Download CHAPTER 13: EVOLUTION AND NATURAL SELECTION → Lecture

CHAPTER 13: EVOLUTION AND NATURAL SELECTION  Lecture 07
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Charles Darwin: HMS Beagle expedition, Galapagos, “On the Origin of Species”
Evolution: evidence for evolution in fossil record (transitional forms)
Homologous structures
Be able to read an evolutionary tree (Ex: Lecture07 slide 10 - name all types of
organisms on the tree that have an amnion)
Genetic variation: how does it relate to evolution/natural selection
Define a population’s gene pool
5 Mechanisms of evolution: understand and have examples handy
Bottleneck and founder effect
Natural selection
Adaptations
sexual selection (sexual dimorphism)
Stabilizing, directional and disruptive selection (define and have examples handy)
Heterozygote advantage
Artificial selection
Superbugs
VIDEO: “The Five Fingers of Evolution”
CHAPTER 14: BIOLOGICAL SPECIES AND SPECIATION  Lecture 08_01
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Biological species
Speciation
How are species maintained (i.e. hybrids deterred)
pre-zygotic barriers to interbreeding
pre-zygotic barriers to interbreeding
Mechanisms of speciation: allopatric vs. sympatric
Adaptive radiation
Hybrids, hybrid zones and outcomes of hybrid zones
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CHAPTER 15: ORIGIN OF LIFE  Lecture 08_01 & Lecture 08_02
 Hypothesis for life from abiotic synthesis; what was the first life like?
 Geological record: definition and uses
 Theory of plate tectonics (and diagram of eath’s core, manthle and crust that I drew on
the chalkboard)
 Continental drift
 Extinctions
 Adaptive radiations
 Cretacean extinction
 Evidence for a current 6th mass extinction
 Homeotic genes and development
 Exaptations
 Taxonomy: King Phillip Came Over From Greece Singing
 Genus species (Ex: Homo sapiens)
 analogies vs. homologies
 Molecular systematics and genome sequencing
CHAPTER 17: PLANT & FUNGAL EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY  Lecture 09_01
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Land plant ancestor
Alternation of generations (plant life cycle)
Spores, sporangia, gametophyte, sporophyte, sperm, egg
Order of evolution, traits, life history, reproduction, habitats, adaptations for land (or
lack of adaptations) for:
Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms (Nonvascular, Seedless Vascular and
Seeded vascular plants)
The carboniferous period
Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms
Stigma, ovary, carpel, stamen, ovule, fruit
Pollination vs. fertilization
Types of pollination strategies
Fungal ancestor
How do fungi reproduce (which is the reproductive structure)
Hyphae, mycelium
Fungal food strategies (parasite vs decomposer vs symbiont  explain and give
examples)
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CHAPTER 18: INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY  Lecture 09_01_ 09_02
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Common ancestor of all invertebrates
Radial vs. bilateral symmetry
Ventral vs. dorsal and anterior vs posterior
Order of evolution, traits: true tissues, radial symmetry etc.
Animal development
deuterostomes vs. protostomes
Features of major invertebrate phyla
Ecdysis
Evolutionary adaptations of insects
Ecosystem services of invertebrates
VIDEO: “How Parasites Change Their Hosts Behavior”
CHAPTER 19: VERTEBRATE DIVERSITY  Lecture 11_01
 Order of evolution, traits, , adaptations for land (or lack of adaptations) for:
Craniates, jawed vertebrates, ray finned fishes, bony fishes, lobed finned fishes,
tetrapods, amniotes, mammals
 Monotremes vs marsupials vs eutherians
 Evolution and traits of primates leading to humans
 Apes vs. humans
 Hominins
 Genus Australopithecus vs. Genus Homo
 Homo erectus vs. Homo neanderthalensis vs. Homo sapiens
VIDEO: “The Coelacanth: A living fossil of a fish”
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CHAPTER 34&36: BIOMES AND POPULATION ECOLOGY  Lecture 10_02
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Cause of regional vs. seasonal climate
Ocean habitats: intertidal, photic, aphotic, benthic, pelagic, continental shelf
Estuaries vs wetlands
Freshwater biomes
Geographic distribution (i.e. polar vs tropical vs temperate and only northern or only
southern hemisphere) and traits of biomes from lecture
Population ecology: density, dispersion patterns
bioaccumulation
Be able to understand a life table and calculate survival knowing population size and
death rate
Type I vs type II vs Type III survival w/ examples
Exponential vs logistical growth
Density dependence vs. density independence (examples)
Trends in human population : explain the demographic transition we are going through
VIDEO “Hans Rosling on Global Population Growth”
CHAPTER 37: COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS  Lecture 11_01
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Competition vs. mutualism vs predation vs herbivory vs parasitism
Coevolution
Trophic structure
Understand food webs and the role of each trophic level in sustaining a balanced
ecosystem
direct vs. indirect effects in food webs (zebra example)
species diversity = richness + relative abundance (be able to calculate richness and
relative abundance given a picture of a community!)
Why is diversity important?
Keystone species (seastar example)
Primary ecological succession vs Secondary ecological succession
Affects of invasive species (w/ examples)
Abiotic reservoirs for P, C and N
Why P, C and N are important in ecosystems
Energy flow in food webs
Sources of N in ecosystems
Eutrophication
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VIDEO “Rethinking Progress”
CHAPTER 38: CONSERVATION BIOLOGY  Lecture 11_02
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Ecosystem vs species vs genetic diversity
Threats to biodiversity (in order of importance)
Effects of habitat loss
Effects of invasive species
Effects of overharvesting
Effects of pollution
Summarize global climate change: what is it? How can it affect biodiversity?
Indicators of climate change
Effects of climate change
Spp. Susceptibility to climate change
Conservation biology at spp. Vs. ecosystem level
Movement corridors, protected areas, marine protected areas, y2y
Grey wolf conservation past to present
Restoration ecology (types and examples)
VIDEO: “Why is biodiversity so important?”
SUMMARY OF PAST CHECK-INS FOR YOUR REVIEWING PLEASURE:
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How are closely related species prevented from interbreeding? Give an example.
What are “Superbugs” and how can you prevent their populations from increasing?
What is the difference between a homology and an analogy?
How did the evolution of a vascular system (xylem and phloem) allow plants to better
adapt to life on land?
Insects make up 75% of the animal kingdom. Why are insects so successful?
Population growth occurs when birth rates exceed death rates. Give an example of how
density dependence can affect birth or death rates. Describe how this can affect
population growth.
Based on the concepts of succession and food webs, describe the types of plants and
animals you would expect to see in the recently burned area of SB after 1 year and after
20 years.
Are organisms with type I or type III more susceptible to extinction due to global climate
change? Explain why.
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