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Ch 23 Bacteria – 2013 Three Domains of Living Organisms Two Major Domains for Bacteria • • • • A domain is a _________________ There are ___ main groupings or domains of bacteria Domain 1 is ____________ Domain 2 is ____________ Domain Archaea • _________ than regular bacteria – __________ composition is different (no peptidoglycan) – Different _________________ – Different __________ in the cell membrane • Found in ____________ environments, such as swamps, salt lakes, and hot springs • 3 main groups Archaea group #1: Methanogens • • • • Bacteria that convert hydrogen gas and CO2 into ___________ gas Oxygen is ___________ to them, so they only live in _____________ environments (deep fresh water, marine mud, swamp mud, sewage) Methane is produced by them and bubbled out – __________________ Also found in the _____________ of cows and termites – Cow belches methane every day! – This is under research on how all this methane affects the environment Archaea Group #2: Halophiles • • • Prokaryotic cells Bacteria that are __________________ Live in environments that have very high salt concentrations, such as the ______________ and the Dead Sea • Normally high salt concentrations would kill bacteria, but these bacteria are ____________ to it Archaea Group #3: Thermoacidophiles Live in acidic environments that have very _______ temperatures, such as the hot springs at Yellowstone National Park • Can live up to _____ degrees Celsius and at a pH of less than 2 (normal bacteria can’t) • Also live near volcanic _______ on land or near hydrothermal vents called black smokers (cracks in ocean floor) Domain Bacteria • Prokaryotic cells • ___________ bacteria – Found in the ______, in the human body, symbiotically living in other organisms • Occur in many shapes and sizes • have ___ basic shapes – __________ (rod shaped) ex. E. Coli – __________ (circular shaped) • When in chains – _______________ • When in clumps - _______________ – _________ (spiral shaped) Gram Staining o Most species of bacteria are classified into two categories based on the structure of their cell walls as determined by a technique called the _________________ o ______________bacteria have a _______ layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, and they appear __________ under a microscope after the Gram-staining procedure. o _____________ bacteria have a _______ layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, and they appear ______________ under a microscope after the Gram-staining procedure. What is peptidoglycan? • A protein-carbohydrate compound found in bacteria _______________ (not archaea) Important Bacterial Groups • • Bacteria are also classified by their ________________ properties and _______________ relationships. ___ main groups – Proteobacteria – Gram Positive Bacteria – Cyanobacteria – Spirochetes – Chlamydia Proteobacteria • • ____________ and most diverse group Most of them live ________________ with other organisms – • • • • • • • Rhizobium – _______________ bacteria live in the nodules inside the roots of ____________ (pea & bean family) – Remember nitrogen fixing bacteria play an important role in the ____________ by doing ________________ – converting Nitrogen in atmosphere to ____________, which plants can use Some cause diseases in plants and animals Agrobacterium– causes tumors in ______________ Rickettsiae- causes rocky mounted spotted fever in humans Helicobacter pylori – causes stomach _________ Some are ____________ – live in human & animal intestines ______________________ – make vitamin K and help digestive enzymes break down food ______________________ – cause foodborne illnesses by invading the cells that line the intestines or by making toxins Gram Positive Bacteria • Most are gram positive, but not all • Can cause __________________ • Clostridium botulinum – causes __________ – Can be used in medicine to treat painful muscle spasms and erase frown lines • Causes milk to go _______ and make _______________ • Anthrax – could be used as a biological _________ • Actinomycetes - form branching filaments of ______________ • A lot of them grow in the soil and make ________________, which are chemicals that inhibit the growth of or kill microorganisms • Streptomycin, Tetracycline • Some can cause tuberculosis and _______________ (leprosy) Cyanobacteria • Use _________________ to get energy from the sunlight and make carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide in the air • Give off _____________ as a byproduct • Anabaena_grow in filaments and form _______________ – Heterocysts have enzymes to ______ nitrogen Are _________ resources for marine and freshwater ecosystems Spirochetes • • • • • • Gram _______________ __________ shaped Some are aerobic and some are anaerobic Live freely or as ____________ (cause disease) Can cause _____________ , a sexually transmitted infection Can cause __________________ Chlamydia • • • • Gram ________________ ____________ Live only __________________ (depend on them for protection and nutrients) No ____________________ • One species causes ______________, an STI Women • Only 30% of woman who have it have ______________ • Burning when urinating • ___________ pain or discharge • If untreated, can spread to uterus and cause infertility Men • 1 in ___ men will get it • Burning while urinating • Rectal pain or discharge • If untreated, can cause inflammation of the ____________ (pee hole) All Prokaryotes (Bacteria) have: • _______________ • _______________ • _______________ • _______________ Some have: • _______________ • _______________ • _______________ • ________________ Bacteria Cell Wall • Gives cell its __________ • ___________ cell from toxic substances • Made of _______________ (Eubacteria, not Archaebacteria) Bacteria Cell Membrane • Also called the ______________________ • ______________ (different for both kingdoms) • _____________ barrier • Many important _______________ functions occur here Bacteria Cytoplasm • Contains ___ organelles • Contains _____________ • Contains ______ • Contains small organic and inorganic molecules • Contains ions Bacterial DNA • _________ closed loop of double stranded DNA attached at one point to the cell membrane • • Is _____ enclosed in a nuclear membrane Some bacteria contain ___________, which are small circular self-replicating loops of double stranded DNA – They carry genes that enable the bacteria to cause _________ – They can also carry the genes to ____________ certain antibiotics Capsules • _________ covering of ___________________ • __________ cell from drying or harsh chemicals • Helps protect pathogenic bacteria from the host’s white blood cells • Some capsules are made up of a fuzzy coat of sticky sugars called a ____________, and this allows bacteria to stick to host cells Pili • Short ____________ protein structures on the surface of some bacteria • Help bacteria ____________ to each other and to surfaces Endospores • Thick coat _______________ structure • Forms when conditions become ___________ – High temperatures – Strong chemicals – Radiation – drying • Allows the cell’s _________ to survive • Usually gram ___________ bacteria have them Flagella • Long ____________ structures • Allow bacteria to _________ toward food or away from danger • Can have 1 or many flagella Nutrition and Metabolism • Prokaryotes obtain nutrients either from the nonliving environment or by utilizing the products or bodies of living organisms. – _______________ obtain carbon from other organisms. – _______________ obtain their carbon from CO2. – _______________ get energy from chemicals in the environment. Prokaryotic Habitats • Different prokaryotic species live in different environments. • Temperature requirements range from 0°C to 110°C. • Most prokaryotic species grow best at a __________ pH. Reproduction and Recombination • Genetic recombination in bacteria can occur by the following three ways: – _______________ (taking in DNA from the outside environment) – _______________ (exchanging DNA with other bacteria via pili) – _______________ (transmission of bacterial DNA via viruses). Bacteria and Health • Human diseases may result from ______________ or ____________ produced by bacteria or from the destruction of body tissues. – Endotoxins are toxic substances made of lipids and carbohydrates and are not released until the cell dies – Exotoxins are toxic substances that bacteria secrete into the environment Antibiotics • ____________ with certain cellular activities • _____________ blocks the ability to build a new cell wall • _______________ blocks protein synthesis • Made naturally by __________ and bacteria • Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics – Mutations – Overprescribing them Emerging Infectious Diseases Caused by Bacteria – The number of certain bacterial diseases has ____________ because of the increase in the number of antibiotic resistant bacteria, the movement of people into previously untouched areas, and global travel. ___________ – passing of a disease from animals to humans Food Hygiene and Bacteria – Foodborne illnesses can be avoided by selecting, storing, cooking, and handling food properly. – Frequent hand washing in _____, soapy water is also very important. Important Bacterial Diseases Bacteria in industry • Many ___________ of bacteria are used to produce and process different foods, to produce industrial chemicals, to mine for minerals, to produce insecticides, and to clean up chemical and oil spills. • Biologists have learned to harness bacteria to recycle compounds in a process called ______________________, which uses bacteria to break down pollutants