! Suckling stimulates oxytocin release from posterior pituitary which stimulates milk release Regulates fat metabolism and reproduction in birds " Delays metamorphosis in amphibians " Regulates salt and water AP Biology balance in freshwater fishes " AP Biology Growth Hormone (GH) - Nontropic & tropic ! Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) produced by hypothalamus " Growth hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland ! Major target = Liver ! Releases insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) which circulate in blood and directly stimulate bone and cartilage growth ! GH also raises blood glucose levels AP Biology Growth Hormone (GH) Abnormality ! Gigantism = overproduction of GH during childhood ! Acromegaly = overproduction of GH during adulthood " " “Acro” = extreme “mega” = large ! Pituitary Dwarfism = underproduction of GH in childhood AP Biology Thyroid Gland ! Thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones " Increase metabolism and cells O2 uptake " Releases more thermal energy ! Raises body temperature " Regulated by feedback loops ! Hypothalamus " Secretes TRH = TSH-releasing hormone Regulating metabolism ! Target cells in anterior pituitary ! Anterior Pituitary " Secretes TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone (a tropic hormone!!!) ! Target cells in thyroid gland ! Thyroid " produces thyroxine hormones (T3 & T4) ! Derived from amino acid tyrosine ! Triiodothyronine (T3) has 3 I atoms ! Thyroxine (T4) has 4 I atoms " AP Biology Malfunctions ! M metabolism & development ! bone growth ! mental development ! metabolic use of energy ! blood pressure & heart rate ! muscle tone ! digestion AP Biology ! reproduction thyroxines Goiter Iodine deficiency causes thyroid to enlarge as it tries to produce thyroxine + AP Biology tyrosine + iodine tyrosine + iodine AP Biology thyroxines Stress Response - The Adrenal Gland ! Composed of two glands " " Adrenal cortex (outer) Adrenal medulla (central) ! Responds to nervous input (neural signal)! Quick Response " Medulla ! Secretes catecholamines in response to stress ! Class of amine hormones synthesized from amino acid tyrosine ! Epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine AP Biology (noradrenaline) ACTH - Tropic Hormone ! Adrenal Cortex Responds to hormonal inputs Stressful stimuli causes hypothalamus to secrete " The Stress Response - Adrenal Gland ! Epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Increase rate of glycogen breakdown in liver and skeletal muscles ! Promote glucose release by liver cells " Stimulate release of fatty acids from fat cells " Increase heart rate and stroke volume " Dilate bronchioles in lungs ! Increase rate of oxygen delivery to tissues " Cause constriction of some vessel ! Shunt blood away from skin, digestive organs, kidneys ! Increase blood supply to heart, brain and skeletal muscles AP Biology " Corticosteroids ! Glucocoritcoids Affect glucose metabolism Promote glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrate sources like proteins Cortisol causes skeletal muscle to breakdown muscle proteins Anti-inflammatory effect as they suppress parts of immune system " " Corticosteroid Releasing Hormone (CRH) Cause anterior pituitary to " " " secrete Adrenal Cortex Tropic Hormone (ACTH) ! " Targets Adrenal Cortex " Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Used to treat arthritis ! Mineralocorticoids ACTH enter bloodstream Secretes corticosteroids AP Biology ! Affect mineral metabolism Aldosterone function in ion and water homeostasis in the blood ! ! AP Biology ! Low blood volume or pressure leads to production of angiotensin II w Stimulates secretion of aldosterone Stimulates cells in kidney to reabsorb sodium ions and water form filtrate Effects of stress on a body Stress Nerve Spinal cord signals (cross section) Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Nerve cell adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine Anterior pituitary Blood vessel Nerve cell ACTH Adrenal gland ME AP Biology AP Calcium Homeostasis ! Calcium homeostasis " 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness & decreased Biology digestive & kidney activity " Thyroid makes calcitonin hormone ! Ca+2 is needed for nerve function, muscle contraction, blood clotting, etc… ! Calcium regulation functions via antagonistic hormones AP Biology Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: Calcium regulation normal blood range is 9 to 11 mg% ! Kidney A LL U D (A) SHORT-TERM STRESS RESPONSE " Lowers Ca2+ levels in blood # Causes Ca2+ to be deposited into bone # Reduces intestinal absorption of Ca2+ # Reduces Ca2+ uptake by kidney from urine Parathyroid makes parathyroid hormone Raises Ca2+ levels in blood # Stimulates release Ca2+ from bone # Increase Ca2+ uptake by intestine into blood # Increase Ca2+ uptake AP Biology out of urine by kidney ! Adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids CO (B) LONG-TERM STRESS RESPONSE RT Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium ions & water by kidneys 1. Proteins & fats broken down & converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose 2. Increased blood volume & blood pressure 2. Immune system suppressed EX Endocrine System Control Feedback Regulation of Blood Calcium calcitonin " kidney reabsorption of Ca++ thyroid Ca++ deposited in bones high blood calcium level ! Ca++ uptake in intestines (10 mg/100mL) low activated Vitamin D bones release Ca++ AP Biology AP Biology ! kidney reabsorption of Ca++ parathyroid parathyroid hormone (PTH)