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Chapter 10: Blood and Immunity
Chapter Objectives
 Composition of the blood plasma.
 Functions of the three types of blood
cells.
 Blood types.
 Immunity and the possible sources of
immunity.
 Roots and suffixes pertaining to the
blood and immunity
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Key Terms
agranulocytes
A white blood cell that does not have visible granules in its cytoplasm.
Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes
albumin
A simple protein found in blood plasma
antibody
A protein produced in response to, and interacting specifically with, an
antigen
antigen
A substance that induces the formation of an antibody
B cell
A lymphocyte that matures in lymphoid tissue and is active in producing
antibodies; B lymphocyte (LIM-fō-si-t)
band cell
An immature neutrophil with a nucleus in the shape of a band; also called
a stab cell. Band cell counts are used to trace infections and other
diseases
basophil
A granular leukocyte that stains with basic dyes; active in allergic
reactions
blood
The fluid that circulates in the cardiovascular system (root: hem/o,
hemat/o)
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Key Terms (cont’d)
coagulation
Blood clotting
cross-matching
Testing the compatibility of donor and recipient blood in preparation
for a transfusion. Donor red cells are mixed with recipient serum, and
red cells of the recipient are mixed with donor serum to look for an
immunologic reaction. Similar tests are done on tissues before
transplantation
electrolyte
A substance that separates into charged particles (ions) in solution; a
salt. Term also applied to ions in body fluids
eosinophil
A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic dyes; active in allergic
reactions and defense against parasites
erythrocyte
A red blood cell (root: erythr/o, erythrocyt/o)
erythropoietin
(EPO)
A hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates red-blood-cell
production in the bone marrow. This hormone is now made by genetic
engineering for clinical use
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Key Terms (cont’d)
fibrin
The protein that forms a clot in the process of blood coagulation
fibrinogen
The inactive precursor of fibrin
formed elements
The cellular components of blood
gamma globulin
The fraction of the blood plasma that contains antibodies; given for
passive transfer of immunity
granulocytes
A white blood cell that has visible granules in its cytoplasm.
Granulocytes include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
hemoglobin (Hb,
Hgb)
The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen
hemostasis
The stoppage of bleeding
immunity
The state of being protected against a specific disease (root:
immun/o)
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Key Terms (cont’d)
immunoglobulin (Ig)
An antibody. Immunoglobulins fall into five classes, each
abbreviated with a capital letter: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE.
leukocyte
A white blood cell (root: leuk/o, leukocyt/o)
lymphocyte
An agranular leukocyte active in immunity (T cells and B cells);
found in both the blood and in lymphoid tissue (root: lymph/o,
lymphocyt/o)
megakaryocyte
A large bone marrow cell that fragments to release platelets
macrophage
A phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte; usually located within
the tissues. Macrophages process antigens for T cells.
monocyte
An agranular phagocytic leukocyte
neutrophil
A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic or basic dyes. The most
numerous of the white blood cells. A type of phagocyte.
phagocytosis
The engulfing of foreign material by white blood cells
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Key Terms (cont’d)
plasma
The liquid portion of the blood
plasma cell
A mature form of a B cell that produces antibodies
platelet
A formed element of the blood that is active in hemostasis; a
thrombocyte (root: thrombocyt/o)
serum
The fraction of the plasma that remains after blood coagulation; it is
the equivalent of plasma without its clotting factors (plural: sera,
serums)
T cell
A lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland and attacks foreign
cells directly; T lymphocyte
thrombocyte
A blood platelet (root: thrombocyt/o)
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Key Terms
Disorders
AIDS (acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome)
Failure of the immune system caused by infection with HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus). The virus infects certain T cells and thus
interferes with immunity.
allergen
A substance that causes an allergic response
allergy
Hypersensitivity
anaphylactic reaction
An exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance (root
phylaxis means. “protection”). It may lead to death caused by
circulatory collapse, and respiratory distress if untreated. Also
called anaphylaxis
anemia
A deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood; may result
from blood loss, malnutrition, a hereditary defect, environmental
factors, and other causes
angioedema
A localized edema with large hives (wheals) similar to urticaria but
involving deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
aplastic anemia
Anemia caused by bone marrow failure resulting in deficient bloodcell production, especially of red cells; pancytopenia
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
autoimmune
disease
A condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against
an individual's own tissues (prefix auto means “self”)
Cooley anemia
A form of thalassemia (hereditary anemia) which affects production of
the β (beta) hemoglobin chain; thalassemia major
delayed
hypersensitivity
reaction
An allergic reaction involving T cells that takes at least 12 hours to
develop. Examples are various types of contact dermatitis, such as
poison ivy or poison oak; the tuberculin reaction (test for TB); and
rejections of transplanted tissue
disseminated
intravascular
coagulation (DIC)
Widespread formation of clots in the microscopic vessels; may be
followed by bleeding caused by depletion of clotting factors
ecchymosis
A collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small
vessels (root chym means “juice”)
hemolysis
The rupture of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin
(adjective: hemolytic)
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
hemophilia
A hereditary blood disease caused by lack of a clotting factor
and resulting in abnormal bleeding
HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus)
The virus that causes AIDS
Hodgkin disease
A neoplastic disease of unknown cause that involves the lymph
nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues; characterized by the
presence of giant Reed-Sternberg cells
hypersensitivity
An immunologic reaction to a substance that is harmless to most
people; allergy
immunodeficiency
A congenital or acquired failure of the immune system to protect
against disease
intrinsic factor
A substance produced in the stomach that aids in the absorption
of vitamin B12, necessary for the manufacture of red blood cells.
Lack of intrinsic factor causes pernicious anemia
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
Kaposi sarcoma
Cancerous lesion of the skin and other tissues, seen most often in
patients with AIDS
leukemia
Malignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells; may be chronic
or acute; may affect bone marrow (myelogenous leukemia) or
lymphoid tissue (lymphocytic leukemia)
lymphadenopathy
Any disease of the lymph nodes
multiple myeloma
A tumor of the blood-forming tissue in bone marrow
non-Hodgkin
lymphoma (NHL)
A widespread malignant disease of lymph nodes that involves
lymphocytes. It differs from Hodgkin disease in that giant ReedSternberg cells are absent.
Philadelphia
chromosome (Ph)
An abnormal chromosome found in the cells of most individuals with
chronic granulocytic (myelogenous) leukemia
pernicious anemia
Anemia caused by failure of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor,
a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12. This vitamin is
required for the formation of erythrocytes.
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
petechiae
Pinpoint, flat, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding within the skin or
mucous membrane (singular: petechia)
purpura
A condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin, mucous
membranes, internal organs, and other tissues (from Greek word
meaning “purple”). Thrombocytopenic purpura is caused by a
deficiency of platelets.
sideroblastic
anemia
Anemia caused by inability to use available iron to manufacture
hemoglobin. The excess iron precipitates in normoblasts (developing
red blood cells)
Sjögren syndrome
An autoimmune disease involving dysfunction of the exocrine glands
and affecting secretion of tears, saliva, and other body fluids.
Deficiency leads to dry mouth, tooth decay, corneal damage, eye
infections, and difficulty in swallowing.
sickle cell anemia
A hereditary anemia caused by the presence of abnormal
hemoglobin. Red blood cells become sickle shaped and interfere with
normal blood flow to the tissues. Most common in black populations
of West African descent.
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen
systemic lupus
erythematosus
Inflammatory connective tissue disease affecting the skin and multiple
organs. Patients are sensitive to light and may have a red butterflyshaped rash over the nose and cheeks
systemic sclerosis
A diffuse disease of connective tissue that may involve any system
causing inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. Also called
scleroderma because it causes thickening of the skin
thalassemia
A group of hereditary anemias mostly found in populations of
Mediterranean descent (the name comes from the Greek word for
“sea”)
thrombocytopenia
A deficiency of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood
urticaria
A skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions (wheals) with
itching; hives
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Key Terms
Diagnosis and Treatment
adrenaline
See epinephrine
CD4+ T lymphocyte
count
A count of the T cells that have the CD4 receptors for the AIDS virus
(HIV). A count of less than 200/µL of blood signifies severe
immunodeficiency.
epinephrine
A powerful stimulant produced by the adrenal gland and sympathetic
nervous system. Activates the cardiovascular, respiratory, and other
systems needed to meet stress. Used as a drug to treat severe
allergic reactions and shock. Also called adrenaline.
reticulocyte counts
Blood counts of reticulocytes, a type of immature red blood cell;
reticulocyte counts are useful in diagnosis to indicate the rate of
erythrocyte formation
Reed-Sternberg
cells
Giant cells that are characteristic of Hodgkin disease. They usually
have two large nuclei and are surrounded by a halo
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Supplementary Terms
Normal Structure and Function
agglutination
The clumping of cells or particles in the presence of specific
antibodies
bilirubin
A pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin. It is eliminated
by the liver in bile
complement
A group of plasma enzymes that interacts with antibodies
corpuscle
A small mass or body. A blood corpuscle is a blood cell
hemopoietic stem
cell
A primitive bone marrow cell that gives rise to all varieties of blood
cells
heparin
A substance found throughout the body that inhibits blood
coagulation; an anticoagulant
plasmin
An enzyme that dissolves clots; also called fibrinolysin
thrombin
The enzyme derived from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to
fibrin
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Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions
agranulocytosis
A condition involving a decrease in the number of granulocytes in the
blood; also called granulocytopenia
erythrocytosis
Increase in the number of red cells in the blood; may be normal,
such as to compensate for life at high altitudes, or abnormal, such as
in cases of pulmonary or cardiac disease
Fanconi syndrome
Congenital aplastic anemia that appears between birth and 10 years
of age; may be hereditary or caused by damage before birth, as by a
virus
graft-versus-host
reaction (GVHR)
An immunologic reaction of transplanted lymphocytes against tissues
of the host; a common complication of bone marrow transplantation.
hairy-cell leukemia
A form of leukemia in which cells have filaments, making them look
“hairy”
hematoma
A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, caused by a break in a
blood vessel
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Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
hemolytic disease of the
newborn (HDN)
Disease that results from incompatibility between the blood of a
mother and her fetus, usually involving Rh factor. An Rhnegative mother produces antibody to an Rh-positive fetus that,
in later pregnancies, will destroy the red cells of an Rh-positive
fetus. The problem is usually avoided by treating the mother with
antibodies to remove the Rh antigen; erythroblastosis fetalis
hemosiderosis
A condition involving the deposition of an iron-containing
pigment (hemosiderin) mainly in the liver and the spleen. The
pigment comes from hemoglobin released from disintegrated red
blood cells.
idiopathic
thrombocytopenic
purpura (ITP)
A clotting disorder caused by destruction of platelets that usually
follows a viral illness. Causes petechiae and hemorrhages into
the skin and mucous membranes.
infectious
mononucleosis
An acute infectious disease caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).
Characterized by fever, weakness, lymphadenopathy,
hepatosplenomegaly, and atypical lymphocytes (resembling
monocytes)
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Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
lymphocytosis
An increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes
myelodysplastic syndrome
Bone marrow dysfunction resulting in anemia and deficiency
of neutrophils and platelets. May develop in time into
leukemia; preleukemia
myelofibrosis
Condition in which bone marrow is replaced with fibrous tissue
neutropenia
A decrease in the number of neutrophils with increased
susceptibility to infection. Causes include drugs, irradiation,
and infection. May be a side effect of treatment for malignancy
pancytopenia
A decrease in all cells of the blood, as in aplastic anemia
polycythemia
Any condition in which there is a relative increase in the
percent of red blood cells in whole blood. May result from
excessive production of red cells because of lack of oxygen,
as caused by high altitudes, breathing obstruction, heart
failure, or certain forms of poisoning. Apparent polycythemia
results from concentration of the blood, as by dehydration
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Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
polycythemia vera
A condition in which overactive bone marrow produces too
many red blood cells. These interfere with circulation and
promote thrombosis and hemorrhage. Treated by blood
removal. Also called erythremia, Vaquez–Osler disease
septicemia
Presence of microorganisms in the blood
spherocytic anemia
Hereditary anemia in which red blood cells are round instead
of disk-shaped and rupture (hemolyze) excessively
thrombotic
An often-fatal disorder in which multiple clots form in blood
thrombocytopenic purpura vessels
(TTP)
von Willebrand disease
A hereditary bleeding disease caused by lack of von
Willebrand factor, a substance necessary for blood clotting
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Key Terms
Diagnosis
Bence Jones protein
A protein that appears in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma
Coombs test
A test for detection of antibodies to red blood cells such as appear in
cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemias
electrophoresis
Separation of particles in a liquid by application of an electrical field;
used to separate components of blood.
ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A highly sensitive
immunologic test used to diagnose HIV infection, hepatitis, and
Lyme disease, among others.
monoclonal antibody A pure antibody produced in the laboratory; used for diagnosis and
treatment
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Key Term
Diagnosis (cont’d)
pH
A scale that measures the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Represents the amount of hydrogen ion in the solution
Schilling test
Test used to determine absorption of vitamin B12 by measuring
excretion of radioactive B12 in the urine. Used to distinguish
pernicious from nutritional anemia
seroconversion
The appearance of antibodies in the serum in response to a
disease or an immunization
Western blot assay
A very sensitive test used to detect small amounts of antibodies in
the blood
Wright stain
A commonly used blood stain
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Key Terms
Treatment
anticoagulant
An agent that prevents or delays blood coagulation
antihistamine
A drug that counteracts the effects of histamine and is used to
treat allergic reactions.
apheresis
A procedure in which blood is withdrawn, a portion is separated
and retained, and the remainder is returned to the donor.
Apheresis may be used as a suffix with a root meaning the fraction
retained, such as plasmapheresis, leukapheresis.
autologous blood
A person's own blood. May be donated in advance of surgery and
transfused if needed.
cryoprecipitate
A sediment obtained by cooling. The fraction obtained by freezing
blood plasma contains clotting factors.
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Key Terms
Treatment (cont’d)
desensitization
Treatment of allergy by small injections of the offending allergen.
This causes an increase of antibody to destroy the antigen
rapidly on contact
homologous blood
Blood from animals of the same species, such as human blood
used for transfusion from one person to another. Blood used for
transfusions must be compatible with the blood of the recipient
immunosuppression
Depression of the immune response. May be correlated with
disease but also may be induced therapeutically to prevent
rejection in cases of tissue transplantation
protease inhibitor
An anti-HIV drug that acts by inhibiting an enzyme the virus
needs to multiply
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Abbreviations
Ab
Antibody
Ag
Antigen
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ALL
Acute lymphoblastic (lymphocytic) leukemia
AML
Acute myeloblastic (myelogenous) leukemia
APTT
Activated partial thromboplastin time
BT
Bleeding time
CBC
Complete blood count
CLL
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CML
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
crit
Hematocrit
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
DIC
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
diff
Differential count
EBV
Epstein–Barr virus
ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EPO
Erythropoietin
ESR
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
FFP
Fresh frozen plasma
Hb, Hgb
Hemoglobin
Hct, Ht
Hematocrit
HDN
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
IF
Intrinsic factor
Ig
Immunoglobulin
ITP
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
lytes
Electrolytes
MCH
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
MCHC
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
mcL
Microliter
MCV
Mean corpuscular volume
MDS
Myelodysplastic syndrome
mEq
Milliequivalent
NHL
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
PCV
Packed cell volume
pH
Scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration (acidity or
alkalinity)
Ph
Philadelphia chromosome
PMN
Polymorphonuclear (neutrophil)
poly
Neutrophil
polymorph
Neutrophil
PT
Pro time; prothrombin time
PTT
Partial thromboplastin time
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
RBC
Red blood cell; red-blood-cell count
seg
Neutrophil
SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus
T(C)T
Thrombin (clotting) time
TTP
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
vWF
von Willebrand factor
WBC
White blood cell; white blood (cell) count
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Suffixes for Blood
Suffix
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
-emia,*
-hemia
condition of blood
polycythemia
increase in cells (cyt) in
the blood
-penia
decrease in,
deficiency of
cytopenia
deficiency of cells in the
blood
-poiesis
formation, production
hemopoiesis
production of blood cells
*A shortened form of the root hem plus the suffix -ia.
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Blood Plasma
• 90% water
• Rest contains:
–
Nutrients
–
Electrolytes (dissolved salts)
–
Gases
–
Albumin (protein)
–
Clotting factors
–
Antibodies
–
Wastes
–
Enzymes
–
Hormones
• Relative acidity (pH) steady at 7.4
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Blood Cells
• Produced in red
bone marrow
• Three kinds:
– 1) Red = erythrocytes
– 2) White = leukocytes
– 3) Platelets = thrombocytes
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Erythrocytes
• Main function: carry oxygen to cells
• Most numerous of blood cells
• Short lifespan (120 days) requires constant replacement
• Production regulated by erythropoietin (hormone made in
kidneys)
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Leukocytes
• Five different types:
– Granulocytes
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
– Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
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Leukocytes (cont’d)
• Protect against foreign substances
• Relative numbers of each different for different disease
conditions
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Platelets
• Important for hemostasis
• Most active during coagulation
– Stick together to plug injury site
– Interact with clotting factors in plasma to make
wound-sealing clot
– Convert fibrinogen to threads of fibrin
– Threads of fibrin trap blood cells and plasma to make
clot
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Blood Types
• Determined by genetically inherited proteins
• Most familiar groups are ABO and Rh
– Type A, B, AB, O
– Rh-positive, Rh-negative
• Important to match for blood transfusions
• Compatible types determined by cross-matching
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Immunity
• Protection against disease
• Innate:
– Based on genetic makeup
– Include:
• Unbroken skin
• Cilia
• Mucus
• Bactericidal body secretions
• Reflexes
• Lymphoid tissue
• Phagocytes
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Immunity (cont’d)
• Adaptive:
– Acquired during life, specific to disease organism
– T cells
– B cells
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Roots for Blood and Immunity
Root
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
myel/o
bone marrow
myelogenous
originating in bone marrow
hem/o, hemat/o
blood
hemopathy
any disorder of blood
erythr/o,
erythrocyt/o
red blood cell
erythroblast
immature red blood cell
leuk/o, leukocyt/o
white blood cell
leukocytosis
increase in the number of
leukocytes in the blood
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Roots for Blood and Immunity (cont’d)
Root
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
lymph/o,
lymphocyt/o
lymphocyte
lymphocytic
pertaining to
lymphocytes
thromb/o
blood clot
thrombolytic
pertaining to
lymphocytes
thrombocyt/o
platelet,
thrombocyte
thrombocytopoiesis
formation of platelets
immun/o
immunity, immune immunization
system
production of immunity
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Types of Adaptive Immunity
• Natural Adaptive:
– Active: contact with disease organism
– Passive: transfer of antibodies
• Naturally (placenta or mother’s milk)
• Artificial Adaptive:
– Active: vaccine
– Passive: immune serum
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Roots for Chemistry
Root
Meaning
Example
Definition of Example
azot/o
nitrogenous
compounds
azoturia
increased nitrogenous
compounds in the urine (-uria)
calc/i
calcium (symbol
Ca)
calcification
deposition of calcium salts
ferr/o, ferr/i
iron (symbol Fe)
ferrous
pertaining to or containing iron
sider/o
iron
sideroderma
deposition of iron into the skin
kali
potassium
(symbol K)
hyperkalemia*
excess of potassium in the
blood
natri
sodium (symbol
Na)
natriuresis
excretion of sodium in the
urine (ur/o)
ox/y
oxygen (symbol
O)
hypoxia
deficiency of oxygen in the
tissues
* The i in the root is dropped.
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Clinical Aspects: Blood
• Anemia
– Decrease in hemoglobin in blood
– Can result from:
• Too few red blood cells
• Cells are too small
• Too little hemoglobin
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Clinical Aspects: Blood (cont’d)
• Key tests involve blood counts, mean corpuscular
volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
• Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, heart
palpitations, pallor, irritability
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Anemia Due to Impaired Production
• Aplastic anemia = destruction of bone marrow
– May be caused by drugs, toxins, viruses, radiation,
or bone marrow cancer
• Nutritional anemia (includes pernicious anemia) =
deficiency of vitamin B12
– Caused by iron deficiency
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Anemia Due to Impaired Production
(cont’d)
• Pernicious anemia = lack of intrinsic factor
• Sideroblastic anemia = body doesn’t use iron properly
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Anemia Due to Destruction
• Hemorrhagic anemia
– Results from blood loss
• Thalassemia (includes Cooley anemia)
– Hereditary disease causing rupture of red cells
– Affects production of hemoglobin
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Anemia Due to Destruction (cont’d)
• Sickle cell anemia
– Mutation alters hemoglobin molecule
– Deformed cells block blood vessels
and prevent tissues from receiving
oxygen
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Coagulation Disorders
• Thrombocytopenia
– Deficiency in number of platelets
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation
– Widespread clotting, obstructing circulation to tissues
• Hemophilia
– Hereditary deficiency of specific clotting factor
– Sex-linked disease: Passed from mother to son
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Neoplasms
• Leukemia
– Rapidly dividing, but incompetent white blood cells
– Causes unknown, but may include radiation, heredity
– Symptoms: anemia, fatigue, easy bleeding,
splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
– Causes: exposure to radiation, hereditary, viral
infection
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Neoplasms (cont’d)
• Leukemia (cont’d)
– Categories: myelogenous, lymphocytic
• Acute
• Acute myeloblastic
• Acute lymphoblastic
• Chronic
• Chronic granulocytic
• Chronic lymphocytic
– Treatment includes: chemotherapy, radiation
therapy, bone marrow transplantation
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Neoplasms (cont’d)
• Hodgkin disease
–
Disease of lymphatic system that may spread
–
Contains Reed-Sternberg cells (giant cells in lymph nodes)
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
–
Also malignant enlargement of lymph nodes
–
More common, deadly than Hodgkin disease
• Multiple myeloma
–
Cancer of blood-forming cells in bone marrow
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Clinical Aspects: Immunity
• Hypersensitivity
–
Commonly known as allergy
–
More sensitive to allergens (pollen, dust)
• Anaphylactic reaction
–
Severe generalized allergic response
–
Must be treated with epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
–
Involves T cells and takes 12 hours for onset (poison ivy)
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Clinical Aspects: Immunity (cont’d)
• Immunodeficiency
– Any failure in immune system (AIDS)
• Starts with HIV infection
• Leaves individual susceptible to other infections
• Pneumocystis jirovicii pneumonia
• Thrush
• Cryptosporidium infections
• Kaposi sarcoma
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Clinical Aspects: Immunity (cont’d)
• Autoimmune disorder
– Immune response to own tissues
– Cause may be:
• Failure of immune system
• Body cells altered by mutation or disease
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Clinical Aspects: Immunity (cont’d)
• Autoimmune disorder (cont’d)
– Examples:
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Systemic sclerosis
• Sjögren syndrome
• Pernicious anemia
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Graves disease
• Fibromyalgia syndrome
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
1. Erythrocyte is the scientific name for a:
(a) white blood cell
(b) lymphocyte
(c) red blood cell
(d) muscle cell
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
1. Erythrocyte is the scientific name for a:
(a) white blood cell
(b) lymphocyte
(c) red blood cell
(d) muscle cell
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
2. Leukocyte is the scientific name for a(n):
(a) platelet
(b) embolus
(c) white blood cell
(d) neuron
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
2. Leukocyte is the scientific name for a(n):
(a) platelet
(b) embolus
(c) white blood cell
(d) neuron
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
3. Platelets, or thrombocytes, are involved in:
(a) inflammation
(b) digestion
(c) immunity
(d) blood clotting
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
3. Platelets, or thrombocytes, are involved in:
(a) inflammation
(b) digestion
(c) immunity
(d) blood clotting
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
4. The white blood cells active in immunity are the:
(a) hematids
(b) lymphocytes
(c) adipose cells
(d) chondrocytes
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
4. The white blood cells active in immunity are the:
(a) hematids
(b) lymphocytes
(c) adipose cells
(d) chondrocytes
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Pretest
5. Substances produced by immune cells that counteract
microorganisms and other foreign materials are called:
(a) antibodies
(b) antigens
(c) anticoagulants
(d) Rh factors
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
5. Substances produced by immune cells that counteract
microorganisms and other foreign materials are called:
(a) antibodies
(b) antigens
(c) anticoagulants
(d) Rh factors
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
6. A deficiency of hemoglobin results in the disorder called:
(a) hypertension
(b) chromatosis
(c) anemia
(d) hemophilia
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
6. A deficiency of hemoglobin results in the disorder called:
(a) hypertension
(b) chromatosis
(c) anemia
(d) hemophilia
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
7. A neoplastic overgrowth of white blood cells is called:
(a) anemia
(b) leukemia
(c) fibrosis
(d) cystitis
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
7. A neoplastic overgrowth of white blood cells is called:
(a) anemia
(b) leukemia
(c) fibrosis
(d) cystitis
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins