Download UNIT 4 - SKELETAL SYSTEM LAB EQUIPMENT: The bones that are

BIOL& 251 - Page 1
UNIT 4 - SKELETAL SYSTEM
LAB EQUIPMENT: The bones that are available for study in the lab are human bones and must be treated
with the greatest amount of care and respect. Please protect the bones by using the carpet pads provided for
this purpose. Each group of students will have the use of a complete set of bones in a numbered box; please
return bones to the proper box. Use a dissecting probe, paper clip or wooden dowel as a pointer. Do not use
pens, pencils, or any other instrument that might mark or damage the bones. (A mechanical pencil, even
with the lead retracted, is NOT an acceptable pointing instrument.)
The skeletal system is subdivided into two divisions: the axial and appendicular skeletons. The bones of the
axial skeleton are primarily located along the midline of the body; the bones of the appendicular skeleton are
found in the upper and lower extremities, and in the girdles (shoulder and pelvic) which attach the arms and
legs to the trunk.
Unless otherwise noted, you should be able to identify all bones both individually and when articulated with
adjacent bones. You will need to be able to identify the long bones of the upper and lower extremities as well
as the os coxae (hip bones) as being a right or a left bone.
Knowing the meanings of the following terms will be helpful in identifying structures on individual bones. See
Table 6-1 in Martini for definitions of terms. Some plurals are listed (in parentheses).
• condyle
• crest
• epicondyle
• facet
• fissure
• foramen (foramina)
• fossa (fossae)
• fovea (foveae)
• head
• line
• meatus
• notch
• process
• ramus (rami)
• sinus
• spine or spinous process
• trochanter (only on femur)
• tubercle or tuberosity
Please be aware that anatomists love to use synonyms. They insist on having several names for the same
structure. That’s just the way it is. In the following list of bony structures some synonyms are included in
parentheses. E.g. squamous (or temporal) suture and coronal (or frontal) suture. You will find that this is the
case throughout A&P. Just get used to it. J
Lab practical questions are asking you for ONE generally-accepted name for a particular structure. This
exam is identification ONLY. You will NOT be asked for functions.
Please do your best to use the appropriate singular or plural forms of these words on lab practicals. For
example, a single hole through a bone is a foramen, not a foramina
Spelling counts.
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AXIAL SKELETON
Sutures
coronal (frontal) suture
lambdoidal suture
sagittal suture
squamous (temporal) suture
sutural bones – (Wormian, or supernumerary bones, or ossa triquetera. These
are bones found within a suture.)
Frontal bone
frontal sinus (see midsagittal skull or skull with calvarium removed)
supraorbital notch or foramen (If it’s a hole, it’s a foramen; if not, it’s a notch.)
Occipital bone
condylar canal (not always present)
external occipital protuberance
foramen magnum
groove (sulcus) for the transverse sinus
hypoglossal canal
inferior nuchal line
occipital condyle
superior nuchal line
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
crista galli
ethmoidal sinus (air cells)
middle nasal concha
olfactory foramina
orbital surface (orbital plate)
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
Temporal bones
carotid canal
external auditory meatus (external acoustic canal)
groove for sigmoid sinus
groove for superior petrosal sinus
internal auditory meatus (internal acoustic canal)
jugular fossa
mandibular fossa
mastoid process
petrous ridge
squamous portion
styloid process
stylomastoid foramen
zygomatic process
Sphenoid bone
foramina: optic, oval (ovale), round (rotundum), spinosum
greater wings
lesser wings
hypophyseal fossa
sphenoid sinus—see midsagittal or disarticulated sphenoid
superior orbital fissure
Mandible
condylar process
coronoid process
mandibular foramen
mental foramen
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Maxillae
infraorbital foramen
maxillary sinus
palatine process of the maxilla
Palatine bones
Lacrimal bones
Hyoid bone
Other bones
inferior nasal concha, lacrimal, nasal, vomer, zygomatic, fetal mandible
Other skull features
calvarium
anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae—see skull with calvarium removed
zygomatic arch
grooves for dural venous sinuses:
• sigmoid sinus
• superior petrosal sinus
• superior sagittal sinus
• transverse sinus
paranasal sinuses:
• ethmoid
• frontal
• maxillary
• sphenoid
• (The mastoid sinus is not visible so you won’t be asked to identify it!)
FETAL SKULL
fontanels:
• anterior (frontal)
• There are others. The anterior is the only one you need to know.
SUMMARY OF SKULL FORAMINA TO KNOW
carotid
internal auditory meatus
condyloid canal and fossa
jugular
external auditory meatus
lacerum
greater palatine
lacrimal
hypoglossal canal
magnum
incisive canal
mandibular
inferior orbital fissure
mental
Infraorbital
olfactory
VERTEBRAE
optic
ovale
rotundum
spinosum
supraorbital
stylomastoid
superior orbital fissure
Parts common to all types of vertebrae:
• intervertebral disc - fibrocartilage (see the articulated spine or skeleton models)
• intervertebral foramen, only visible when articulated with another vertebra)
• lamina
• pedicle
• spinous process
• superior and inferior articulating processes and facets
• transverse process
• vertebral body
• vertebral foramen
• vertebral notch
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Vertebral types – be able to distinguish the various types of vertebrae individually and to identify
following additional structures:
cervical vertebrae (C1 – C7)
also identify two specialized bones:
• atlas (or C1)
• axis or (C2)
o dens (or odontoid process)
transverse foramina (i.e. cervical vertebrae have three holes)
thoracic vertebrae (T1 – T12) articulate with ribs so they have:
superior or inferior facets or demifacets on body
transverse costal facets (on transverse processes)
lumbar vertebrae (L1 – L5)
sacrum (5 fused vertebrae: S1 – S5)
auricular (articular) surface
median sacral crest
sacral canal
sacral foramina
coccyx (3 – 5 fused vertebrae: Co1 – Co5)
THORAX
ribs
types: vertebrosternal (1 – 7), vertebrochondral (8 – 10), vertebral (11 and 12)
parts: head, tubercle
sternum (3 parts)
body (gladiolus) of the sternum
manubrium of the sternum
xiphoid process of the sternum
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
clavicle
acromial end of the clavicle
conoid tubercle
sternal end of the clavicle
scapula
acromion (acromial process)
coracoid process
glenoid cavity (fossa)
infraspinous fossa
medial, lateral, and superior borders
spine of the scapula
subscapular fossa
supraspinous fossa
humerus
capitulum
coronoid fossa
deltoid tuberosity
greater tubercle
head of the humerus
intertubercular (bicipital) groove (sulcus)
lateral epicondyle
lesser tubercle
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medial and lateral supracondylar ridges
medial epicondyle
olecranon fossa
radial fossa
trochlea
ulna
coronoid process
head of the ulna
interosseous ridge (margin) of the ulna
olecranon
radial notch of the ulna
styloid process of the ulna
trochlear (semilunar) notch
ulnar tuberosity
radius
head of the radius
interosseous ridge (or margin) of the radius
radial tuberosity
styloid process of the radius
ulnar notch of the radius
carpals
(on an articulated hand only)
metacarpals
(on an articulated hand only)
phalanges
proximal, middle, distal (on an articulated hand only)
pelvis
pubic (subpubic) arch
pubic symphysis
Be able to differentiate between a male and a female pelvis. Use the angle described by
the pubic arch to do so.
coxal bone(s) (os coxa(e), innominate bone(s)) (comprised of fused ilium, ischium, and pubis),
acetabulum
obturator foramen
ilium
auricular or articular surface
gluteal lines: anterior, posterior, and inferior
greater sciatic notch
iliac crest
iliac fossa (on the anterior surface)
iliac spines (know all four):
anterior-superior
anterior-inferior
posterior-superior
posterior-inferior iliac
ischium
ischial tuberosity
ischial (or sciatic) spine
ischial ramus
lesser sciatic notch
pubis
inferior ramus
pubic tubercle
superior ramus
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femur
fovea capitis
gluteal tuberosity
greater trochanter
head of the femur
intertrochanteric crest
lateral condyle
lateral epicondyles
lesser trochanter
linea aspera
medial condyle
medial epicondyle
neck of the femur
patella
tibia
anterior margin (border) of the tibia
fibular notch
inferior articular surface for the talus
intercondylar eminence
lateral condyle
medial condyle
medial malleolus
tibial tuberosity
fibula
head of the fibula
lateral malleolus
tarsals
(a general term for these bones on an articulated foot only)
specific tarsals to know:
• talus (both articulated or individually)
• calcaneus (both articulated or individually)
metatarsals
(on articulated foot only)
phalanges
proximal, middle, distal (on an articulated foot only)
OTHER GENERAL BONY FEATURES
compact and cancellous bone (see sectioned femur)
diaphysis
epiphysis
epiphyseal line (see sectioned femur)
marrow cavity (see sectioned femur)
nutrient foramen (note function)
trabeculae (see sectioned femur)