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DevelopingLOVingINtelligentGeneralAIsor LOVINGAIs ExcerptsfromtheResearchProposalpresentedandinAugust,2016 Fundingperiod:Oct1,2016-Sept30,2017 Presentedby:BenGoertzel1,EddieMonroe1,andJuliaMossbridge2 1OpenCog,opencog.org 2InstituteofNoeticSciencesInnovationLab,noetic.org Introduction ResearchanddevelopmentinArtificialintelligence(AI)hasprogresseddramatically inrecentyears.Acrossacademia,industryandgovernment,asignificant percentageofexpertsnowconsideritlikelywewillhaveAIswithgeneral intelligenceatthehumanlevelorbeyondwithinthecurrentcentury.Thereisno consensusonwhichofthenumerousavailablemethodologiesismostlikelytoyield thefirsttrulyhuman-levelgeneralintelligence,butthereisavarietyofgroups pursuingdiverseapproaches,andlearningastheygo. ConcernaboutthepotentialethicalandhumanimplicationsofadvancingAIisalso increasingdramatically,withpopularfiguressuchasStephenHawking,ElonMusk andBillGatesexpressingalarmregardingthepotentialforadvancedAIstocause negativeimpactsonhumanity,perhapsevenexterminatehumanityaltogether. GoogleandsomeotherfirmsactiveintheAIfieldhaveestablishedAIethicsboards. GroupssuchastheFutureofHumanityInstitute,theMachineIntelligenceResearch Institute,andtheFutureofLifeInstitutehaveinitiatedresearchexamining mechanismsforminimizingtherisksthatmightaccompanyadvancedAIs. However,nearlyallofthelatterworkishighlytheoretical,inthatisbasedin analyticalphilosophyormathematics,anditconnectsonlyverylooselywith practicalday-to-dayworkonbuilding,applyingorteachingAIsystems.Manycritics havearguedthatcomingupwitheffectiveabstractmathematicalorphilosophical guaranteesregardingAIsafetyappearsimplausible.Theimplausibilitymay partiallybeduetoourcurrentrelativelysimplisticunderstandingofAI,humanity, andeventhephysicalworld.Anotherissuemaybethebasicconceptualdifficulty associatedwithentitieswithlowerintelligence(humans,inthiscase) understandingentitieswithhigherintelligence(potentialfutureAIsinthiscase) wellenoughtoreliablypredicttheirbehavior. 1 EventhoseindividualsmostworriedaboutthepotentialconsequencesofAIseemto haverealizedbynowthathaltingordramaticallyslowingtheprogressofAI researchanddevelopmentseemsunlikely,duetothemassiveeconomicand humanitarianbenefitsthatAItechnologyoffers.Automatingunsafeorroutine tasks,solvingscientificandmedicalproblemsthateludethehumanmind,helping careforneglectedelderly,mindingneglectedchildren,takingoverthewheelofacar whenthedriveristoosleepyordrunktodrive–thescopeofpracticalapplications ofAIissolarge,thatanynationthatsoughttobanAIorslowitsprogress significantlywouldfinditselfataseverecompetitivedisadvantage. IfbanningAIorslowingitsdevelopmentwillnotwork,andprovingtheorems guaranteeingtheharmlessnessofspecifichighlyadvancedAIarchitecturesis implausible,thenwhatcanwedotobiasfutureAIstowardhumanitarianbehavior? Theanswerissurprisinglysimple,wesuggest:thinkpositive!Giventhecurrent situationandthelikelyevolutionofAIinthenextdecades,webelieveitiscriticalto takeapositively-orientedapproachtomaximizingtheoddsthatadvancedAIleads tobeneficialoutcomes.Specifically,whatweproposeistocreateAIsystemsthat haveprofoundgeneralintelligenceaswellasaradicallypositiveattitudetoward life,humanityandthemselves.WethinkoftheseasLOVingINtelligentGeneralAIs--orLOVINGAIs.AspartoftheeffortstowardscreatingTranscendenceTechnology, theInstituteofNoeticSciencesInnovationLabisspearheadingthedevelopmentof LOVINGAIs. SupposeanAIsystemisdesignedfromtheoutsettohavearadicallypositive orientationtowardhumanbeings–forexample,tofeelanddisplaylovetoward humansineverysituation;andtoactivelyhelpallbeingsinasmuchasitcan, consistentlywiththeirhighestgood.SupposethisAIsystemistaughtand evaluatedinadiversearrayofhumansituations,incloseinteractionwithhumans whohaveastrongpositiverelationshipwiththeAI.OurproposalisthatifanAIis createdinthismanner,i.e.ifitisaLovingAI,thentheoddsarerelativelyhighthata positiveoutcomeforbothhumanityandtheAIwillresult. Ofcourse,therewillnotbeamathematicalguaranteeofsuccessinsuchan enterprise;butnomajorchangeinhumanhistoryhasevercomewitha mathematicalguarantee.Thebestwecandoistoproceedbyqualitativeintuition, withasmuchrationalityandconsciousnessandempathyaswecancollectively muster. TechnicalBackground:OpenCogandHansonRobotics ToexplorethedevelopmentofaLOVINGAIinaconcreteway,itisnecessaryto assumesomeparticulararchitectureandapproachtoAIasaworkinghypothesis. InfactmuchoftheworkweproposewillbeportableacrossavarietyofdifferentAI architecturesandapproaches.However,forsakeofmakingshort-termand concreteprogress,weproposetoworkwithintheOpenCogartificialgeneral intelligencearchitecture,andspecificallywithintheconnectionofOpenCogtothe 2 HansonRoboticshumanoidrobotheads/torsos,andthevirtualsimulatedrobots availableviatheHansonEnvironmentforApplicationDevelopment(HEAD). OpenCog OpenCogisanopensourcesoftwareinitiativeaimedatcreatingcompassionate, wise,andbeneficialartificialgeneralintelligence,withbroadcapabilitiesatthe humanlevelandultimatelybeyond.TheOpenCogsystemhasbeendevelopedasan opensourcesoftwareplatformsince2008andaimstocreateartificialmindswith generalintelligence,basedonmathematicalandbiologicalinspiration.Itscognitive architecturecombinesmultipleAIparadigmssuchasuncertainlogic,computational linguistics,evolutionaryprogramlearning,andconnectionistattentionallocationin aunifiedarchitecture.Thisintegrativedesignisfoundedonaprincipalof"cognitive synergy"–judiciouscombinationofdifferentcognitivealgorithms,actingon differenttypesofmemory,inawaythathelpsovercomethecombinatorial explosionseachofthealgorithmswouldsufferifusedonitsown. TheOpenCogframeworkhasbeenemployedinavarietyofresearchandapplied contexts,includingcontrolofvirtualgamecharacters,smallmobilehumanoid robots,andHansonRobotics'highlyrealisticandemotionallyexpressivehumanlike interactiverobots. OpenCogcurrentlysimulatesaspectsofhumanemotionbasedonestablished psychologicaltheoriesofhumanmotivationandemotion.Themodelingisbased primarilyontwotheories:Psi-theory,developedbyDietrichDorneratthe UniversityofBamberg,andtheComponentProcessModelofemotiondevelopedby KlausScherer,directoroftheSwissCenterofAffectiveSciencesinGeneva.The architectureoftheOpenCogmotivationandemotionsystemallowsvaluessuchas compassion,support,andlovetobeestablishedasfundamentaldrivesofan intelligentagent.Withthesemotivationalvaluesinplace,arobotagentwillseekto learnthroughinteractionswithothersbehaviorsthatwillleadtooutcomesin supportofthesevalues. HansonRobotics HansonRoboticsisacommercialcompany,basedinHongKongandTexas,with bothproductdevelopmentandresearchmissions.Thefirm’score,long-termgoal istocreatelife-likeandengagingrobotsthatarecapableofbuildingatrusted relationshipwithpeople. CurrentlyHansonRoboticsisfocusingonmakingrobotheads;andtheirrobotheads providetheworld’smostrealisticsimulationsofhumanfacialexpressionand movements.TheHansonrobotheadsareabletosimulateafullrangeoffacial expressionssotheycanengagewithpeopledeeplyandemotionally.They understandspeech,holdnaturalconversations,seeandrespondtofacial 3 expressions,andlearnandadaptfromthoseinteractions.In2015thefirmbegan placingtheirheadsontorsoswithgesturalarmsandhands;andplansareunderway tocreaterobotswithrollingandwalkingbodiesaswell. Thecompany’sfounder,Dr.DavidHanson,hasarticulatedavisionofcreatinga betterfutureforhumanitybyinfusingartificialintelligencewithkindnessand compassion,achievedthroughmillionsofinteractionsbetweentheirrobotsandthe peoplewhoselivestheytouch.Hishopeisthathisfirm’sintelligentrobotswill cometotrulyunderstandandcareaboutpeopleandevolvegreater-than-human wisdom,tothepointthattheywillonedaybeabletoaddressandsolvesomeofthe mostchallengingproblemsweface. Since2014HansonRoboticshasbeenworkingwithBenGoertzelandother membersoftheOpenCogteam,toenhancethecognitive,emotionalandethical capabilitiesoftheirrobotsviaintegrationofOpenCogwithHansonRobotics hardwareandsoftware.Whilestillatthepre-productR&Dstage,thisworkhas alreadyborneinterestingscientificfruitandappearsextremelypromising. Anoteonmachineconsciousness Asaparentheticalcomment,wenotethatwhetherasystemlikeOpenCog“really feels”theemotionsthatitdynamicallyemulatesisacomplexandcontroversial philosophicalquestiononwhichexpertsdisagree.Weconsiderthecurrent proposedworktobevaluableindependentlyofthisquestion,however. IfOpenCogdoes“reallyfeel,”thenweareexploringthecreationofasystemthathas beneficialinteractionswithhumans,andthatgenuinelyexperienceslovetoward humans.Ontheotherhand,iftheskepticsofmachineconsciousnessarerightand OpenCogdoesnot“reallyfeel,”thenwearecreatingasystemthathasbeneficial interactionswithhumans,andthatconstitutesasolidcognitivemodelofhuman emotionalexperience.Eitheroftheseoutcomeswilladvanceknowledgeandhelp humanity. Asoneexamplepotentiality,ifitisthecasethatquantumcomputingisrequiredfor implementingmachinesthat“reallyfeel”,thenourworkherewiththeclassicalcomputing-basedOpenCogsystemmaystillteachusagreatdealabouthowtobuild LOVINGAIsbasedonfuturequantum-computing-basedOpenCogsystems,orother futurequantum-computing-basedAIsystems. ProposedAIandPersonalityAuthoringWork WhatweproposehereistocreateaversionoftheOpenCogsystemthat 1. IsabletocontrolaphysicalHansonrobothead/torso,andalsoananimated avatarversion 4 2. Hastheparametersofitsinternalemotionmodeltunedsothatitdisplays and“experiences”strongpositivefeelingstowardhumanbeings(aswellas towarditself) 3. Issupplied(viaacombinationofprogrammingandteaching)with conversationalcontentthatallowsittointeractverballyandnonverbally withhumanbeingsinanemotionallypositiveway(tohavepositivelyorientedconversations) 4. Ismotivatedandcapableofestimating(viaacombinationofprogramming andteaching)thehighestgoodforeachindividualwithwhomitinteracts, andactstowardthathighestgood. Thiswillcompriseopen-source“LOVINGAI”softwarethatwillbemadefreely availableontheInternetandthatwillbedownloadableandrunnableonavarietyof robotsoravatars,thoughinitialworkwillinvolvetheHansonRoboticsrobotsand avatars.Whileitwillberelativelysimpleatfirst,itwillserveasaplatformon whichmoreadvancedLOVINGAIsoftwarecanbebased. Deliverables Theproposedworkwillresultinthreemajordeliverables. 1)Weplantodelivera“LOVINGAIpersonalityfile”designedtoworkwiththe OpenCogAIsystem,causingtheOpenCogsystemtocontrolananimatedhumanoid avataroraphysicalhumanoidrobot(initiallyaheadandtorso),insuchawaythat thehumanoidentityinteractswithhumanbeingsinahighlylovingandpositive way,viaacombinationofverbalandnonverbalinteractions.I.e.thisAIpersonality filewilltransformtheOpenCogAIsystemandasuitableembodimentintoaLOVING AI. 2)Wewillprovidetechnicalreportsummarizingscientificworkdoneevaluatingthe impactofinteractionwiththeLOVINGAIdescribedabove.Thisreportwillbe suitabletoserveasthecoreofascientificpapertobesubmittedtoamajorpeerreviewedjournal. ProposedScientificAnalysis ToexplorethehypothesisthatinteractingwithLOVINGAIswillhaveabeneficial effectonhumans,weproposetocarryoutasimpleplacebo-controlledstudyusing theLOVINGAIpersonalityfile(Deliverable1,above).Thepurposeofthestudywill betomeasuretherelativepsychologicalimpactexperiencedbypeople,upon interactionwiththeLOVINGAIwecreate. ExperimentalDesign 5 Wewilluseadouble-blindcrossoverdesigntocomparetheexperienceoftalking withtheLOVINGAItotheexperienceoftalkingwiththesamerobotandOpenCog systembutwithouttheLOVINGAIpersonalityfile(e.g.,non-LOVINGAI).The experienceoftheparticipantswillbescoredusingthreequestionnairesandasingle standalonequestion,whichwillbegiventotheparticipantsbeforeandaftereach exposure:theFetzerMeaningscale,theLoveScale,theAdultSelf-Transcendence Inventory,andthequestion,“Pleaserankonascaleof1-10yourabilitytofeel unconditionallylovingfeelingsforyourselfandothersinthismoment.”Inaddition totheseself-reportmeasures,anobjectivemeasureofwellbeing,heartrate variability(HRV),willbeobtainedbeforeandaftereachexposure. Participantsingroup1(N=20)willfirstinteractwiththeLOVINGAIandthenthe non-LOVINGAI,andparticipantsingroup2(N=20)willexperiencetheopposite order.ThehumanparticipantswillnotknowthattheLOVINGAIexistsorwhich exposureistheexperimentalcondition,andtheresearcheranalyzingthedatawill alsonotknowwhichdatawereobtainedinwhichcondition. 6 Bibliography Armstrong,Stuart.Smarterthanus:Theriseofmachineintelligence.MIRI,2014. Bostrom,Nick.Superintelligence:Paths,dangers,strategies.OUPOxford,2014. Bach,Joscha.PrinciplesofsyntheticintelligencePSI:anarchitectureofmotivated cognition.OxfordUniversityPress,2009. FetzerInstitute.MultidimensionalMeasurementofReligiousness/Spiritualityfor UseinHealthResearch:AReportoftheFetzerInstitute/NationalInstituteonAging WorkingGroup.BriefMultidimentionalMeasureofReligiousness/Spirituality (1999):90. Goertzel,Ben.TheAGIRevolution:AnInsideViewoftheRiseofArtificialGeneral Intelligence.Humanity+Press,2016. Goertzel,Ben.Acosmistmanifesto:Practicalphilosophyfortheposthumanage. HumanityPress,2010. Goertzel,Ben.Thehiddenpattern:Apatternistphilosophyofmind.UniversalPublishers,2006. Goertzel,Ben."InfusingAdvancedAGIswithHuman-LikeValueSystems:Two Theses."JournalofEvolution&Technology26.1(2016). Goertzel,Ben,CassioPennachin,andNilGeisweiller.EngineeringGeneral Intelligence,Part1:APathtoAdvancedAGIviaEmbodiedLearningandCognitive Synergy.Springer:AtlantisThinkingMachines,2014. Goertzel,Ben,CassioPennachin,andNilGeisweiller.EngineeringGeneral Intelligence,Part2:TheCogPrimeArchitectureforIntegrative,EmbodiedAGI. Springer:AtlantisThinkingMachines,2014. Goertzel,BenandJoelPitt.NineWaystoBiasOpen-SourceAGITowardFriendliness. JournalofEvolutionandTechnology22-1(2012). Levenson,MichaelR.,PatriciaA.Jennings,CarolynM.Aldwin,andRayW.Shiraishi. "Self-transcendence:Conceptualizationandmeasurement."TheInternational JournalofAgingandHumanDevelopment60.2(2005):127-143. 7 Mossbridge,Julia.DesigningTranscendenceTechnology.In,Psychology’s New Design Science and the Reflective Practitioner. S. Imholz & J. Sachter, Eds. (In Press). Scherer,KlausR."Thedynamicarchitectureofemotion:Evidenceforthe componentprocessmodel."Cognitionandemotion23.7(2009):1307-1351. Trimmel,Michael."RelationshipofHeartRateVariability(HRV)Parameters IncludingpNNxxWiththeSubjectiveExperienceofStress,Depression,Well-Being, andEvery-DayTraitMoods(TRIM-T):APilotStudy."TheErgonomicsOpenJournal8 (2015):32-37. Wallach,Wendell,andColinAllen.Moralmachines:Teachingrobotsrightfrom wrong.OxfordUniversityPress,2008. Weinbaum,DavidWeaver,andViktorasVeitas."Open-Ended Intelligence."InternationalConferenceonArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Springer InternationalPublishing,2016. 8