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ISLAM-Ch11
Beginnings of Islam
• Spiritually-Islam was founded by
Ibrahim/Abraham, about 2000 BC
• Historically-Islam began with the Prophet
Muhammad, born in 570AD
• Historically, Islam was founded by Muhammad
about 622AD
Beginnings of Islam
• Ibrahim/Abraham-founder of both Judaism
& Islam, ancestor of Jews and Arabs.
• Sons:
– Isaac, Ancestor of the Jews
– Ishmail-Ancestor of the Arabs
– Over the generations, both Arabs and Jews fell
away from the true faith
• God sent prophets, including Moses &
Jesus to recall people to the true faith
• God sent the last & greatest prophet,
Muhammad, in 570AD
Byzantine Empire
• The Byzantine Empire dominated the region of
the Mediterranean and much of the middle
east just before Muhammad was born
Middle East, ca. 600 A.D.
Arabia
• The climate of Arabia was mostly desert, except for
narrow strips along the coasts.
• In most places, people could not grow crops, so the
people in most of Arabia lived by herding sheep &
camels.
• Bedouins-nomadic herders of Arabia, who lived in
tribes.
• There was frequent tribal warfare, often over water.
• A bedouin tribal leader was called a sheik.
Arabia
•
•
•
•
Near the coasts the climate was milder, and there were towns
Townspeople were often traders
The N-S trade route to Damascus ran through Mecca (Makkah)
Mecca was also the location of a shrine called the Kaaba
Before Muhammad-Mecca & the
Kaaba
• Kaaba – cube shaped
shrine in Mecca
• Before Muhammad, it
contained 360 idols
(statues of pagan gods), as
well as a black stone,
probably a meteorite
• Kaaba was holy to many
Arabs, who at that time
were mostly polytheistic.
The Ka’aba in Mecca
Muhammad
• Born about 570 A.D.
• Raised by relatives
-father died before he was born; mother
died when he was six
-Taken in by his grandfather, who also
soon died. Raised by his uncle.
Muhammad-Early Life
• He couldn’t read or write.
• In his youth, he worked for a while as a shepherd, then as a
caravan trader; Employer – wealthy widow named Khadijah
• Supervised caravans from Mecca to Jerusalem and Damascus.
• Had contact with both Jews and Christians, who believed in a
single God, while most Arabs at this time were polytheistic.
• Married Khadijah. They had several children, but only one
daughter, Fatima, lived to adulthood.
MUHAMMAD’s REVELATIONS
• When he was 40, he had was praying in a cave
and had a revelation from the Angel Gabriel
(Jibreel in Arabic), who spoke to him & revealed
verses that Muhammad was to recite
• At first Muhammad was terrified & told no one,
but finally he told his wife Khadija & she
encouraged him
• He soon began to teach others what had been
revealed to him.
Muhammad began to teach
• Continued to have revelations &
continued to teach in Mecca. A group of
followers began to form
• The central idea revealed to him was
that there is only One God.
• Allah is the Arabic word for God (Allah is
not a name, but the Arabic word that
means God. Allah is the same God
worshipped by Jews, Christians &
others.)
Muhammad-Hijrah
• Merchants of Mecca became hostile to his teaching,
because they feared it would ruin their business from
pilgrims coming to visit the many idols in the Kaaba.
Also, it contradicted their polytheistic beliefs.
• 622AD: Muhammad & his followers were persecuted by
the merchants of Mecca, and they fled to Yathrib (later
renamed Medina, “city of the Prophet”).
• This flight from Mecca is called the “Hijrah”, and it
became the year 1 in the Islamic Calendar.
Muhammad, Return to Mecca
• Muhammad preached to the people of Yathrib/Medina,
and became an important leader there. .
• Many people in Yathrib/Medina, as well as many desert
tribes, responded by accepting his message.
• Then war broke out between Yathrib/Medina & Mecca
• After several battles, Yathrib/Medina began to win the
war.
• 630AD: Muhammad led an army of his followers and
took control of Mecca
• Muhammad “cleansed” the Kaaba throwing out the
idols and consecrating it to Allah, the One God.
 630-632AD: More and more Arabs accepted
Muhammad’s ideas
 Religion became known as Islam, the followers of
Islam were called Muslims
 Muhammad died 2 years later, in 632, and was
buried in Medina.
 By the time he died, many people in Arabia had
accepted Islam
 In the years following Muhammad’s death, the
religion spread over a wide area.
 The central belief is that there is One God.
Five Pillars of Islam
• 1) Faith (Shahadah)
– ‘There is no God but God, and Muhammad is his
messenger “
• 2) Prayer (Salat) five times a day, facing Mecca
• 3) Fasting (Sawm) from food and drink from sun-up
to sun-down during the month of Ramadan
• 4) Charity (Zakat) to the poor-a minimum of 2.5% of
your wealth.
• 5) Pilgrimage (Hajj)to Mecca, if you can afford it,
once in your life
Holy Books
• The Qur’an– Most holy book of Islam
– Muslims believe:
• The Qur’an is the word of God as
revealed to Muhammad
• The authentic Qur’an is always in
the Arabic language, because it was
revealed to Muhammad in Arabic,
and if it is translated, God’s words
could be distorted or changed.
– Includes many of the same people
and stories that are found in the
Christian & Jewish scriptures.
Lesser Holy books
• Books that are important and respected, but are
not as holy as the Qur’an. They are not directly
the word of God.
– 1)Hadith-Traditions of Muhammad’s life
– 2)Sharia-Book of Islamic law based on teaching in the
Qur’an & Hadith
– 3)Some parts of the Jewish & Christian Scriptures:
particularly the Torah, the Psalms, and the Gospel
(story of the life of Jesus). Muslims believe that in
their original form these were true, but over time some
parts were changed and some inaccuracies came in.
People of the Book
• Jews & Christians are called “People of the
Book” because they have holy books that are
similar to the Qur’an. These religions are
recognized as having a closer connection to
Islam than other religions.
Articles of Faith
1) One
God, who is supreme, eternal,
infinite, & merciful (Allah is the word for
God), the same God worshiped by Christians
& Jews. However, Muslims do not believe in
a Trinity.
2) Angels: beings of light who serve God.
3) Scriptures: primarily the Qur’an, and to a
lesser extent, Hadith, Sharia, parts of the
Jewish and Christian Scriptures.
Articles of Faith
4) Prophets: Muhammad was the last & most important.
Other prophets include Ibrahim (Abraham), Moses and
Jesus.
5) Resurrection: At the end of the world, every human will
be resurrected & judged for whatever they have done. The
innocent will stay in heaven, the guilty will go to hell.
6) Divine Will (Predestination): God knows everything,
including what will happen. God has given humans free
choice. However, He knows what they will choose.
Islam-Worship & other practices
• Mosque-Muslim place of worship
• Very little furniture; people kneel on rugs
• A niche showing the direction toward
Mecca
• No pictures of people or animals
• Prayer leader called an Imam, but no
priests.
Prayer
• Prayer can be at any time, in any place,
using our own words and in any language,
but there are formal prayers 5 times a day.
The formal prayers are traditionally in
Arabic.
• Traditionally the call to prayer was issued by
a “muezzin” from a tall tower called a
“minaret”
• The traditional way to pray is on a special
prayer rug, after a ceremonial washing,
facing Mecca.
Dietary rules: food and Drink
•
Dietary rules:
•
Muslims do not eat pork or drink alcohol
Other practices
• Modesty in dress
– Muslims are expected to
be modest in their dress.
– Different individual
Muslims interpret this
differently.
– Some women wear the
whole burqa, some wear
the hijab (head scarf).
Some don’t wear the
hijab, but they are still
expected to be modest.
– Men are also expected to
be modest
Worship
• Worship on Friday at noon
(Fri-Islam; Sat-Judaism;
Sun-Christianity)
• Women at a Mosque
usually pray in a separate
area, often behind a screen
• People take off their shoes.
They kneel on a rug for
prayers. Traditionally they
line up for prayers. Prayers
involve kneeling and a
sequence of motions.
Jihad
• Means “struggle against evil”
• Greater Jihad-struggle with evil within
oneself
• Lesser Jihad-struggle with evil in the world
• Often translated “holy war”, but this is a
misunderstanding
• Corresponds to the word “crusade” in
English
“Rightly Guided Caliphs” –the 1st 4
Caliphs- 632-661AD
• Muhammad died in 632AD
• Caliph: successor of Muhammad, both
political and religious leader.
• Caliphate-land ruled by a Caliph
Abu Bakr-1st Caliph
• Upon the death of Muhammad in 632AD, the Muslim
community chose Muhammad’s close friend Abu Bakr
as their leader, or “Caliph”.
• A Caliph was a successor of Muhammad as the leader
of the Muslim community.
• In his 2 years as Caliph, Abu Bakr spread Islam
throughout Arabia
• Abu Bakr died in 634AD.
• Abu Bakr was the first of 4 Caliphs called the “Rightly
Guided Caliphs”: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali
Umar – 634AD-644AD
• Chosen as 2nd Caliph.
• Led Muslim armies to quickly conquer more land,
including Egypt, Palestine & Syria, which had been
part of the Byzantine Empire, and Iraq, which had
been part of the Persian Empire.
• Reasons for success of the conquering Muslim
armies
– Common faith
– Fast horse & camel cavalry
– Old Empires, the Byzantine Empire & Persian Empire,
were weakening.
Spread of Islam
Rule of Conquered people
–Many people in the conquered lands chose
to convert because of the simple message of
one God (Allah) and the belief in the
equality of all believers, regardless of race
PEOPLE OF THE BOOK
• Jews and Christians are called “People of
the Book”, because they have holy books
similar to the Qur’an
• Judaism and Christianity were respected,
and as Islam spread and became the official
religion of many countries, they were not
forced to convert.
• However, Jews and Christians were
required to pay a special tax called the
Jizrah.
UTHMAN 644-656
• Chosen as 3rd Caliph;
• Continued the conquests, conquering lands that had
been part of the Byzantine & Persian Empires
• Uthman was assassinated by rebels who believed he
favored his own clan.
.
•
ALI 656-661
• Ali was the son-in-law of Muhammad, the husband
of Muhammad’s daughter Fatimah.
• Chosen as the 4th Caliph after the assassination of
Uthman
• Muawiyah (a relative of Uthman) and his supporters
were angry, because he believed that Ali and his
supporters were involved in the assassination of
Uthman. A civil war broke out.
• Ali was assassinated, and later Ali’s son Husayn was
also assassinated
SPLIT IN ISLAM
- Some Muslims wanted Muawiyah as the next Caliph and
some did not. There was a civil war and a split in Islam
- Sunni –
- Muslims who supported Muawiyah, Majority of
Muslims;
- they said any devout Muslim man was qualified to be
Caliph, no preference to relatives of Muhammad
– Shi’ites (Shi’a)
» minority group that refused to acknowledge
Muawiyah
» said the Caliph should be a relative of Muhammad
–.
SPLIT IN ISLAM-continued
• Sufi– a 3rd sect of Islam that
formed later.
– Sought union with God
(Allah) through mystical
practices such as
meditation and dance.
The Sufi dancing
features spinning
– Rabi’ah al Adawiyah
was a famous Sufi poet
(female)
UMAYYAD DYNASTY – 661AD-750AD
– Muawiyah, of the Umayya clan, was recognized as
Caliph by the Sunni (majority of Muslims)
– Muawiya established the Umayyad dynasty, and
leadership of the Muslim Empire became
inherited
– Umayyad family moved the capital of the Muslim
Empire from Medina to Damascus in Syria.
Dome of the Rock,
Temple Mount Jerusalem
Umayyad Dynasty, continued
– Umayyad dynasty continued to spread
Islam across North Africa, to the
people called the Berbers.
– In 711AD, a Berber leader named
Tariq led armies from North Africa into
Spain, at the great rock that overlooks
the strait between Africa & Europe(
strait-strait of Gibraltar; the strait &
rock are named for him: Jabal Tariq.
– Muslims conquered & ruled Spain for
several hundred years.
– There was a brilliant culture, centered
at a city called Cordoba.
– Muslims of North Africa and Spain
were sometimes called Moors.
Expansion into Spain
– Muslims conquered & ruled
Spain for several hundred
years.
– There was a brilliant culture,
centered at a city called
Cordoba.
– Muslims of North Africa and
Spain were sometimes
called Moors
Jabal Tariq-Rock of Gibraltar
Umayyad Dynasty-Europe strikes back!!
• Muslim armies attempted to
advance north into France, They
crossed the Pyrenees mountains
into France.
• In 732AD , the invading Muslim
army was defeated by the
Frankish leader Charles Martel
at the Battle of Tours.
• Thus Muslims ruled Spain but
advanced no farther into
Western Europe.
End of Umayyad Dynasty
• Some Muslims began to think the
Umayyad Caliphs were living in too
much luxury
• 750AD: There was a revolt led by Abu al
Abbas, a member of the Abbasid clan.
The Umayyad dynasty was overthrown
• All the remaining Umayyads were
invited to a banquet, and slaughtered.
One escaped and fled to Spain, where
he set up a Umayyad dynasty in Spain.
ABBASID DYNASTY 750AD-1258ADGolden Age
• A new Muslim dynasty took control, called
the Abbasid dynasty.
• Abbasid Caliphs ruled the Muslim Empire
for several hundred years.
• 764AD: Caliph al Mansur moved the capital
to a new city, Baghdad, which became a
city of great beauty and the center of
brilliant Muslim culture. Golden Age of
Islamic Culture.
700s-800sAD-High point of Abbasid
Dynasty-Golden Age
• The high point of the
Abbasid dynasty was
from the 700sAD800sAD, under Caliph
Harun al Rashid, who was
known for wealth and
generosity, and his son,
Caliph al Mamun.
• Baghdad was the center
of trade and a brilliant
culture
Baghdad-Al Mamum-House of
Wisdom
• Baghdad was the center
of trade and a brilliant
culture
• Science and mathematics
flourished. A great center
of learning, called the
House of Wisdom, was
established in Baghdad
by Caliph al Mamun
Abbasid Dynasty, continued
• Pieces began to break off from the main Muslim Empire ruled by
the Abbasid Caliphate
• A Caliphate is a country ruled by a Caliph..
• Spain broke off, and a separate Caliphate was established there.
Later Egypt broke off and established a separate Caliphate. Soon
other pieces broke off.
• The main Muslim Empire continued to be ruled from Baghdad.
WHO WERE THE TURKS?
• 900sAD-Nomadic people called the
Turks from the steppes of central
Asia moved into the Middle East.
They converted to Islam
• Turks settled near Baghdad, and
became soldiers for the Abbasid
Caliph.
• Gradually, the Turks became more
powerful, and the leader of the
Turks, called the Sultan, had the real
power and the position of Caliph
became symbolic, but the Caliphate
continued.
The Crusades-A SUMMARY
• The Turks started taking over land in what is now
Asia Minor, and the Byz. Emperor asked the Pope for
help
• From 1095AD-1295AD, Christian knights fought a
series of wars against the Turks & other Muslims of
the Middle East.
• Goals: protect Byz. Empire; gain control of the Holy
land.
• The Christians won some victories, and temporarily
gained control the Holy Land (including Palestine &
the city of Jerusalem
• 1100s: A great Muslim leader named Saladin led
Muslim forces in regaining Jerusalem.
• By 1295, all of the Holy Land (including Palestine &
Jerusalem) was again under Muslim control.
CRUSADES-A LITTLE MORE DETAIL
• There were 8 main Crusades.
• In the 1st Crusade, the Christian
Crusaders succeeded in
capturing the Holy Land,
including Jerusalem.
• They set up 4 “kingdoms” where
Christians and Muslims lived
side by side in uneasy peace for
a time.
Crusades-a little more detail
• Between the 2nd and 3rd Crusades, a
Muslim leader named Saladin arose,
rallied the Muslim forces, and took
back Jerusalem.
• The 3rd Crusade was launched to try
to get Jerusalem and the
surrounding land back in Christian
hands.
• Leader of the Crusaders: King
Richard of England; Leader of the
Muslims: Saladin
A little more about the Crusades
• The 3rd Crusade ended in a treaty.
Jerusalem would remain in Muslim
hands, and several other cities would
remain in Christian hands. Christians
would be allowed to visit holy places in
Jerusalem.
• Unfortunately, the Crusades didn’t end
here. After the deaths of Saladin and
Richard, both sides broke the treaty
and they were fighting again.
END RESULT OF THE CRUSADES
• By 1295, at the end of
the Crusades, all the
Holy Land was back in
Muslim hands.
MORE TROUBLE-THE MONGOLS
In 1258, Mongols
under Hulagu
Khan, a grandson
of Genghiz Khan,
invaded and
destroyed much
of Baghdad. This
ended the
Abbasid
Caliphate.
.
Ottoman Turks
• The Ottoman Turks were a later
group of Turks that gained power
and established an empire. The
Ottoman Turks expelled the
Mongols, and took control of the
Middle East.
• The Empire of the Ottoman Turks
became the dominant power in the
Middle East
• The Ottoman Turks captured
Constantinople in 1453, renamed it
Istanbul, and it became the capital of
the Ottoman Empire.
TRADE in the Muslim Empire
• Trade was very important in the Muslim world: Arabs
had been traders for centuries. Muhammad had been
a trader.
• Muslim Empire located between Europe, Africa & Asia.
• Goods produced and sold included woven tapestries
and carpets, steel swords (from Damascus & Toledo in
Spain), Jewelry, perfume, spices; fine leather goods
EXCHANGE OF IDEAS
• Muslims exchanged ideas with other cultures, as well as
trading with them.
• Many Europeans of the Middle Ages regarded the Muslim
world as more advanced in science & in areas like banking
& commerce.
• Muslim ideas came into Europe from Spain and Sicily,
which were the parts of the Muslim world with which
Europeans had the most contact.
• Often Jewish scholars, who had contact with both, carried
the ideas of Muslim scholars into Europe.
GOVERNMENT
• At first, there was one Muslim Empire, with
one Caliph
• During the Abbasid Dynasty, Spain and later
Egypt & North Africa broke off. So there
were 3 Caliphates, with 3 Caliphs, one in
Baghdad, one in Cordoba (Spain) and one
in Cairo (Egypt)
• There was no separation of government
and religion. All Muslims followed the
Qur’an and the Sharia, which was the book
of laws based on the teachings of Islam
Government, Society & Daily life
• There was no separation of government
and religion. All Muslims followed the
Qur’an and the Sharia, which was the book
of laws based on the teachings of Islam
• The Qur’an & Sharia gave detailed
instructions on how society should be
organized, and how people should live their
daily lives.
Society
• Slavery was common, but followed rules: A
Muslim could not take another Muslim as a slave.
• However, if a slave converted to Islam after
he/she had been made a slave, he/she was not
set free, but his/her children would be free.
children of the master with a female slave were
free;
• Qur’an encouraged but did not require Muslims
to free slaves, and required them to treat slaves
humanely
Society-family
• Family was the core of Muslim daily life
• Respected the elderly
• Everyone in the family had roles & duties; fatherto support the family; mother to care for the
home and children;
• Marriages were usually arranged, but both the
man and woman had the right to refuse.
• The husband was required to give the wife a
marriage gift of property or money.
• Men could have up to 4 wives, but had to support
them all equally
Society-Women
• Qur’an improved the status of women &
gave them more rights than under
traditional Arabic law
• Rights of women: right to an education; to
inherit and own property; if she was
divorced, she kept her property and could
remarry.
• Later, in some Muslim cultures, women
began to be secluded and lost some rights,
but this was because of culture, not
religion.
Society-Education
• The family and the mosque usually took
responsibility for education
• The ability to speak well was important
• The ability to read was encouraged, so one
could read the Qur’an
• Many people memorized large portions, or
all, of the Qur’an
• Some governments supported schools &
libraries, including advanced schools for
science, medicine, math & law
Sciences
• As they conquered lands and traded,
Muslims got ideas from many places,
including:
– India-Mathematics & Astronomy
– China-paper making
– Greece (Byzantine Empire)-Ancient Greek
Philosophy & science. Also architecture
(domes, etc).
• Muslims built on these ideas, added many
new ones, and excelled at science,
medicine and math
Medicine
• Built on the work of Greek & Byzantine
physicians
• Muslim physicians:
– Developed and prepared medical drugs, &
developed techniques, such as distillation
– Used dissection to study anatomy
– Learned to correctly diagnose many diseases
• Muslim medical practices were much more
advanced than in Europe at the time.
Medicine In Baghdad
• Baghdad:
– Doctors had to pass
an examination.
– World’s first school of
pharmacy
– One of the world’s
first public hospitals
Al Qasim
• Abu al-Qasim
– Practiced in Cordoba, Spain
– Developed surgical techniques
– Invented about 200 surgical
instruments, including scalpels,
forceps, a better needle, use of
catgut for stitching.
– Wrote & illustrated one of the
most important books on
surgical techniques.
Medicine & famous doctors.
• Al Razi:
– chief physician at hospital in Baghdad in 900s; first
to study and clearly describe smallpox and
measles;
•
IBN SINA
• Ibn Sina
– Persian. wrote
“Canon of
Medicine” , the
most important
medical book
used for
hundreds of
years
– Called “Avicena”
by Europeans.
Geography
• Studied Greek & Byzantine maps &
improved them
• Al-Idrisi sent people to other countries, had
them draw maps, and then combined them
to make larger, more accurate maps
• Adopted and improved a Greek invention
called the astrolabe which allowed
observers to determine the angle of the
sun or stars above the horizon, and then
this information was used to determine
latitude.
Map of Al Idrisi (Europe, North
Africa, Asia)
http://www.astrolabes.org/marine
r.htm
MATH
• “Arabic numerals”
– About 800AD, Muslim traders learned a new number system
from India, in which any number could be expressed using the
digits 0-9. The numbers also had “place value”. This was the
ancestor of our number system.
– When Europeans learned this system from Muslims, they
called this number system “Arabic numerals”
Math, continued
• Al-Khwarizmi developed algebra as we know
it. He called it al-jabr—algebra--which means
“restoring an unknown”.
Islamic Art
• The Qur’an forbids using images to show
God.
• Islamic teaching also discourages pictures
of humans or animals in religious art (they
were permitted in purely non-religious art).
• Muslim artists developed forms of art that
did not involve people or animals:
– Calligraphy-beautiful writing of Arabic verses
from the Qu’ran
– “Arabesque”-geometric & floral designs for
decoration
Calligraphy- beautiful writing,
usually arabic writing from the
Qu’ran
Calligraphy
Calligraphy
Calligraphy
Arabesque
Arabesque
Arabesque
Rugs, including Prayer Rugs
• Prayer Rugs are used for kneeling in prayer 5
times a day
• Placed on the floor so the arch in the design
points toward Mecca
• Also elaborate rugs and carpets were woven
and used for non-religious purposes.
Architecture-Mosques
• Architecture became one of the greates
forms of Islamic Art
• Inspired by Byzantine Architecture
• Included mosques, palaces, libraries, but
the most famous examples were mosques
Mosques
• The first mosques were modeled after
Muhammad’s private courtyard in Medina,
where he led community prayer
• The early mosques were simple, open
courtyards, but gradually became more
elaborate
• Often mosques were used not only as
religious centers, but also as community
centers and schools.
Mosques
• Interior
– Large space for prayer-very little furniture
– Niche that faces Mecca
• Exterior
– Minarets – towers
– Dome on top (often, but not always)
g
Literature
• Qur’an itself is beautiful literature
• Islamic writers also produced beautiful poetry
• Most famous collection of stories: “1001
Nights”
“The Thousand and One Nights”
• Main story-Scheherazade uses talent for
telling to avoid being executed by the cruel
Sultan
• Stories within the story include: Aladdin,
Sinbad, Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves”
Mosques-Great Mosque of
Cordoba, Spain
“Blue Mosque” - Istanbul
“Blue
Mosque” Istanbul
“Blue Mosque”