Download Document

SEDIMENTARY
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
3c
#1
#1 Sedimentary rock is
3c
formed when small
particles of rock,
evaporites or organic
material accumulate
in layers and are
subjected to great
pressure.
3c
#2
#2
3c
Igneous rock forms
from the cooling of a
hot, molten mass of
rock, either below the
Earth’s surface
(intrusive) or above
the Earth’s surface
(extrusive).
INTRUSIVE
EXTRUSIVE
3c
#3
#3
3c
Intrusive magma
cools more slowly
and creates larger
crystals than
extrusive magma.
+ +
=
3c
I’M
MARBLOUS !
#4
#4
3c
Metamorphic, igneous
& sedimentary rocks
subjected to heat and
pressure become
metamorphic rock.
(ex. Limestone 
marble.)
3c
#5
#5
3c
Rocks melt only
under certain
conditions, the
combination of
temperature,
pressure and
chemical makeup.
3a,b
#6
#6
The Earth is
broken into at
least 12 rigid
plates that are
moving.
3a,b
Lithosphere
Indian Plate
Eurasian Plate
Asthenosphere
3a,b
#7
#7
3a.b
The driving force of
plate tectonics and
seafloor spreading is
probably related to
convection currents in
the Earth’s mantle especially the
asthenosphere.
3a,b
#8
#8
3a,b
The energy
within the Earth
(geothermal)
powers plate
tectonics.
3 a,b
#9
#9
3a,b
The theory of seafloor
spreading explains
that continents “ride”
with the ocean floor
as it moves away from
the ridges.
Trench
3a
Ocean Ridge
#10
#10
New crust is
formed at ocean
ridges and
destroyed at the
trenches.
3a
Ocean Ridge
N S
N
N
3a
S
N S
#11
#11
3a
Magnetic bands of
different polarities
create mirror images
on opposite sides of
the mid-ocean ridges.
This provides
evidence for seafloor
spreading.
3c
#12
#12
The continental crust
is much older than the
oceanic crust. This is
evidence that
supports seafloor
spreading.
2d
3b
#13
#13
Convergent plates
move towards each
other. Divergent
plates move away
from each other.
Transform plates
move past each other.
3b
3b
#14
#14
3b
In a transform
boundary, two
plates move
horizontally past
each other. Faults
and earthquakes
occur here.
African Plate
Great Rift Valley
East Africa
Arabian Plate
10%
Mid-Atlantic
Ridge
3b
90%
#15
#15
3b
In a divergent boundary,
plates separate creating
a rift. Most are
underwater (ocean
ridges), but a few are on
land (Great Rift Valley in
East Africa).
3b
#16
#16
In a continentaloceanic boundary,
ocean crust is
subducted.
Volcanic mountains
are created.
3b
3b
#17
#17
3b
In an oceanicoceanic boundary
younger crust is
subducted.
Volcanic island arcs
are created.
3b
#18
#18
In a continentalcontinental convergent
boundary, the two
buoyant crusts are
pushed up into a
mountain range.
3b
3d
#19
#19 Magnitude rates the
3d
energy released by an
earthquake and can be
measured by using
several different scales
such as the Moment
Magnitude scale and the
Richter scale.
3d
#20
#20
3d
Earthquake intensity is a
measure of the severity
of an earthquake based
on observations of its
effect on Earth’s surface,
buildings and people. It
is rated by the Modified
Mercalli scale.
STRESS
3d
STRESS
#21
#21
3d
Earthquakes occur
when the stress on
a fracture in the
Earth (fault) is
greater than the
strength of the
rocks.
3e
#22
#22
3e
Volcanoes are
classified into 3
types based on
size, shape, type
of magma and
type of eruption.
SHIELD
3e
1st
#23
#23
3e
Shield volcanoes
are the largest
with gently sloping
sides and nonexplosive basaltic
lava flows.
2nd
COMPOSITE
3e
#24
#24
Composite (strato)
volcanoes are large, have
steep sides with layers of
lava flows and explosive
debris, often separate
vents, usually violent
eruptions and have varied
magma types.
3e
3rd
3e
#25
#25
3e
Cinder cone
volcanoes are the
smallest, have steep
sides from ejected
material, erupt
violently and have
magma high in silica
and water.
3b
#26
#26
3b
Most volcanic eruptions
and earthquakes occur
at plate boundaries.
The majority of both of
these happen in the
circum-pacific belt
(“Ring of Fire”).
3b
#27
#27
California is subject to a
variety of natural hazards
such as tsunamis, coastal
erosion of cliffs,
earthquakes, volcanoes
and landslides of uplifted
areas.
3b
9a
#28
#28
Many of California’s
valuable ore deposits
(ex. gold) are the
result of molten
igneous rocks injected
into older rocks.
9b
9a
#29
#29
The Central Valley
of California is a
major agricultural
area and source of
oil and natural gas.
9b
Pacific Plate
9a, 4a
N. American
Plate
#30
#30
Geothermal
resources in
California are
related to mountain
building and
diverging plates.
9a, 4a
2d
#31
#31
9c
Agriculture and
industry are the
basis of California’s
economy and
require large
amounts of water.
9c
#32
#33
Man-made canals
and pipelines
redistribute water
from the northern
part of California to
the southern part.
9c
#32
Northern California
receives most of the
rain but Southern
California requires
most of the water.
2d
9c
#33
^
^^^^ ^
^
^
9c
#34
#34
Most of
California’s water
comes from
runoff of melting
snow in the
9c
4a
#35
#35
Energy that
reaches the Earth
from the Sun far
exceeds that from
within the Earth.
4a
4a
#36
#36
4a
Total energy used by
society is small
compared to the
energy that reaches
the Earth from the Sun
– harnessing it is still a
problem.
4a
#37
#37
Fossil fuels are
stored in the
Earth’s crust
and are limited.
4a
4a, 7c
#38
#38
Energy from the Sun is
stored in plants
through
photosynthesis and is
the primary source of
energy for life on Earth.
4a, 7c
FOSSIL
FUELS
BIOSPHERE
OCEAN
7b
#39
#39
7b
Carbon is held in
the reservoirs of
the biosphere,
atmosphere,
oceans and fossil
fuels.
Glucose + O2 --->C02 + H20
CO2 + H20 --->Glucose + 02
#40
7b
#40
Carbon moves
through the physical
environment through
plate tectonics and
through the biosphere
during photosynthesis
and respiration.
7b
Glucose + O2 --->C02 + H20
CO2 + H20 --->Glucose + 02
#41
7b
#41
The energy to move
carbon between
Earth’s reservoirs
comes from the Sun or
the Earth’s internal
energy.
7b
CO2
7b
#42
#42
In the geologic carbon cycle
CO2 in the atmosphere
dissolves in water, is
incorporated into shells and
becomes limestone rock.
Carbon is returned after being
elevated and eroded or
subducted, heated and erupted.
7b