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Chapter 1: Anatomical Terminology and Body Movements Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Anatomical Position and Body Regions Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Planes of Reference Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directional Terms • Anterior (ventral): front • Posterior (dorsal): back • Superior (cephalad): closer to top of head • Inferior (caudal): closer to feet • Proximal: closer to trunk • Distal: farther from trunk Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directional Terms (cont’d) • Medial: closer to midline • Lateral: farther away from midline – Ipsilateral: on same side of body – Contralateral: on opposite side of body – Unilateral: only on one side – Bilateral: on both sides • Superficial: closer to surface of body • Deep: farther away from surface Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directional Terms (cont’d) Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements • Flexion – Bending (elbow, shoulder, wrist, neck, spine, knee, hip, ankle) – Usually a forward movement (except knee & toes) – Decreases angle between bones or body parts – Dorsiflexion: moving foot so that toes point toward nose – Plantarflexion: moving foot so that toes point toward ground – Lateral flexion: side bending Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) • Extension – Straightening (elbow, shoulder, wrist, neck, spine, knee, hip) – Usually a backward movement – Increases angle between bones or body parts – Hyperextension: extension past anatomical position Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) • Rotation – Movement around an axis (head, arm, thigh, trunk, forearm) – Supination: movement of hand & forearm laterally (palm up) – Pronation: movement of forearm & hand medially (palm down) • Abduction – Movement away from midline (arm, hip) • Adduction – Movement toward midline (arm, hip) Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) • Circumduction – Combination of 4 movements: • Abduction • Adduction • Extension • Flexion – Performed continuously so distal end of part traces a circle – Can only occur at joints that permit 4 movements listed – Occurs in shoulder, hip, knuckles Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) • Horizontal Abduction – Movement of arm along plane of horizon & away from body • Horizontal Adduction – Movement of arm in a horizontal plane across midline of body • Inversion of Foot – Soles of foot move toward midline of body • Eversion of Foot – Soles of foot move away from midline of body Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) • Elevation – Upward (superior) movement (scapula & mandible) • Depression – Downward (inferior) movement (scapula & mandible) • Protraction – Anterior (forward) movement (scapula & mandible) • Retraction – Posterior (backward) movement (scapula & mandible) Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) • Upward Rotation – Scapula moves so that glenoid fossa turns upward • Downward Rotation – Scapula moves so that glenoid fossa turns downward Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
