Download Bacteria - Mat-Su School District

Bacteria are the oldest, the
simplest, and the most
numerous forms of life.
GERM Theory
Bacteria were here 3.5 billion
years ago.
Most dairy products are made by or
with the help of bacteria. Some
dairy foods are cheese, buttermilk,
yogurt, and sour cream.
Bacteria
Basics
Different bacteria inhabit virtually all
environments including
– Soil
– Water
– organic matter
– the bodies of eukaryotes
25 Bacteria Facts that might make you feel dirty…
Bacteria
Basics
Some bacteria are known to be
beneficial to humans and the higher
animals, while many others (pathogenic
ones) are harmful.
Bacteria
Basics
Bacteria are the chief cause of
infectious diseases in humans.
Bacteria
Basics
There are seven different kinds of bacteria
on a locker room shower floor.
On a movie theater seat and a school
lunch table there are five different kinds of
bacteria.
Bacteria: single-cell organisms
with no nucleus (prokaryotes).
DNA
Parts of a bacteria cell-p. 518
Cell wall - some rigid and others flexible.
Cell membrane - same as other cells.
Cytoplasm - same as other cells.
DNA - a single, circular chromosome located in
the cytoplasm. Remember, bacteria cells do not
have a nucleus.
Capsule - a thick, gel-like, protective coating on
some bacteria cells.
Pili - short, hair-like protein structures on the
surface of some bacteria that help them stick to
host cells.
Flagella - long protein structures that turn to
propel some bacteria cells.
prokaryotic cells
If you lined 10,000 bacteria up, side by
side, it would only make up 2.5
centimeters of space
Bacteria, scientists are discovering, can
even help to break down oil to make cleanup after an oil spill easier.
What kingdom are bacteria in?
The kingdom Eubacteria
These bacteria commonly referred to as
germs.
The kingdom Eubacteria
These bacteria commonly referred to as
germs.
This kingdom contains most of the world's
bacteria
– divided into as many as 12 different phyla
based on their evolutionary relationships
E. Coli
The rod-shaped
bacteria pictured is
Escherichia coli, a
bacteria commonly
found in the human
digestive system.
Common E.coli sources
Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes 73,000 illnesses in the United States annually. We
reviewed E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) to better understand the epidemiology of E. coli O157. E. coli O157
outbreaks (>2 cases of E. coli O157 infection with a common epidemiologic exposure)
reported to CDC from 1982 to 2002 were reviewed. In that period, 49 states reported
350 outbreaks, representing 8,598 cases, 1,493 (17%) hospitalizations, 354 (4%)
hemolytic uremic syndrome cases, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. Transmission route for 183
(52%) was foodborne, 74 (21%) unknown, 50 (14%) person-to-person, 31 (9%)
waterborne, 11 (3%) animal contact, and 1 (0.3%) laboratory-related. The food vehicle
for 75 (41%) foodborne outbreaks was ground beef, and for 38 (21%) outbreaks,
produce.
Eubacteria are classified by
Shape:
Cocci - round
bacterial cells.
Bacilli - rod-shaped
bacterial cells.
Spirilli - spiralshaped bacterial
cells.
Shape
Eubacteria are classified by:
Clustering:
diplo - a prefix used with the shape name
to indicate pairing of cells.
Eubacteria are classified by:
Clustering:
diplo - a prefix used with the shape name
to indicate pairing of cells.
strepto - a prefix used with the shape
name to indicate filaments.
Eubacteria are classified by:
Clustering:
diplo - a prefix used with the shape name
to indicate pairing of cells.
strepto - a prefix used with the shape
name to indicate filaments.
staphylo - a prefix used with the shape
name to indicate clusters.
Clustering:
What shape?
What shape?
What Shape? What Clustering?
What Shape? What Clustering
What Shape? What Clustering
Eubacteria are classified by:
Respiration:
Obligate anaerobes - cannot survive in
the presence of atmospheric oxygen.
Eubacteria are classified by:
Respiration: Oxygen?
Obligate anaerobes - cannot survive in
the presence of atmospheric oxygen.
Facultative anaerobes - can live with or
without atmospheric oxygen.
Eubacteria are classified by:
Respiration:
Obligate anaerobes - cannot survive in
the presence of atmospheric oxygen.
Facultative anaerobes - can live with or
without atmospheric oxygen.
Obligate aerobes - cannot survive without
atmospheric oxygen.
Endospores – stand-by mode
… a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive
structure produced by certain bacteria
EXAMPLE: Self-healing Concrete
– Invention 2015: Hendrik Marius Jonkers
Bacteria Lab
READ Safety Precautions!
Aseptic / Sterile Technique
Four quadrants
Used in industry
– Dirty Finger
– Clean Finger
– Surface 1
– Surface 2
Observations taken for a week.
Possible Extension: Isolating a culture
Streaking a plate
Lab Time
Remember
1. Cover up
2. Know before you do
3. Don’t act stupid…because you aren’t!
Watch it happen…
Gram Stain:
Watch it happen…
Gram Stain:
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick
peptide layer, retain the crystal violet, and
appear purple when viewed under a
microscope.
Gram Stain:
Gram-negative bacteria have a thin
peptide layer, take up the pink stain, and
appear pink when viewed under a
microscope.
* Many antibiotics have no effect on gramnegative bacteria.
Gram Stain:
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptide
layer, retain the crystal violet, and appear purple
when viewed under a microscope.
Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptide
layer, take up the pink stain, and appear pink
when viewed under a microscope.
Many antibiotics have no effect on gramnegative bacteria.
SS – BIO – Describe these bacteria by shape and culture growth type.
See some examples of each that you may be
familiar with…
Click here….
Other: Photo-library of Bacteria
http://www.buddycom.com/bacteria/bacteria.html
Nutrition
Most are heterotrophic - use food
produced by other organisms.
Heterotrophic bacteria that feed on dead
or decaying organic matter are called
saprophytes.
Nutrition
Most are heterotrophic - use food produced by
other organisms.
– Bacteria that feed on dead or decaying organic matter
are heterotrophic bacteria called saprophytes.
Some are autotrophic - able to produce their
own food.
– Photoautotrophs - use sunlight as a source of
energy like plants.
– Chemoautotrophs - use energy from chemical
reactions to make their food.
Autotroph
or
Heterotroph?
CREATE A FLOW CHART WITH THESE TERMS TO SHOW THEIR
RELATIONSHIP
PROKARYOTES
Autotrophs
Saprotrophs
Heterotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
Photoautotrophs
PROKARYOTES
Heterotrophs
Saprotrophs
Autotrophs
Photoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
How did antibiotics come about?
Alexander Fleming … discovered penicillin
The first antibiotic
Patients sometimes ask their doctors for
antibiotics for a cold, cough, or the flu, all
of which are viral and don't respond to
antibiotics.
Patients who are prescribed antibiotics but
don't take the full dosing regimen can
contribute to resistance.
Take Antibiotics?
Get immunized?
Vaccines?
CDC – HPV PSA Parody
Why get vaccinated?
How do antibiotics work?
Antibiotic Resistance: Bacterial Evolution
Is due largely to the increasing use of
antibiotics.
– Tuberculosis
– Gonorrhea
– Malaria
– childhood ear infections
Part of the problem is that bacteria and
other microorganisms that cause
infections are remarkably resilient and can
develop ways to survive drugs meant to
kill or weaken them.
THE FACTS
About 70 percent of bacteria that cause
infections in hospitals are resistant to at least
one of the drugs most commonly used to treat
infections.
Some organisms are resistant to all approved
antibiotics and must be treated with
experimental and potentially toxic drugs.
– Gonorrhea
25 Bacteria Facts that might make you feel dirty…
Staphylococcal skin infections
http://www.dermnetnz.org/index.html
Staph infections
LEPROSY
LEPROSY
Botulinum Toxin: Bio-terrorism
This is produced by the bacterium Clostridium
botulinum and is the most poisonous substance
known to man.
The toxin produces a descending paralysis
known as botulism, which is most often traced to
the consumption of improperly canned or
undercooked food tainted with the bacterium.
Botulinum toxin is not contagious; only those
who ingest or inhale the toxin become ill.
Botox Before and After Pictures
Botox injection contains Clostridium botulism
Botulism toxin type A is a bacterial toxin that
prevents nerves from functioning normally (a
neurotoxin).
Botox Before and After Pictures
Botox Before and After Pictures
Anthrax: Bio-terrorism
Anthrax: Bio-terrorism
Bacillus anthracis is a rod-shaped bacterium that
infects humans through the respiratory system,
the skin or the digestive system.
Anthrax is made most infectious when refined
and reduced in size to allow it to travel long
distances in the air and be inhaled.
Its usefulness to terrorists is compromised only
by the degree of skill and equipment needed to
make it a viable weapon and by the fact that it is
not contagious.
ANTHRAX
A 45 year old Iranian
farm worker developed
a non-tender swelling
of the upper lip
followed by blistering
and necrosis of the
overlying skin and
formation of a black
eschar.
He responded quickly
to oral antibiotics.
ANTHRAX
This 15 year old
developed
cutaneous
anthrax of the
left lower
eyelid.
Treated with a
two week dose
of penicillin.
Plague: Bio-terrorism
Plague is caused by infection with the rodshaped bacterium Yersinia pestis.
transmitted to humans either by inhalation or by
the bite of a rat flea that has previously bitten a
rodent infected with the bacterium.
It could be released in an aerosolized form into
the air.
The "Black Death" - Plague
A plague victim.
The toes have
gangrene
Those…probably
need to be amputated.
Salmonella
staphylococcus bacteria
streptococcus bacteria
What kingdoms are in these domains?
Archaea
and
Bacteria
5 or 6 Kingdoms?
Two vastly different types of bacteria. These
groups were so different that there are
now two domains/kingdoms where there
was once just one kingdom: bacteria.
Archaea
bacteria
The kingdom Archaea
Methanogens:
oxygen is a poison
to these bacteria, so
they must live in
anaerobic
conditions.
1.
1.
They are common in wetlands,
where they are responsible for
marsh gas, and in the guts of
animals such as ruminants and
humans, where they are responsible
for the methane content of belching
in ruminants and flatulence in
humans.
The kingdom Archaea
2. Extreme Halophiles:
these "salt-loving"
bacteria live in
environments with a
very high salt
concentration that
would kill most other
bacteria. Extreme
halophiles use salt to
generate ATP for
energy.
California's Pink Salt Lakes
A Strange
Phenomenon Caused
By Red Haloacteria
The kingdom Archaea
3. Thermoacidophiles:
these bacteria live in
extremely acidic
environments (pH less
than 2) that have
extremely high
temperatures (up to
110o C).
These bacteria live in
environments like the
geothermal springs at
Yellowstone National
Park.
Black Smoker & Deep Sea Vents
Extremophiles
SS – Bio
What are the two most common types of
pathogens (germs)?
1. ___________
2.____________
SS –BIO
How do you identify bacteria? (3 ways)
BONUS: What are the groups within these three characteristics?
Describe these bacteria with as
much detail as possible.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Guns, Germs and Steel
Focus Question: Why were the “germs”
of Europeans so devastating to the native
peoples of the Americas?
Watch Episode 3: Power of Germs
Complete the Viewing Guide Questions
SS
Name a species that is an obligate aerobe.
What is an obligate anaerobe?
What is a facultative anaerobe?