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Facts you need to know to pass the Living Environment Regents Exam 1.The ability of an organism to maintain internal stability is known as______________________. 2.________________-the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an organism. 3.Organic molecules contain both________________ and ___________________. 4.Cells- Tissues- Organs- Organ Systems- Organism 5.Organelle- structure within a cell that carries out a _____________ function. Vacuolesribosomesmitochondriachloroplastsnucleuscell membrane- 6.Cell membrane1.separates the contents of the cell from the outside environment 2.controls the transport of materials into and out of the cell. 3.Recognizes and responds to chemical signals. 4.Sketch a typical cell. 7.______________- movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. 8.Active TransPort- moving a molecule from _______concentration to a __________ concentration Uses Energy ATP. 9.___________-- breaking large molecules down into smaller molecules. Proteins are broken down into ___________ _________. Starches are broken down into ____________ ___________. Disaccharides are broken down to ___________________________. 10.Chemicals produced in the endocrine glands_(_______________) and chemicals produced by nerve cells are primarily responsible for communication between cells. 11._________________- uses oxygen to break down food molecules to release energy. 12__________________ involves the movement of materials inside the cell as well as the movement between parts of a multicellular organism. 13._______________ the removal of all waste produced by the cells of the body. 14._________________ and ____________________control the coordination of many of the body's activities. 15.Failure to maintain homeostasis can result in _______________ or _______________. 16.Photosynthesis-Storing energy (write out the equation) Where is photosynthesis carried out?_____________ 17.Respiration- Releasing energy (write out the equation) Cellular respiration occurs in the ___________________________. 18._____________ -special proteins that affect the rate of chemical reactions. 19.____________ any substance that can affect the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed or used up during the reaction. 20.Enzyme reaction rates are affected by (Sketch the graphs) shapetemperaturepH- 21.Dynamic Equilibrium- steady state- homeostasis 22.Positive feedback- a change prompts a response to a greater change and a greater response example- a woman giving birth. 23.Negative feedback-more common example- heating system in a house example- regulating human temperature- cold- start shivering- raises temperature- stop shivering 24.When glucose levels are above normal the pancreas secretes ____________. This hormone prompts glucose to move from the blood into body cells, resulting in a lower glucose level in the blood. Another hormone secreted by the pancreas works in the opposite way. When the glucose level in the blood is too low, this hormone prompts the release of glucose stored in the ___________. 25.___________ is any condition that prevents the body from working as it should. 26.___________ certain genetic mutations in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell division. 27.____________system is the body's primary defense against disease-causing pathogens. 28._____________- a molecule found on the outer surfaces if cells that the immune system recognizes as either part of the body or an outside invader. 29._____________ proteins that either attack the invaders or mark them for killing. 30.____________ are made using weakened, killed or parts of pathogens. Produces antibodies 31.______________- is the passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction. 32.The hereditary information _________ is organized in the form of genes located in the _____________- of each cell. 33.Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction 34.Identical genetic copies are known as _________________. 35.DNA is made of a sugar, a phosphate and a base. 36.Bases are A,T, G, C A IS PAIRED WITH ___ G IS PAIRED WITH ____ 37.DNA is protein synthesis. They determine the sequence of amino acids. 38.Any alteration of the DNA sequence is a ________________, which changes the normal message carried by the gene. Substitution deletion addition inversion39.A human has _____________ coded bases. 40.An organism's environment can affect the way that some genes are expressed. Example- 41.___________ _____________-- is a technology that humans use to alter the genetic instructions in organisms. 42.biotechnology- cheese and bread are examples 43.__________ __________- a process that produces domestic animals and new varieties of plants with traits that are desirable. 44.Gene splicingexample: moving a human insulin-producing gene into a bacterial cell, the bacterium, and all of its offspring- will produce human insulin. This provides a way to produce large quantities of a hormone at low cost. 45._________ is a group of closely related organisms that share certain characteristics and can produce new individuals through reproduction. 46. Differences between mitosis and meiosis Mitotic division asexual ________cell division # functioning cells_______ Genetic makeup_____________ Function_________________________- Meiotic division sexual _____cell division Male__________ and female_______ Genetic makeup_____________ function______________________ 47.Gametes unite to form a _______________. 48.If the gametes each have 23 chromosomes , then what does their zygote have?_______________ 49._____________________- the process that transforms developing cells into specialized cells with different structures and functions. 50.female- ovaries, progesterone, estrogen, uterus, placenta, egg 51.male- testosterone, sperm 52.Reproductive technology Artificial insemination: hormone therapy ultrasound In vitro-fertilization 53.____________-the process by which organisms have changed overtimesimple,single-celled: complex-single-celled : complex, multicellular 54.Geologic time is based on the ______________ __________. 55.Natural selection- 56.overproduction- 57.struggle for survival- 58.Variation- 59.Any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions is said to have ____________ __________. 60.The failure to adapt to a changing environment may result in the ______of a species. 61. ______________ is the disappearance of an entire species. 62.Extinction occurs when the __________________ changes. 63._______________- is the study of how organisms interact with the living and nonliving things. 64._____________ factors, plants, animals. 65.Abiotic factors-_________________________________________66 A species home____________ 67.____________________-- all the organisms of a species that live in the same area. 68.___________________ all the different populations in an area. 69.______________________all of earth's ecosystems 70.___________________- is the struggle for resources among organisms. 71.Factors in the environment that limit the size of populations are known as __________ _________. examples: 72.The number or organisms of any species 5that an ecosystem can support is referred to as its ___________ _________________. 73.____________which kill and eat other organisms and _________ which are killed for food. 74.____________ the role that each species plays in an ecosystem. 75.autotrophs76.heterotrophs77.herbivorescarnivoresomnivores consumers decomposers scavengersparasites 78.Difference between a food chain and a food web 79.What is the main source of energy on the earth?____________ 80. On an energy pyramid where is the most amount of energy located? 81.Recycling and reusing materials name the 3 cycles: 1. 2. 3. 82.________________ is a measurement of the degree to which species vary within an ecosystem. 83.As biodiversity increases, _____________ of an ecosystem increases. 84. List four ways humans have affected biodiversity in some areas. 85.ecological succession- 86. resourcesrenewable nonrenewable 87.Preserving our resources: 1.Reduce2. Reuse 3.recycle88.______________ a harmful change in the chemical makeup of the air, water, or soil. 89.Natural processes in Ecosystems 1.maintaining atmospheric quality 2.soil formation3.water cycle4.carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle5.Flow of energy- energy is PASSED through the environment, but it does NOT RECYCLE. IT IS LOST. 90.HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND THE LOSS OF DIVERSITY 1.Direct harvesting- 2.land use- 3.habitat destruction- 4.deforestation- 5.imported species (invasive species or exotic species) 91.Impact of technology and industrialization 1.industrialization- increases pollution of air and water- uses more energy, water and fossil and nuclear fuels. 2.Water pollution-from sewage, wastes from homes and factories and animal wastes 3.Toxic wastes- DDT 4.Thermal pollution- 5.air pollution- burning fossil fuels a. acid rainb. smog- 6.global warming- 7. ozone depletion-