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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
Objectives
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22.1:
22.2:
22.5:
21.1:
21.2:
21.4:
21.6:
Alkanes
Alkenes and Alkynes
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
Nuclear Stability
Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
Detection and Uses of Radioactivity
Nuclear Fission and Fusion
22.1: Alkanes
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
A hydrocarbon with ______________ bonds
Isomerism in Alkanes
Jon Bergmann
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
Example 1
Draw the isomers of Pentane.
Naming Hydrocarbons with branches
1.
Number the longest chain of hydrocarbons. Make the branches have the lowest
possible numbers.
2.
Identify the branches placing a number followed by a comma
3.
Name the longest chain
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
Other Chains:
Examples
22.2: Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes have at least one ______________ __________________
Alkynes have at least one ______________ __________________
Naming Alkenes and Alkynes with branches
4.
Number the longest chain of hydrocarbons
5.
Identify the branches placing a number followed by a comma
6.
Name the longest chain
a. If there is a multiple bond identify the bond by indicating the carbon
number that the bond occurs at. (Number the molecule such that the
double or triple bond is the lowest possible number)
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
Naming Alkeynes and Alkynes
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
Cis-Trans Isomerism in Alkenes
Cis
Trans
More Examples
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
Aromatic Groups (Benzene)
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
22.5: Hydrocarbon Derivatives
Functional Groups
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
21.1: Nuclear Stability
Not all nuclei are stable. Some
spontaneously change.
Types of Particles
Alpha Particles
Beta Particles
Positron
Gamma Particles
Neutron
Proton
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
Types of Radioactive Decay
Mode of decay
Participating particles
Decays with emission of nucleons:
Alpha decay
An alpha particle (A=4, Z=2) emitted from nucleus
Neutron emission
A neutron ejected from nucleus
Spontaneous fission
Nucleus disintegrates into two or more smaller nuclei and
other particles
Different modes of beta decay:
Positron emission, also
A nucleus emits a positron and a neutrino
Beta-Positive decay
Electron capture
A nucleus captures an orbiting electron and emits a neutrino The daughter nucleus is left in an excited and unstable state
Electron capture with
A nucleus absorbs one orbital electron, emits one positron
positron emission
and two neutrinos
Daughter
nucleus
(A–4, Z–2)
(A–1, Z)
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(A, Z–1)
(A, Z–1)
(A, Z–2)
Beta Particle Production: What is going on?
Electron Capture: What is going on?
Balancing Nuclear Reactions
6
3Li
+ 21H → 42He + ?
88
Sr + 84Kr 116Pd +
40
Ca + 248Cm 147Sm +
40
Ca + 238U 70Zn + 4 1n +
The alpha decay of iridium-174
The beta decay of platinum-199
Positron emission from sulfur -31
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
Krypton-76 undergoes electron capture
Jon Bergmann
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
Decay Series
Uranium-238 undergoes the following decays in order:
Write the reactions—Determine the final product.
21.2: Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
Follows 1st Order Kinetics
Equations
 N 
  kt
ln 
 N0 
t 12 
0.693
k
Rate  kN
Example 1
Technetium 99 is used to form pictures of internal organs in the body and is often used to
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assess heart damage. The rate constant for 99
43Tc is known to be 1.16 x 10 hours. What
is the half-life of this nuclide?
Jon Bergmann
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
Example 2
The half-life of molybdenum-99 is 67.0 hours. How much of a 1.000 mg sample of
99
42 Mo remains after 335 hours?
Example 3
A wooden artifact from a Chinese temple has a Carbon-14 activity of 24.9 counts per
minute as compared with an activity of 32.5 counts per minute for a standard zero age.
From a half-life of 5715 yr, determine the age of the artifact.
21.4: Detection and Uses of Radioactivity
How Detected?
_________ Counter
How Used:
Old Things
Medical
Energy
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
Weapons21.6: Nuclear Fission and Fusion & Energy
What gets the scientists so excited about nuclear stuff?
Example: The formation of the Oxygen nuclei:
8 protons, 8 neutrons
Mass 11 H : 1.67262 x 10-27 kg
Mass: 01 n 1.67493 x 10-27 kg
Mass of an oxygen atom: 2.65535 x 10-26kg
Called the _________ defect
Energy per mol?
Compare to energy per mole of CH4 (-882 kJ mol-1)
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
Fission
When ______________ nuclei __________________
Fusion
When _____________ nuclei ________________
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
How to Build a Nuclear Bomb
Chain reaction
Subcritical
Critical
Supercritical
Reaction
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Chapter 21-22 Unit: Nuclear and Organic
The Bomb: How to get all the pieces together at the right time?
Hydrogen Bomb
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