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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic Objectives 22.1: 22.2: 22.5: 21.1: 21.2: 21.4: 21.6: Alkanes Alkenes and Alkynes Hydrocarbon Derivatives Nuclear Stability Kinetics of Radioactive Decay Detection and Uses of Radioactivity Nuclear Fission and Fusion 22.1: Alkanes Hydrocarbons Alkanes A hydrocarbon with ______________ bonds Isomerism in Alkanes Jon Bergmann Page 1 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic Example 1 Draw the isomers of Pentane. Naming Hydrocarbons with branches 1. Number the longest chain of hydrocarbons. Make the branches have the lowest possible numbers. 2. Identify the branches placing a number followed by a comma 3. Name the longest chain Jon Bergmann Page 2 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic Other Chains: Examples 22.2: Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes have at least one ______________ __________________ Alkynes have at least one ______________ __________________ Naming Alkenes and Alkynes with branches 4. Number the longest chain of hydrocarbons 5. Identify the branches placing a number followed by a comma 6. Name the longest chain a. If there is a multiple bond identify the bond by indicating the carbon number that the bond occurs at. (Number the molecule such that the double or triple bond is the lowest possible number) Jon Bergmann Page 3 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic Naming Alkeynes and Alkynes Jon Bergmann Page 4 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic Cis-Trans Isomerism in Alkenes Cis Trans More Examples Jon Bergmann Page 5 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic Aromatic Groups (Benzene) Jon Bergmann Page 6 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic 22.5: Hydrocarbon Derivatives Functional Groups Jon Bergmann Page 7 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic 21.1: Nuclear Stability Not all nuclei are stable. Some spontaneously change. Types of Particles Alpha Particles Beta Particles Positron Gamma Particles Neutron Proton Jon Bergmann Page 8 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic Types of Radioactive Decay Mode of decay Participating particles Decays with emission of nucleons: Alpha decay An alpha particle (A=4, Z=2) emitted from nucleus Neutron emission A neutron ejected from nucleus Spontaneous fission Nucleus disintegrates into two or more smaller nuclei and other particles Different modes of beta decay: Positron emission, also A nucleus emits a positron and a neutrino Beta-Positive decay Electron capture A nucleus captures an orbiting electron and emits a neutrino The daughter nucleus is left in an excited and unstable state Electron capture with A nucleus absorbs one orbital electron, emits one positron positron emission and two neutrinos Daughter nucleus (A–4, Z–2) (A–1, Z) - (A, Z–1) (A, Z–1) (A, Z–2) Beta Particle Production: What is going on? Electron Capture: What is going on? Balancing Nuclear Reactions 6 3Li + 21H → 42He + ? 88 Sr + 84Kr 116Pd + 40 Ca + 248Cm 147Sm + 40 Ca + 238U 70Zn + 4 1n + The alpha decay of iridium-174 The beta decay of platinum-199 Positron emission from sulfur -31 Jon Bergmann Page 9 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic Krypton-76 undergoes electron capture Jon Bergmann Page 10 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic Decay Series Uranium-238 undergoes the following decays in order: Write the reactions—Determine the final product. 21.2: Kinetics of Radioactive Decay Follows 1st Order Kinetics Equations N kt ln N0 t 12 0.693 k Rate kN Example 1 Technetium 99 is used to form pictures of internal organs in the body and is often used to -1 assess heart damage. The rate constant for 99 43Tc is known to be 1.16 x 10 hours. What is the half-life of this nuclide? Jon Bergmann Page 11 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic Example 2 The half-life of molybdenum-99 is 67.0 hours. How much of a 1.000 mg sample of 99 42 Mo remains after 335 hours? Example 3 A wooden artifact from a Chinese temple has a Carbon-14 activity of 24.9 counts per minute as compared with an activity of 32.5 counts per minute for a standard zero age. From a half-life of 5715 yr, determine the age of the artifact. 21.4: Detection and Uses of Radioactivity How Detected? _________ Counter How Used: Old Things Medical Energy Jon Bergmann Page 12 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic Weapons21.6: Nuclear Fission and Fusion & Energy What gets the scientists so excited about nuclear stuff? Example: The formation of the Oxygen nuclei: 8 protons, 8 neutrons Mass 11 H : 1.67262 x 10-27 kg Mass: 01 n 1.67493 x 10-27 kg Mass of an oxygen atom: 2.65535 x 10-26kg Called the _________ defect Energy per mol? Compare to energy per mole of CH4 (-882 kJ mol-1) Jon Bergmann Page 13 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic Fission When ______________ nuclei __________________ Fusion When _____________ nuclei ________________ Jon Bergmann Page 14 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic How to Build a Nuclear Bomb Chain reaction Subcritical Critical Supercritical Reaction Jon Bergmann Page 15 5/3/2017 Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic The Bomb: How to get all the pieces together at the right time? Hydrogen Bomb Jon Bergmann Page 16 5/3/2017