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Bacteria are the oldest, the simplest, and the most numerous forms of life. GERM Theory Bacteria were here 3.5 billion years ago. Most dairy products are made by or with the help of bacteria. Some dairy foods are cheese, buttermilk, yogurt, and sour cream. Bacteria Basics Different bacteria inhabit virtually all environments including – Soil – Water – organic matter – the bodies of eukaryotes 25 Bacteria Facts that might make you feel dirty… Bacteria Basics Some bacteria are known to be beneficial to humans and the higher animals, while many others (pathogenic ones) are harmful. Bacteria Basics Bacteria are the chief cause of infectious diseases in humans. Bacteria Basics There are seven different kinds of bacteria on a locker room shower floor. On a movie theater seat and a school lunch table there are five different kinds of bacteria. Bacteria: single-cell organisms with no nucleus (prokaryotes). DNA Parts of a bacteria cell-p. 518 Cell wall - some rigid and others flexible. Cell membrane - same as other cells. Cytoplasm - same as other cells. DNA - a single, circular chromosome located in the cytoplasm. Remember, bacteria cells do not have a nucleus. Capsule - a thick, gel-like, protective coating on some bacteria cells. Pili - short, hair-like protein structures on the surface of some bacteria that help them stick to host cells. Flagella - long protein structures that turn to propel some bacteria cells. prokaryotic cells If you lined 10,000 bacteria up, side by side, it would only make up 2.5 centimeters of space Bacteria, scientists are discovering, can even help to break down oil to make cleanup after an oil spill easier. What kingdom are bacteria in? The kingdom Eubacteria These bacteria commonly referred to as germs. The kingdom Eubacteria These bacteria commonly referred to as germs. This kingdom contains most of the world's bacteria – divided into as many as 12 different phyla based on their evolutionary relationships E. Coli The rod-shaped bacteria pictured is Escherichia coli, a bacteria commonly found in the human digestive system. Common E.coli sources Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes 73,000 illnesses in the United States annually. We reviewed E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to better understand the epidemiology of E. coli O157. E. coli O157 outbreaks (>2 cases of E. coli O157 infection with a common epidemiologic exposure) reported to CDC from 1982 to 2002 were reviewed. In that period, 49 states reported 350 outbreaks, representing 8,598 cases, 1,493 (17%) hospitalizations, 354 (4%) hemolytic uremic syndrome cases, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. Transmission route for 183 (52%) was foodborne, 74 (21%) unknown, 50 (14%) person-to-person, 31 (9%) waterborne, 11 (3%) animal contact, and 1 (0.3%) laboratory-related. The food vehicle for 75 (41%) foodborne outbreaks was ground beef, and for 38 (21%) outbreaks, produce. Eubacteria are classified by Shape: Cocci - round bacterial cells. Bacilli - rod-shaped bacterial cells. Spirilli - spiralshaped bacterial cells. Shape Eubacteria are classified by: Clustering: diplo - a prefix used with the shape name to indicate pairing of cells. Eubacteria are classified by: Clustering: diplo - a prefix used with the shape name to indicate pairing of cells. strepto - a prefix used with the shape name to indicate filaments. Eubacteria are classified by: Clustering: diplo - a prefix used with the shape name to indicate pairing of cells. strepto - a prefix used with the shape name to indicate filaments. staphylo - a prefix used with the shape name to indicate clusters. Clustering: What shape? What shape? What Shape? What Clustering? What Shape? What Clustering What Shape? What Clustering Eubacteria are classified by: Respiration: Obligate anaerobes - cannot survive in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Eubacteria are classified by: Respiration: Oxygen? Obligate anaerobes - cannot survive in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Facultative anaerobes - can live with or without atmospheric oxygen. Eubacteria are classified by: Respiration: Obligate anaerobes - cannot survive in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Facultative anaerobes - can live with or without atmospheric oxygen. Obligate aerobes - cannot survive without atmospheric oxygen. Endospores – stand-by mode … a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria EXAMPLE: Self-healing Concrete – Invention 2015: Hendrik Marius Jonkers Bacteria Lab READ Safety Precautions! Aseptic / Sterile Technique Four quadrants Used in industry – Dirty Finger – Clean Finger – Surface 1 – Surface 2 Observations taken for a week. Possible Extension: Isolating a culture Streaking a plate Lab Time Remember 1. Cover up 2. Know before you do 3. Don’t act stupid…because you aren’t! Watch it happen… Gram Stain: Watch it happen… Gram Stain: Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptide layer, retain the crystal violet, and appear purple when viewed under a microscope. Gram Stain: Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptide layer, take up the pink stain, and appear pink when viewed under a microscope. * Many antibiotics have no effect on gramnegative bacteria. Gram Stain: Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptide layer, retain the crystal violet, and appear purple when viewed under a microscope. Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptide layer, take up the pink stain, and appear pink when viewed under a microscope. Many antibiotics have no effect on gramnegative bacteria. SS – BIO – Describe these bacteria by shape and culture growth type. See some examples of each that you may be familiar with… Click here…. Other: Photo-library of Bacteria http://www.buddycom.com/bacteria/bacteria.html Nutrition Most are heterotrophic - use food produced by other organisms. Heterotrophic bacteria that feed on dead or decaying organic matter are called saprophytes. Nutrition Most are heterotrophic - use food produced by other organisms. – Bacteria that feed on dead or decaying organic matter are heterotrophic bacteria called saprophytes. Some are autotrophic - able to produce their own food. – Photoautotrophs - use sunlight as a source of energy like plants. – Chemoautotrophs - use energy from chemical reactions to make their food. Autotroph or Heterotroph? CREATE A FLOW CHART WITH THESE TERMS TO SHOW THEIR RELATIONSHIP PROKARYOTES Autotrophs Saprotrophs Heterotrophs Chemoautotrophs Photoautotrophs PROKARYOTES Heterotrophs Saprotrophs Autotrophs Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs How did antibiotics come about? Alexander Fleming … discovered penicillin The first antibiotic Patients sometimes ask their doctors for antibiotics for a cold, cough, or the flu, all of which are viral and don't respond to antibiotics. Patients who are prescribed antibiotics but don't take the full dosing regimen can contribute to resistance. Take Antibiotics? Get immunized? Vaccines? CDC – HPV PSA Parody Why get vaccinated? How do antibiotics work? Antibiotic Resistance: Bacterial Evolution Is due largely to the increasing use of antibiotics. – Tuberculosis – Gonorrhea – Malaria – childhood ear infections Part of the problem is that bacteria and other microorganisms that cause infections are remarkably resilient and can develop ways to survive drugs meant to kill or weaken them. THE FACTS About 70 percent of bacteria that cause infections in hospitals are resistant to at least one of the drugs most commonly used to treat infections. Some organisms are resistant to all approved antibiotics and must be treated with experimental and potentially toxic drugs. – Gonorrhea 25 Bacteria Facts that might make you feel dirty… Staphylococcal skin infections http://www.dermnetnz.org/index.html Staph infections LEPROSY LEPROSY Botulinum Toxin: Bio-terrorism This is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and is the most poisonous substance known to man. The toxin produces a descending paralysis known as botulism, which is most often traced to the consumption of improperly canned or undercooked food tainted with the bacterium. Botulinum toxin is not contagious; only those who ingest or inhale the toxin become ill. Botox Before and After Pictures Botox injection contains Clostridium botulism Botulism toxin type A is a bacterial toxin that prevents nerves from functioning normally (a neurotoxin). Botox Before and After Pictures Botox Before and After Pictures Anthrax: Bio-terrorism Anthrax: Bio-terrorism Bacillus anthracis is a rod-shaped bacterium that infects humans through the respiratory system, the skin or the digestive system. Anthrax is made most infectious when refined and reduced in size to allow it to travel long distances in the air and be inhaled. Its usefulness to terrorists is compromised only by the degree of skill and equipment needed to make it a viable weapon and by the fact that it is not contagious. ANTHRAX A 45 year old Iranian farm worker developed a non-tender swelling of the upper lip followed by blistering and necrosis of the overlying skin and formation of a black eschar. He responded quickly to oral antibiotics. ANTHRAX This 15 year old developed cutaneous anthrax of the left lower eyelid. Treated with a two week dose of penicillin. Plague: Bio-terrorism Plague is caused by infection with the rodshaped bacterium Yersinia pestis. transmitted to humans either by inhalation or by the bite of a rat flea that has previously bitten a rodent infected with the bacterium. It could be released in an aerosolized form into the air. The "Black Death" - Plague A plague victim. The toes have gangrene Those…probably need to be amputated. Salmonella staphylococcus bacteria streptococcus bacteria What kingdoms are in these domains? Archaea and Bacteria 5 or 6 Kingdoms? Two vastly different types of bacteria. These groups were so different that there are now two domains/kingdoms where there was once just one kingdom: bacteria. Archaea bacteria The kingdom Archaea Methanogens: oxygen is a poison to these bacteria, so they must live in anaerobic conditions. 1. 1. They are common in wetlands, where they are responsible for marsh gas, and in the guts of animals such as ruminants and humans, where they are responsible for the methane content of belching in ruminants and flatulence in humans. The kingdom Archaea 2. Extreme Halophiles: these "salt-loving" bacteria live in environments with a very high salt concentration that would kill most other bacteria. Extreme halophiles use salt to generate ATP for energy. California's Pink Salt Lakes A Strange Phenomenon Caused By Red Haloacteria The kingdom Archaea 3. Thermoacidophiles: these bacteria live in extremely acidic environments (pH less than 2) that have extremely high temperatures (up to 110o C). These bacteria live in environments like the geothermal springs at Yellowstone National Park. Black Smoker & Deep Sea Vents Extremophiles SS – Bio What are the two most common types of pathogens (germs)? 1. ___________ 2.____________ SS –BIO How do you identify bacteria? (3 ways) BONUS: What are the groups within these three characteristics? Describe these bacteria with as much detail as possible. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Guns, Germs and Steel Focus Question: Why were the “germs” of Europeans so devastating to the native peoples of the Americas? Watch Episode 3: Power of Germs Complete the Viewing Guide Questions SS Name a species that is an obligate aerobe. What is an obligate anaerobe? What is a facultative anaerobe?