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Fact you need to know to pass the Living Environment Regents Exam 1. The ability of an organism to maintain internal stability is known as _______________________ 2. _______________________ is the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an orgqanism. 3. Organic molecules contain both _______________________ and _______________________. 4. smallest Cell _______________________--> _______________________--> _______________________--> organism 5. Organelle –strucutre within a cerll that carries out a _______________________ function. Vacuoles – Ribosomes – Mitochondria – Chloroplasts – Nucleus – Cytoplasm – 6. Name 3 functions of the cell membrane: 1. 2. 3. 7. _______________________ -movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. 8. Active Transport –moving a molecule from ________concentration to a _______________concentration –uses the energy in the form of _______________________ 9. _______________________ breaking large molecules down into smaller molecules Proteins are broken down into _______________________ _______________________ Starches are broken down into _______________________ _______________________ Disaccharrides are broken down to _______________________ Ex. Glucose 10. Chemicals produced in the endocrine glands _______________________ and chemicals produced by nerve cells are primarily responsible for communication between cells. 11. _______________________ uses oxygen to break down food molecules to release energy. 12. _______________________ involves the movement of material inside the cell as well as the movement between parts of a multicellular organism. 13. _______________________ the removal of all waste produced by the cells of the body. 14. _______________________ and _______________________ control the coordination of many of the body’s activites. 15. Failure to maintain homeostasis can result in _______________________ or _______________________. 16. Photosynthesis –storing energy (write out the equation) ________ + __________ ------------------------- ____________ + __________________+ ______________ What organelle is photosynthesis carried out in? _______________________ 17. Respiration –releasing energy (write out the equation) _____________ + __________ ------------------------- ____________ + __________________+ ______________ 18. _______________________ special proteins that affect the rate of chemical reactions. 19. _______________________ any substance that affect the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed or used up during the reaction. 20. Enzyme reaction rates are affected by (Sketch the graphs) Shape Temperature pH 21. Dynamic Equilibrium = _s__________state = _H______________________ 22. Positive Feedback – a change prompts a response to a greater change and a greater response Ex. Women giving birth 23. Negative Feedback –more common Ex. Heating system in a house Ex. Regulating human temperature –cold –start shriving –raises temperature –stop shivering 24. When glucose levels are above normal the pancreas secrete _______________________. This hormone prompts glucose to move from the blood into body cells, resulting in a lower glucose level in the blood. Another hormone called __Glu_____________ hormone secreted by the pancreas works in the opposite way. When the glucose level in the blood is too low, this hormone prompts the release of glucose stored in the _______________________. 25. _______________________ is any condition that prevents the body from working as it should. 26. _______________________ certain genetic mutations in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell division. 27. _______________________ system is the body’s primary defense against disease –causing pathogens. 28. _______________________ - a molecule found on the outer surfaces if cells that the immune system recognizes as either part of the body or an outside invader. 29. _______________________ proteins that either attack the invaders or mark them for killing. 30. _______________________ are made using weakened, killed or parts of pathogens. Produces antibodies 31. _______________________ is the passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction. 32. The heredity information __________ is organized in the form of genes located in the _______________________ of each cell. 33. Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction 34. Identical gene copies are known as _______________________. 35. DNA is made of sugar, a phosphate and a base. Basic building block of DNA is called a _nuc____________________. 36. Bases are A, T, G, C.. A IS PAIRED WITH ____ G IS PAIRED WITH ____ 37. DNA _____________________ determines the sequence of the amino acids. 38. Any alteration of the DNA sequence is a _____________________ which changes the normal message carried by the gene. Substitution – Deletion – Addition – Inversion – 39. A human has _g__________ that are coded bases Smallest Largest N ucleotide _____________________ _____________________ Nucleus 40. An organism’s environment can affect the way that some genes are expressed. Ex. Gene expression – Himalayan _____________________ 41. _____________________ _____________________ is a technology that human suse to alter the genetic instruction in organisms. 42. Biotechnology is the use of _________organisms for human use. Ex. Cheese and Bread 43. _____________________ _____________________ is a process that produces domestic animals and new varieties of plants with traits that are desirable. 44. Gene Splicing – Ex. moving a human insulin-producing gene into a bacterial cell, the bacterium, and all of its offspring –will produce human insulin. This provides a way to produce large quantities of a hormone at low costs. 45. _____________________ is a group of closely related organisms that share certain characterisitics and can produce new individuals through reproduction. 46. Difference between mitosis and meiosis Mitotic division Meiotic division Asexual _____________________ Sexual _____________________ ______ cell divisions ______ cell divisions # of functioning cells __________ Male ______________ and female _____________ Genetic makeup Genetic makeup Function Function 47. Gametes unite to form a _____________________. 48. If the gametes each have 23 chromosomes, then what does their zygote have? _____________________ 49. _____________________ -the process that transforms developing cells into specialized cells with different structures and functions. 50. females –ovaries, hormones p_____________________, e_____________________, uterus, placenta and egg 51. males hormone : t_____________________, and sex cell = s_____________________ 52. Reproductive technology Artificial insemination – hormone therapy – ultrasound – In vitro fertilization ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53. _____________________ -the process by which organisms have changed from one form to another over time from simple celled, to complex single celled to complex multicellular organisms. 54. Geologic time is based on the _____________________ history. 55. Natural Selection – 56. Oversproduction – 57. Struggle for survival – 58. Variation – 59. Any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions is said to have __a___________________ _v____________________ 60. The failure to adapt to a changing environment may result in the _____________________ of a species. 61. _____________________ is the disappearance of an entire species. 62. Extinction occurs when the _____________________ changes. 63. _____________________ - is the study of how organisms interact with the living and nonliving environmnent 64. b_____________________ factors Ex. p_____________________ (flora ) and a_____________________ (fauna) 65. Abiotic factors – 66. A species home = _______________________ 67. _______________________ -all organisms of a species that live in the same area 68. _______________________ all the different populations in an area 69. _______________________ all of earth’s ecosystems –the living part of the earth 70. _______________________ is the struggle for resources among organisms 71. Factors in the environment that limit the size of populations are known as _______________________ _______________________ 72. The number of organisms of any species that an ecosystem can support is referred to as its _______________________ _______________________ 73. _______________________ kill and eat other organisms and _______________________ are killed for food 74. _______________________ the role that each species plays in an ecosystem. What they eat and where they live. 75. autotroph – 76. heterotroph 77. herbivores – carnivoreomnivores consumers decomposers scavengers parasites 78. Difference between a food chain and a food web. 79. What is the main source of energy on the earth? 80. On an energy pyramid where is the most amount of energy located? 81. Recycling and reusing materials name the 3 cycles: 1. 2. 3. 82. _______________________ is a measurement of the degree to which species vary within an ecosystem. 83. As biodiversity increases, _______________________ of an ecosystem increases. 84. Lis four ways humans have affected biodiversity in some areas. 85. ecological sucession – 86. resources a. renewable b. nonrenewable 87. Preserving our resources: a. reduce b. reuse c. recycle 88. _______________________ - a harmful change in the chemical makeup of the air, water or soil. 89. Natural processes in Ecosystems a. maintaining atmospheric quality b. soil formation c. water cycle d. carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle e. Flow of energy – energy is PASSED through the environment, but it does NOT get _______________________ it is lost. 90. Human activities and the loss of diversity a. direct harvesting b. land use c. habitat destruction d. deforestation e. imported species (invasive species or exotic species) 91. Impact of technology and industrialization a. industrialization –increases pollution of air and water uses more energy water and fossil and nuclear fuels b. Water pollution -from sewage, wastes from homes an dfactories and animal wastes c. Toxic wastes –DDT d. Thermal pollution e. Air pollution –burning of fossil fuels i. acid rain ii. smog f. global warming g. ozone depletion Experimentation 100. _______________________ variable is the one thing that “I change” to test my hypothesis 101. The effect of _______________________ on _______________________. 102. _______________________ variable is the thing that is measured 103. _______________________ group is studied under normal conditions for comparisons