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THE AGE OF FAITH in the 1000s Chapter 14, Section 1 Power Point Presentation designed by T. W. Loessin; Akins H. S.; Austin, TX “Problems in the Church” – Textbook p. 341; Packet p. A Problems Facing the Medieval Church • Lay Investiture • Simony (a position in the church being sold by a bishop to the highest contributor) • Greedy clergy / obsession with wealth; corrupt & pampered bishops; even a few Popes with questionable morals • Illiterate, uneducated priests contributed to conflicting beliefs • Immoral (non-celibate) priests / illegitimate children PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “Reform and Church Organization” – Textbook p. 341; Packet p. A CHURCH MAKES EFFORTS TO REFORM • Pope Leo IX & Gregory VII lead the effort to reform • Reorganize the structure of the Church hierarchy • Created the Curia (council of Pope’s advisors) • Extends the power Popes have over clergy • Create the Inquisition (Church court) • Curia clarifies Canon Law • Enforce laws POPE The Curia (Cardinals) Bishops Bishops Bishops Priests Priests Priests Priests T h e LAY P e o p l e Acted as the Church’s Judicial Branch – served as a Court & to “police” the clergy: traveled through Europe dealing with “bad” bishops and priests. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CHURCH ATTEMPTS TO MAKE REFORMS – Textbook p. 342; Packet p. A • Pope Leo IX & Gregory VII lead the effort to reform • Reorganizes the structure of the Church hierarchy • Created the Curia (council of Pope’s advisors) •Extend the power Popes have over clergy •Creates Inquisition (Church court) • Curia clarifies Canon Law • Enforce laws • Cathedral construction Notre Dame (Our Lady) Cathedral, Paris, France Duomo Cathedral’s “Flying Buttresses”; Milano, Italy CHURCH ATTEMPTS TO MAKE REFORMS – Textbook p. 341-342; Packet p. A • Pope Leo IX & Gregory VII lead the effort to reform • Reorganizes the structure of the Church hierarchy • Created the Curia (council of Pope’s advisors) •Extend the power Popes have over clergy •Creates Inquisition (Church court) • Curia clarifies Canon Law • Enforce laws • Cathedral construction • Convents for women • Preaching Friars (monks) • The Dominicans founded by a Spaniard, Dominic • The Franciscans founded by St. Francis of Assissi • The Cistercians practiced an ascetic life (life of hardship) • Benedictine Monastery at Cluny (reform movement began here) • Tithe (church tax) – used to provide social services to people PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Age of Faith also inspired wars of conquest.” – Textbook p. 343; Packet p. A THE CRUSADES A 200 year period of 9 separate military expeditions in which the Western European Christians attempted to retake the “Holy Land” (Jerusalem) from the Muslim Empire. 1093 – Byzantine emperor Alexius sends a request for help to the West. H.R.E. Byzantine. 1071 – Byzantines are defeated at Battle of Manzikert by the Seljuk Turks. Seljuk Turks Muslim Empire 1095 – Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade in a speech given at Clermont, France. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. The Crusades – Textbook p. 343; Packet p. A H.R.E. FRANCE Clermont THE FIRST CRUSADE: Byzantine Turks Palestine Christian forces from western Europe converged on Constantinople, where they united with Byzantine forces to attack Turk armies in Anatolia and Muslim armies in Syria and Palestine (the Holy Land). By 1099 the Crusaders had achieved their Goal: the capture of the city of Jerusalem. Pope Urban II delivers his speech to the Franks and others at Clermont, France calling for a “Crusade” – a military campaign to save the Holy Land from the Muslims in 1095. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. The Crusades – Textbook p. 344; Packet p. A The First Crusade: Europeans took control of Jerusalem in July 1099. Having captured the holy city for Christianity, the European Crusaders established Jerusalem as the center of their new “Latin Kingdom.” This illustration depicts the subsequent sack of the city, during which Crusaders massacred its Egyptian defenders as well as Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. The Crusades – Textbook p. 344; Packet p. A The western European Christian armies of the First Crusade surrounded the city of Jerusalem in June 1099. In mid-July, after a long siege, the Crusaders stormed into the city and massacred many of Jerusalem’s inhabitants. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. The Crusades – Textbook p. 345; Packet p. A In the aftermath of the First Crusade (1096-1099), Europeans carved out four states in Palestine, on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Many castles and fortresses were built to protect the states from Muslim forces. The Latin Kingdom, was centered around Jerusalem, The three other Crusader states founded were: the County of Tripoli, in modern Lebanon; the Principality of Antioch, in modern Syria; and the County of Edessa, in modern northern Syria and southern Turkey. The Crusades – Textbook p. 345; Packet p. A In the aftermath of the First Crusade (1096-1099), Europeans carved out four states in Palestine, on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Many castles and fortresses were built to protect the states from Muslim forces. The First Crusade was the only successful crusade for the European Christians. The Muslims gradually recaptured the territory. Christian territories acquired during the First Crusade were gradually lost over the next 100 years. Jerusalem was recaptured by Muslim forces in 1187. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. The Crusades – Textbook p. 344 - 345; Packet p. A WHY DID ATTEMPTS TO KEEP the Holy Land FAIL? Tensions and problems plagued this historic enterprise. “Worldly” Europeans (cultured and well-educated; not-so-fanatically-religious as the Crusaders) began to transplant themselves and live in the Holy Land – becoming involved in the lucrative trade industry. The familiar story of “once you get to know the enemy – you find they are not so different from you” became the tolerant view of many. They could not live in constant warfare and so a compromise with the resident Muslims and Jews seemed best for all involved. Yet, these European transplants living in the Holy Land depended on soldiers and resources from the West, which were usually only forthcoming to them if they promised to keep the lands securely in western Christian hands and not make concessions to the “infidels.” Torn between trying to live and make a living among neighbors who were the “enemy” and told to exterminate them at the same time created a perpetual endless struggle. Rivalries at home in Europe led to factional quarrels that limited any common policy among the states that had been carved out in the Holy Land by the European powers. Nor was the situation helped by the arrival of European princes and their followers, as happened when the Second and Third Crusades came East. During both of these Crusades, European tensions and jealousies proved just as divisive in the East as they had been at home, causing them both to fail. The raucous behavior of the Western Christians, especially in the Fourth Crusade did little to win the affection of their Eastern Christian“brethren.” Eastern Christians lost interest in assisting the Western motives after that point. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. The Crusades – Textbook p. 345; Packet p. A Saladin was a Muslim ruler in the 1100s / (12th c.), during the time European rulers led Christian knights and religious fanatics to the Middle East in the Crusades. Saladin fought the Crusaders several times, and recaptured Jerusalem for Muslims in 1187 prompting the Second and Third Crusades. . This portrait of Saladin is in the Uffizi Gallery Florence, Italy PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. When in 1187 Saladin inflicted a major defeat on a combined army at Hattin and subsequently took Jerusalem. The situation had become serious… leading to the THIRD CRUSADE. In response to the Pope’s call for a new, major Crusade, three Western rulers undertook to lead their forces in person. These were Richard I, the Lion-Hearted of England, Phillip II of France, and Frederick I, called Frederick Barbarossa, the Holy Roman Emperor. Known as the Third Crusade, it has become perhaps the most famous of all Crusades other than the First Crusade, though its role in legend and literature greatly outweighs its success or value. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. The Crusades – Textbook p. 344; Packet p. A THIRD CRUSADE But Richard the Lion-hearted of England, a great soldier, was very much in his element. He saw an opportunity to shine on the battlefield, to establish links with the local nobility, and to speak as the voice of all the Crusader states once Frederick and Philip were no longer around. Though he gained much glory, his crusader Armies failed to defeat the Muslims. Richard’s frustrations can clearly be seen in what has become known as his Massacre at Acre. (see reading in packet) PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. The Crusades – Textbook p. 344; Packet p. A THIRD CRUSADE In the end, on Sept. 2, 1192 Richard negotiated a treaty with the Muslim leader Saladin THE TREATY: • The Muslims will retain control of Jerusalem. • Christian pilgrims from the West and East would be granted free access to Jerusalem. This compromise did not meet with approval back home in western Europe … particularly with the Pope. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. The Crusades – Textbook p. 344; Packet p. A In 1204 Pope Innocent III called for the Fourth Crusade. He got little support from the European monarchs. However, he rallied a large mass of fervently religious pilgrims at a tournament in France and….. off they went again… bearing crosses and swords. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. The Crusades – Textbook p. 344; Packet p. A THE CHILDREN’S CRUSADE http://www.historyhouse.com/in_history/childrens_crusade/ http://www.straightdope.com/columns/040409.html REASONS for Going on the “Religious Pep Rally” • • • • • Adventure in a foreign, exotic land Pope assured you a place in heaven Criminals / debtors would be forgiven Merchants profited Kings / Church saw an opportunity to get rid of troublesome bully knights • Younger sons not in line to inherit father’s property, sought lands and positions of their own. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES Repeated failures led to the reduced power of Popes Byzantine Empire is weakened; Turks will now move in Religious intolerance grows – against Jews (anti-Semitism); and against Muslims; contributes to increasing distrust Muslims have of western Christians While lords/knights absent; in Europe Kings secure their lands Trade grows again between West and East – improves the Western European’s diet Creates a money economy in Europe again; undermining the old Manor system Europeans become curious about world (further exploration) discover knowledge and technology of Arabs Arabic numerals (better than Roman / and a Zero too!!!) Algebra Preserved writings of Greeks (Aristotle!) & Romans Astrolabe PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Problems Facing the Medieval Church • Lay Investiture • Simony (a position in the church being sold by a bishop to the highest contributor) • Greedy clergy / obsession with wealth; corrupt & pampered bishops; even a few Popes with questionable morals • Illiterate, uneducated priests contributed to conflicting beliefs • Immoral (non-celibate) priests / illegitimate children PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Efforts to Reform the Church – Textbook p. 341 - 342; Guided Reading Packet p. 1 Nearly 500 Gothic cathedrals were built and decorated between 1170 and 1270. The Church was very wealthy; cathedrals were meant to represent the City of God on earth and so were richly decorated. Their construction was also a way to foster unity in the local communities, encourage pride among citizens, and focus people’s attention to “heavenly” matters. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Crusades also help foster the Age of Faith” – Textbook p. 343; Packet p. 1 5. Pope Urban II issued a call for a Crusade. His goal was to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks. There were economic reasons as well and also his hope to re-unite the West & East Christians. 4. The Byzantine emperor appealed to the Count of Flanders for help. The Muslims (Seljuk Turks) were threatening to conquer his capital of Constantinople. 1093 – Byzantine emperor Alexius sends a request for help to the West. H.R.E. Byzantine 1071 – Byzantines are defeated at Battle of Manzikert by the Seljuk Turks. Seljuk Turks Muslim Empire 1095 – Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade in a speech given at Clermont, France. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. THE CRUSADES - military expeditions (“holy wars”) in which the Western European Christians attempted to retake Jerusalem (in the “Holy Land”) from the Muslim Empire. “The Crusades also help foster the Age of Faith” – Textbook p. 344; Packet p. 1 4. The Byzantine emperor appealed to the Count of Flanders for help. The Muslims (Seljuk Turks) were threatening to conquer his capital of Constantinople. 5. Pope Urban II issued a call for a Crusade. His goal was to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks. There were economic reasons as well and also his hope to re-unite the West & East Christians. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. 6. There was an outpouring of support for the First Crusade. Knights were fired up to fight by religious zeal. Others hoped to gain land of their own, riches, and adventures. Kings saw it as an opportunity to get rid of troublesome knights and lords. “The Crusades also help foster the Age of Faith” – Textbook p. 345; Packet p. 1 “The Crusades also help foster the Age of Faith” – Textbook p. 345; Packet p. 1 4. The Byzantine emperor appealed to the Count of Flanders for help. The Muslims (Seljuk Turks) were threatening to conquer his capital of Constantinople. 5. Pope Urban II issued a call for a Crusade. His goal was to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks. There were economic reasons as well and also his hope to re-unite the West & East Christians. 6. There was an outpouring of support for the First Crusade. Knights were fired up to fight by religious zeal. Others hoped to gain land of their own, riches, and adventures. Kings saw it as an opportunity to get rid of troublesome knights and lords. 7. Four feudal Crusader states were formed, each ruled by a European noble. Four states were carved out of the region known as the “Holy Land” by the European Christians who won in the First Crusade. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. The“The Crusades Crusades – Textbook also help p. 344; foster Packet the Age p. Aof Faith” – Textbook p. 345; Packet p. 1 In the aftermath of the First Crusade (1096-1099), Europeans carved out four states in Palestine, on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Many castles and fortresses were built to protect the states from Muslim forces. The Muslims gradually recaptured the territory. Christian territories acquired during the First Crusade were gradually lost over the next 100 years. Jerusalem was recaptured by Muslim forces in 1187. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Crusades also help foster the Age of Faith” – Textbook p. 345; Packet p. 1 THIRD CRUSADE In the end, on Sept. 2, 1192 Richard negotiated a treaty with the Muslim leader Saladin. THE TREATY: • The Muslims will retain control of Jerusalem. • Christian pilgrims from the West and East would be granted free access to Jerusalem. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Crusades also help foster the Age of Faith” – Textbook p. 345; Packet p. 1 4. The Byzantine emperor appealed to the Count of Flanders for help. The Muslims (Seljuk Turks) were threatening to conquer his capital of Constantinople. 5. Pope Urban II issued a call for a Crusade. His goal was to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks. There were economic reasons as well and also his hope to re-unite the West & East Christians. 7. Four feudal Crusader states were formed, each ruled by a European noble. Four states were carved out of the region known as the “Holy Land” by the European Christians who won in the First Crusade. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. 6. There was an outpouring of support for the First Crusade. Knights were fired up to fight by religious zeal. Others hoped to gain land of their own, riches, and adventures. Kings saw it as an opportunity to get rid of troublesome knights and lords. 8. Jerusalem remained under Muslim control, though unarmed Christian pilgrims could visit the city’s holy places. Richard the Lion-hearted and Saladin agreed to a truce in 1192. “A Spanish Crusade” – Textbook p. 346; Packet p. 1 “The Reconquista” See packet reading, p. 3 - 4 Reconquista – the long-term effort (crusade) to drive the Muslims out of Spain. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “A Spanish Crusade” – Textbook p. 346; Packet p. 1 9. In Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand used the Inquisition to suppress heretics. After years of Muslim occupation; these joint rulers sought to unify Spain under Christianity and to consolidate their power over the entire Iberian peninsula. The political marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and his cousin, Isabella of Castile in 1469 – uniting their two kingdoms – began the process of creating a unified Spain first ruled by Christian monarchs. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “A Spanish Crusade” – Textbook p. 346; Packet p. 1 9. In Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand used the Inquisition to suppress heretics. After years of Muslim occupation; these joint rulers sought to unify Spain under Christianity and to consolidate their power over the entire Iberian peninsula. The Spanish Inquisition – the Church’s trials held to try to suppress heresy (false teachings). was also used by the Catholic monarchs Ferdinand & Isabella as a means of intimidation and threat against “infidels” – those who refused to convert to Christianity, such as Muslims and Jews. There is a tragic irony in Ferdinand and Isabella’s expulsion of the Muslims and Jews who refused to convert to Christianity in the 1400s. In doing so, they expelled Spain’s brightest and wealthiest citizens. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Effects of the Crusades” – Textbook p. 346; Packet p. 1 The Crusades 1092 – 1212 10. European kings strengthened their own power as a result of the Crusades. The Crusades weakened the power of old feudal lords in Europe as thousands of knights died and lords lost their fortunes. While they were away or being killed in the Holy Land, kings took over their lands back home in Europe. • Jerusalem Gothic Architecture – Textbook p. 342-343; Packet p. 6a Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France Vaulted Ceilings Many Stained-glass windows fill church with natural light Pointed arches, Steeples and / or spires Tall walls supported by “flying buttresses” “Flying Buttresses” “The master builders in France, where the Gothic style originated, developed certain techniques of structural engineering….” (Textbook, p. 343) PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Architecture – Textbook p. 344; Packet p. A GOTHIC Style • Pointed arches, steeples, spires, • Tall walls supported by “flying buttresses” • Vaulted ceilings • Many windows creating • Interiors flooded with natural light • Late Medieval period ROMANESQUE Style • Rounded arches, dome • Short, thick walls • Few windows, creating • Dark interiors • Typical style of Roman / Byzantine period Cathedral of Laon; France, about 1160-1235 Cathedral Notre-Dame; Reims, France 1211 - end of 13th c. Detail of the buttresses. Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France (construction 1163 – 1250) Detail of the buttresses. Basilica Saint-Denis; France (1136?- 44) Cathedrale Saint-Etienne de Bourges; France construction 1195-1255 Cathedral Amiens; France, about 1220-1410 The fund-raising social events, the hard work and effort, the dedication that all went into the construction of Cathedrals so magnificent in size brought unity and pride to a local community. Not to mention, their construction during Medieval times, served the Church’s purpose of focusing the people’s attention on God rather than their harsh and difficult lives. The physical construction of the Gothic style, the steeples, spires, pointed arches, and high vaulted ceilings were all intentionally meant to direct the person’s attention upward toward heaven. In this sense, both literally and symbolically, the Cathedrals serve this purpose in Medieval Europe. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “A Growing Food Supply Means Population Boom” Textbook p. 348, Packet p. 5 1. A warmer climate in Europe lasted from about 800 to 1200. Farmers could cultivate lands in regions that had once been too cold to farm. 2. Farmers began using a new type of harness that fitted across a horse’s chest. Horses gradually replaced oxen for plowing and pulling wagons. 3. Using the three-field system, farmers began to grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year, rather than half. Food production, including sources of vegetable protein, increased – resulting in longer life-spans and an increase in population growth. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Guilds” Textbook p. 349; Packet p. 5 Guilds As more and more people became craftsmen, people of the same craft united together in order to protect their professional and personal interests. They found that together they could do more than any one of them alone could do, so they banded together and began an organization called a guild. Each line of business had its own guild, butchers, bakers, dyers, shoemakers, masons, tanners, and many others. The purpose of the guild was to make sure its members produced high quality goods and were treated fairly. These guilds became very powerful in towns toward the end of the Middle Ages. They passed laws that controlled competition among merchants, fixed prices and wages, and limited the hours during which merchandise could be sold. If a stranger came into a town, he could not sell his goods unless he paid a toll and obeyed the guilds rules. The guild also took care of the widow and children of a merchant who died and punished members who used false weights or poor materials. Learning a Craft Guilds also ensured that new crafters were properly trained. A boy began his career as an apprentice. His parents sent him to a master in the craft he was to learn. For a period that varied from three to eleven years, the boy lived as a part of his master’s household, doing menial chores and learning his trade. After a boy served his apprenticeship, he became a journeyman or day worker for his master. In order to become a master himself and join a guild, he had to demonstrate his skill in his craft by creating a “masterpiece” that was approved of by the guild. “A Financial Revolution,” Textbook p. 349; Packet p. 5 4. The Church forbade Christians from lending money at interest. Usury – lending money and charging interest. Jews, who were not allowed to make a living in many occupations, became moneylenders since their own religion did not forbid it and it was a way for them to make income. Because the Jews became the wealthy financiers / bankers in Europe, they were often resented by the poorer Christian population. This matter contributed to rising Anti-Semitism (persecutions of Jews) in Europe. Anti-Semitism – prejudice and / or hatred toward people who are Jewish. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “Trade and Town Grow Together,” Textbook p. 350; Packet p. 5 5. As trade blossomed and farming methods improved, the population of western Europe rose from about 30 million to about 42 million between 1000 and 1150. Towns revived and grew again. 6. As people left life on the manor for life in towns, they challenged the traditional ways of feudal society in which everyone had a place. (Rule: 1 year + 1 day) People moved to towns to pursue the economic and social opportunities they offered. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “Towns and the Social Order,” Textbook p. 350; Packet p. 5 Growth of the Middle Class England – Burgesses France - Bourgeoisie H.R.E. (Germany) - Burghers Aristocracy / Nobility – have their Lands. Up to now – since Greece and the Roman Senate - that has been the requirement for serving in government / political office. Landowning nobles have held all political power. The new Middle Class (merchants) now have Money!…something the Aristocracy doesn’t have unless they sell their lands. This new middle class wants Political strength that will match their economic strength. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “Trade and Town Grow Together,” Textbook p. 350; Packet p. 5 6. As people left life on the manor for life in towns, they challenged the traditional ways of feudal society in which everyone had a place. (Rule: 1 year + 1 day) People moved to towns to pursue the economic and social opportunities they offered. “The Revival of Learning,” Textbook p. 350; Packet p. 5 7. Authors began writing in the vernacular. Vernacular – the common people’s local language. These writers brought literature to many people, since most could not read or understand Latin anymore. Dante Alighieri – wrote “The Divine Comedy” in the Italian vernacular. Geoffrey Chaucer – wrote “Canterbury Tales” in the English vernacular. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Revival of Learning,” Textbook p. 350; Packet p. 5 7. Authors began writing in the vernacular. Vernacular – the common people’s local language. These writers brought literature to many people, since most could not read or understand Latin anymore. Dante Alighieri – wrote “The Divine Comedy” in the Italian vernacular. Geoffrey Chaucer – wrote “Canterbury Tales” in the English vernacular. 8. Growing trade and growing cities brought a new interest in learning. Universities (communities of scholars and students) arose in Europe. The First Universities in Europe • First were in Italy: Bologna and Salerno • First were devoted to Law and Medicine • University of Paris in 1200. Students studied law, philosophy, and theology • Students came mostly from the Middle Classes or Poor. The usual time for a bachelor’s degree was five years. Examinations were oral and given when the student thought he was prepared for them. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Muslim Connection,” Textbook p. 351; Packet p. 5 Medieval People Begin to Learn Again • Contact with Muslims in the Crusades and Muslim universities in Spain where ancient Greek knowledge had been preserved. •The beginnings of Chemistry with alchemical interests. • Geography made great leaps of progress because of commercial interests in finding a route to Asia by sea and the contribution of Muslim maps. • The introduction of Arabic Numbers and Algebra. • Medicine did not advance beyond the Muslims and the Greeks. At the first medical school, Salerno, the first teachers all came from Muslim countries. • The academic emphasis was on the Arts and Humanities not the Sciences. All the great teachers of Middle Ages were professors of Theology. e.g. Abelard, Magnus, and Thomas Aquinas. Thomas Aquinas – wrote “Summa Theologica” it was a philosophical work on Christian theology. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Muslim Connection,” Textbook p. 351; Packet p. 5 9. Christian scholars from Europe visited Muslim libraries in Spain, and Jewish scholars translated Arabic copies of Greek writings into Latin. Europeans acquired a huge new body of knowledge. Spotlight on…. Ibn Rushd, or Averroes lived in Cordoba Spain and wrote detailed commentaries on the Greek philosopher Aristotle’s work. His explanations of Aristotle in Arabic were translated into Latin and used throughout Christian Europe’s universities in the late Middle Ages – greatly influencing Western thinking. Textbook, p. 351 What led to the weakening of the Church’s power over people in the Middle Ages? • The repeated failures of the Crusades [1092-1291] • its corrupt clergy and greed – insistent demands for tithes from the poor while the church’s upper clergy appeared to be living pampered lives. • an embarrassing Scandal known as the Great Schism [1305-1378] • its refusal to condemn the barbarism on both sides in the Hundred Years’ War • its inability to address the needs of the people during the Bubonic plague • the first appearance of outspoken, critical priests within the Church who began to question the Pope himself • Scholars / writers use common people’s vernacular language brought criticisms of Church to the ear of the common man PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “Early Reformist Priests in the Church” Textbook p. 357; Packet p. 13 John Wycliff - English priest and professor at Oxford… • preached that Jesus, not the Pope, was the true head of Church • criticized the shameful luxury in which the Pope & priests lived • tried translating the Bible into vernacular English • charged with heresy, was excommunicated John Wycliff 1320 – 1384 John Hus – priest from Bohemia and professor at Prague… • preached that the Bible, not the Pope, was the authority • criticized the shameful luxury in which the Pope & priests lived • began performing the Mass in the people’s vernacular language • charged with heresy, was excommunicated. John Hus 1369 – 1415 “Love the Truth. Let others have their Truth. And the Truth will prevail.” -John Hus of Bohemia, -inscribed on his statue today in Old Town Square, Prague, Czech Republic. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Great Schism [1378 – 1417]” Textbook p. 356; Packet p. 13 1. When and how did the Great Schism begin? The King of France, Philip IV – after a disagreement with Pope Boniface VIII – pressured Church Cardinals to select a French Archbishop as the new Pope. The new Pope decides to move out of Rome to Avignon, France. • Avignon The Palace of the Popes; Avignon France. “The holy church our Lordrioted Jesus When this French Popeof died, Italians and Christ, demanded their own replacement in Rome. the new Urban – VI, began to behave fully perfect andBut divine, isPope, inerrant like a tyrant and the Cardinals declared his election void. The new (incapable choice, Clementof VIIerror), could not convince Urban VI to step down, so the same is“Roman” true of court the apostolic see Clement and his retreated to Avignon. For the next 39and yearsthe there were two popes ruling in Rome Avignon – each pontiff who assumes that and throne.” refusing to step down. All attempts to fix this “Great Schism” in the – Pope Innocent III. Western Church met with failure, until… PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Great Schism [1378 – 1417]” 1. When and how did the Great Schism begin? The King of France, Philip IV – after a disagreement with Pope Boniface VIII – pressured Church Cardinals to select a French Archbishop as the new Pope. The new Pope decides to move out of Rome to Avignon, France. Textbook p. 356-357; Packet p. 13 2. When and how was the Great Schism resolved? In 1417, the Council of Constance forced 3 Popes all to resign and replaced them with one new Pope. 3. How did the Great Schism affect medieval life? It weakened the power the Church once had over people’s lives. The scandal was an embarrassment and showed the church was imperfect – people began to Question. The Papacy Vatican coat of arms Vatican City, Rome Italy PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Black Death [1347 - 1352]” Textbook p. 357; Packet p. 13 The Black Death The Bubonic Plague - Pandemic of the 14th c. Origin – Asia (region of Gobi desert north of China.) - Mongol unification of Asia created circumstances making it’s spread possible. - First reports of illness in China in 1333 A.D. - First reports of illness in Middle East in 1346 A.D. - Reports of in eastern Europe (Crimea region) 1346 A.D. - story of bodies being catapulted over walls of Caffa during Muslim siege of city. - Spread: as a result of Trade. - Carrier: the Black Rat. - Transmitter: the flea! 4. Where did the plague begin and how did it spread? Began in Asia – spread to Europe through trade. Arriving in port cities on rat-infested trade ships. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Like other rats, it carries a number of diseases, including bubonic plague, which is transmitted by its fleas. Black Rat (Rattus rattus) “The Black Death [1347 - 1352]” Textbook p. 357; Packet p. 13 SYMPTOMS I. High Fever II. Bubous sores (got it’s name “Bubonic”!) III. Black Lesions / dead skin (got its name “Black Death”!) IV. Death came in a matter of weeks PRESUMED CAUSES Back Then….. A. The water? Stop bathing! B. Cats? Poor London’s mistake…. C. Sin! God’s punishment! D. The Jews become scapegoat The doctor's protective robe. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Ironically?… in the century following a century that Christian Europe had begun aggressively persecuting and expelling the children of Israel – the Jews – a deadly plague befell the European continent that would kill nearly a half of its population. The plague would only contribute to the rising Anti-Semitism already prevalent in Europe. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Belief: The plague is God’s punishment for man’s sin. By punishing ourselves we can ward off God’s punishment. THE CULT of The FLAGELLANTS “Procession of Flagellants on Good Friday” painted by Francisco Goya. Belief: The unclean in the was still active and spreading from town to town, men in “While the plague towns and Germany, Flanders, Hainault and Lorraine uprose and began a new sect on their communities ownmust authority. Stripped to Large the waist, they gathered in large groups and bands and be brought numbers marchedout inand procession throught of Jews thewere crossroads and squares of cities and good rounded upupon and their backs with weighted scourges, towns.punished. They formed circles and beat The Pope burned alive in rejoicing as they did so in loud voices and singing hymns suitable to their rite and finally condemns several cities. thethrough sect newly composed for it. Thus, for 33 days they marched many towns orders people. They doing penance and affording a great spectacle to theand wondering the madness flogged their own shoulders and arms, scourged withtoiron points so zealously as STOP! to draw blood." ~ Jean de Venette PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Black Death [1347 - 1352]” Textbook p. 358; Packet p. 13 The Black Death 1347: Messina, Sicily [Black Rat arrives in port] 1348: Marseilles, France 1348-9: England, Spain 1349: Eastern Europe, Iceland, 1350: Wipes out Greenland 1352: Begins to show signs of ending -Repetitions up until 1720s Total Dead? 1/3 to perhaps 1/2 of Europe’s entire population 40 – 50 million people in the course of 5 years! PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. QUARANTINED! “The Black Death [1347 - 1352]” Textbook p. 359; Packet p. 13 Effects of the Plague I. Economic Effects – “Golden Age of the Laborer” Labor Shortage! - short Supply of workers; workers Demand more pay! Inflation! - to pay workers more, producers must raise price of goods. Collapse of Manor system and “serfdom” - peasants move in to take available jobs in towns especially in England and France. Peasant’s Revolts become frequent - when officials attempt to set wages 4. Where did the plague begin and how did it spread? Began in Asia – spread to Europe through trade. Arriving in port cities on rat-infested trade ships. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. 5. What were some economic effects of the plague? Decline in population meant short supply of workers demanding more pay and fewer people buying goods all led to inflation of prices. Peasant’s revolts and their move to towns led to collapse of Manor system. “The Black Death [1347 - 1352]” Textbook p. 359; Packet p. 13 Effects of the Plague II. Cultural / Social Effects A. Art reflects Society: Images of Death, Realism B. Examples of Religious Fanaticism: Flagellants, Anti-Semitism C. Lack of restraint / Hedonism “…for tomorrow you die!” D. Psychological effects PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Black Death [1347 - 1352]” Textbook p. 359; Packet p. 13 Effects of the Plague III. On the Church A. The Church couldn’t save. People lose faith in the institution; not God. B. Connection to upcoming Protestant Reformation: Who would help a plague victim? A good, self-less priest? So then, which priests all died? The good priests?! Leaving now the more self-centered priests? A church filled with such self-seeking priests would be in need of Reformation. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Black Death [1347 - 1352]” Textbook p. 357 – 359; Packet p. 13 4. Where did the plague begin and how did it spread? Began in Asia – spread to Europe through trade. Arriving in port cities on rat-infested trade ships. Effects of the Plague 5. What were some economic effects of the plague? Decline in population meant short supply of workers demanding more pay and fewer people buying goods all led to inflation of prices. Peasant’s revolts and their moves to towns led to the collapse of the Manor system. 6. How did the plague affect the Church? The Church was helpless to stop it. People questioned it’s power and so the Church lost the prestige it once had. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Hundred Years’ War [1337 - 1453]” Textbook p. 359; Packet p. 13 7. What was the primary reason for the Hundred Years’ War between England and France? King Edward III of England claimed the French throne to be his when the last Capetian king of France died leaving no heir. Conflicts between England and France lasted from 1337 to 1453, with intermittent truces. Hostilities began when King Edward III of England (shown in painting at right) declared he had a legitimate claim PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Hundred Years’ War [1337 - 1453]” Textbook p. 360 – 361; Packet p. 13 • As a young girl, claimed she had visions telling her to drive the English invaders out of France and that the throne belonged to the young dauphin, Charles. • She rallied the spirits of her beaten French countrymen and led them to victory at Orleans, France. This victory helped Charles VII to become king of France. • Was captured by the English, put on trial for witchcraft / heresy, and burned at the stake. • Is today considered a Saint in the Roman Catholic Church. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. “The Hundred Years’ War [1337 - 1453]” Textbook p. 361; Packet p. 13 8. What was the outcome of the war? The French eventually won and the English left France, except for the port city of Calais. Final English victory – Battle of Agincourt, Oct. 25, 1415 • Calais By 1360, Edward III abandoned his claim to the French throne in exchange for control of southwest France. With the introduction of a property tax and a head tax in 1439, France was able to increase the strength of its military. The French invaded Normandy and defeated the English, who retained only the city of Calais on the European mainland. One of the most memorable moments in the battle at Agincourt was before it even started. The English King Henry V gave a speech that rallied his men to fight. This speech was adapted into Shakespeare's Henry V. * The English army prevailed against heavily armored knights of the French cavalry which floundered in the mud and was wiped out by a hail of English longbow arrows that rained down on them. “The Hundred Years’ War [1337 - 1453]” Textbook p. 361; Packet p. 13 9. How did the war affect medieval society? Terrible costs in lives lost, money & property damage for both France and England; Gave rise to the first real feelings of “Nationalism” (patriotism) which replaced old feudal loyalties; Ended the Age of Chivalry [armored knight warfare] signified by the success of a trained army’s longbows. Not only did the Age of Chivalry end after the Hundred Years’ War… but so did the Age of Faith… many Europeans – English, French, and others – came to later resent the Church’s appalling silence and helplessness during this century of carnage and death. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. What led to the weakening of the Church’s powerful hold over people in the Middle Ages? • The repeated failures of the Crusades [1092-1291] • its corrupt clergy and greed – insistent demands for tithes from the poor while the church’s upper clergy appeared to be living pampered lives. • an embarrassing Scandal known as the Great Schism [1305-1378] • its refusal to condemn the barbarism on both sides in the Hundred Years’ War • its inability to address the needs of the people during the Bubonic plague • the first appearance of outspoken, critical priests within the Church who began to question the Pope himself • Scholars / writers use common people’s vernacular language brought criticisms of Church to the ear of the common man PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. This series of conflicts between England and France lasted from 1337 to 1453, with intermittent truces. The hostilities began when King Edward III of England declared he had a legitimate claim to the French throne. Early battles ended in English victories primarily due to better organization and strong nationalism. In 1348, however, the Black Death (plague) slowed all fighting for a time. By 1360 with the Peace of Brétigny, Edward III abandoned his claim to the French throne in exchange for control of southwest France. With the introduction of a property tax and a head tax in 1439,France was able to increase the strength of its military. The French invaded Normandy and surrounding areas, and defeated the English, who retained only the city of Calais on the European mainland. • In England, the burghers (middle class tradesmen) • Formed guilds (unions of same professionals). Guilds gave workers collective strength. • This middle class grew wealthy from trade and business • Middle class were heavily taxed for their income but had no say in the matter • They desired political power that equaled their economic power. • With the nobility and the burghers angry at King John, he is forced to sign Magna Carta. It provides for “no taxation without representation.” • This act necessitates the creation of the House of Commons in the English Parliament since the king can’t raise taxes now without all citizen’s consent. These moves brought about democratic rights for citizens in England. • In France, the bourgeoisie (middle class) also had no voice in government in the beginning • They too had economic wealth, were being heavily taxed and desired a voice in the matter. • Philip IV creates the 3rd Estate (a representative house within France’s Estates-General) that would include representatives of the commmoners and middle class. • In Hundred Years’ War, old feudal lord and knights lost power as the longbows of trained national armies fared better against the old armored knights. • Needing money to fight the battles in this War, the kings turned to their wealthy middle class for money and goods. This made the kings realize the “power of the purse” the middle class had and they began to rely more heavily on them rather than old feudal nobility.