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Ch 23 Bacteria – 2013
Three Domains of Living Organisms
Two Major Domains for Bacteria
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A domain is a _________________
There are ___ main groupings or domains of
bacteria
Domain 1 is ____________
Domain 2 is ____________
Domain Archaea
• _________ than regular bacteria
– __________ composition is different (no peptidoglycan)
– Different _________________
– Different __________ in the cell membrane
• Found in ____________ environments, such as swamps, salt lakes, and hot springs
• 3 main groups
Archaea group #1: Methanogens
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Bacteria that convert hydrogen gas and CO2 into ___________
gas
Oxygen is ___________ to them, so they only live in
_____________ environments (deep fresh water, marine mud,
swamp mud, sewage)
Methane is produced by them and bubbled out – __________________
Also found in the _____________ of cows and termites
– Cow belches methane every day!
– This is under research on how all this methane affects the environment
Archaea Group #2: Halophiles
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Prokaryotic cells
Bacteria that are __________________
Live in environments that have very high salt concentrations, such as the
______________ and the Dead Sea
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Normally high salt concentrations would kill bacteria, but these bacteria are ____________ to it
Archaea Group #3: Thermoacidophiles
Live in acidic environments that have
very _______ temperatures, such as the
hot springs at Yellowstone National Park
• Can live up to _____ degrees Celsius and
at a pH of less than 2 (normal bacteria can’t)
• Also live near volcanic _______ on land or
near hydrothermal vents called black
smokers (cracks in ocean floor)
Domain Bacteria
• Prokaryotic cells
• ___________ bacteria
– Found in the ______, in the human body, symbiotically living in other organisms
• Occur in many shapes and sizes
• have ___ basic shapes
– __________ (rod shaped) ex.  E. Coli
– __________ (circular shaped)
• When in chains – _______________
• When in clumps - _______________
– _________ (spiral shaped)
Gram Staining
o Most species of bacteria are classified into two categories based on the structure of their
cell walls as determined by a technique called the _________________
o ______________bacteria have a _______ layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, and they
appear __________ under a microscope after the Gram-staining procedure.
o _____________ bacteria have a _______ layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, and they
appear ______________ under a microscope after the Gram-staining procedure.
What is peptidoglycan?
• A protein-carbohydrate compound
found in bacteria _______________
(not archaea)
Important Bacterial Groups
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Bacteria are also classified by their ________________ properties and
_______________ relationships.
___ main groups
– Proteobacteria
– Gram Positive Bacteria
– Cyanobacteria
– Spirochetes
– Chlamydia
Proteobacteria
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____________ and most diverse group
Most of them live ________________ with other organisms
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Rhizobium – _______________
bacteria live in the nodules inside the
roots of ____________ (pea & bean
family)
– Remember nitrogen fixing bacteria
play an important role in the
____________ by doing
________________ – converting
Nitrogen in atmosphere to
____________, which plants can use
Some cause diseases in plants and animals
Agrobacterium– causes tumors in ______________
Rickettsiae- causes rocky mounted spotted fever in humans
Helicobacter pylori – causes stomach _________
Some are ____________ – live in human & animal intestines
______________________ – make vitamin K and help digestive enzymes break down
food
______________________ – cause foodborne illnesses by invading the cells that line
the intestines or by making toxins
Gram Positive Bacteria
• Most are gram positive, but not all
• Can cause __________________
• Clostridium botulinum – causes __________
– Can be used in medicine to treat painful muscle spasms and erase frown lines
• Causes milk to go _______ and make _______________
• Anthrax – could be used as a biological _________
• Actinomycetes - form branching filaments of ______________
• A lot of them grow in the soil and make ________________, which are chemicals that
inhibit the growth of or kill microorganisms
• Streptomycin, Tetracycline
• Some can cause tuberculosis and _______________ (leprosy)
Cyanobacteria
• Use _________________ to get energy from the
sunlight and make carbohydrates from water
and carbon dioxide in the air
• Give off _____________ as a byproduct
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Anabaena_grow in filaments and form
_______________
– Heterocysts have enzymes to ______
nitrogen
Are _________ resources for marine and
freshwater ecosystems
Spirochetes
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Gram _______________
__________ shaped
Some are aerobic and some are anaerobic
Live freely or as ____________ (cause disease)
Can cause _____________ , a sexually transmitted infection
Can cause __________________
Chlamydia
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Gram ________________
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Live only __________________ (depend on them for protection and nutrients)
No ____________________
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One species causes ______________, an STI
Women
• Only 30% of woman who have it have ______________
• Burning when urinating
• ___________ pain or discharge
• If untreated, can spread to uterus and cause infertility
Men
• 1 in ___ men will get it
• Burning while urinating
• Rectal pain or discharge
• If untreated, can cause inflammation of the ____________ (pee hole)
All Prokaryotes (Bacteria) have:
• _______________
• _______________
• _______________
• _______________
Some have:
• _______________
• _______________
• _______________
• ________________
Bacteria Cell Wall
• Gives cell its __________
• ___________ cell from toxic substances
• Made of _______________ (Eubacteria, not Archaebacteria)
Bacteria Cell Membrane
• Also called the ______________________
• ______________ (different for both kingdoms)
• _____________ barrier
• Many important _______________ functions occur here
Bacteria Cytoplasm
• Contains ___ organelles
• Contains _____________
• Contains ______
• Contains small organic and inorganic molecules
• Contains ions
Bacterial DNA
• _________ closed loop of double stranded DNA attached at one point to the cell
membrane
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Is _____ enclosed in a nuclear membrane
Some bacteria contain ___________, which are small circular self-replicating loops of
double stranded DNA
– They carry genes that enable the bacteria to cause _________
– They can also carry the genes to ____________ certain antibiotics
Capsules
• _________ covering of ___________________
• __________ cell from drying or harsh chemicals
• Helps protect pathogenic bacteria from the host’s white blood cells
• Some capsules are made up of a fuzzy coat of sticky sugars called a ____________, and
this allows bacteria to stick to host cells
Pili
• Short ____________ protein structures on the surface of some bacteria
• Help bacteria ____________ to each other and to surfaces
Endospores
• Thick coat _______________ structure
• Forms when conditions become ___________
– High temperatures
– Strong chemicals
– Radiation
– drying
• Allows the cell’s _________ to survive
• Usually gram ___________ bacteria have them
Flagella
• Long ____________ structures
• Allow bacteria to _________ toward food or away from danger
• Can have 1 or many flagella
Nutrition and Metabolism
• Prokaryotes obtain nutrients either from the nonliving environment or by utilizing the
products or bodies of living organisms.
– _______________ obtain carbon from other organisms.
– _______________ obtain their carbon from CO2.
– _______________ get energy from chemicals in the environment.
Prokaryotic Habitats
• Different prokaryotic species live in different environments.
• Temperature requirements range from 0°C to 110°C.
• Most prokaryotic species grow best at a __________ pH.
Reproduction and Recombination
• Genetic recombination in bacteria can occur by the following three ways:
– _______________ (taking in DNA from the outside environment)
– _______________ (exchanging DNA with other bacteria via pili)
– _______________ (transmission of bacterial DNA via viruses).
Bacteria and Health
• Human diseases may result from ______________ or ____________ produced by
bacteria or from the destruction of body tissues.
– Endotoxins are toxic substances made of lipids and carbohydrates and are not
released until the cell dies
– Exotoxins are toxic substances that bacteria secrete into the environment
Antibiotics
• ____________ with certain cellular activities
• _____________ blocks the ability to build a new cell wall
• _______________ blocks protein synthesis
• Made naturally by __________ and bacteria
• Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics
– Mutations
– Overprescribing them
Emerging Infectious Diseases Caused by Bacteria
– The number of certain bacterial diseases has ____________ because of the increase in
the number of antibiotic resistant bacteria, the movement of people into previously
untouched areas, and global travel.
___________ – passing of a disease from animals to humans
Food Hygiene and Bacteria
– Foodborne illnesses can be avoided by selecting, storing, cooking, and handling food
properly.
– Frequent hand washing in _____, soapy water is also very important.
Important Bacterial Diseases
Bacteria in industry
• Many ___________ of bacteria are used to produce and process different foods, to
produce industrial chemicals, to mine for minerals, to produce insecticides, and to clean
up chemical and oil spills.
• Biologists have learned to harness bacteria to recycle compounds in a process called
______________________, which uses bacteria to break down pollutants