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Period: ____ Name: ___________________________________ Teacher: ___________________ Ecology Notes 6. MAKE A FOOD PYRAMID ON YOUR OWN: a. Fish feed on zooplankton; Zooplankton on algae and sharks feed on fish. Make a food pyramid. b. What would happen to each of the following levels if sharks became extinct (increase or decrease)? Fish – ___________________ Zooplankton – ___________________ Algae – ___________________ EVALUATING CHANGES IN AN ECOSYSTEM: The tree is an organism in our ecosystem that is being overused. It is used as firewood, paper, lumber and other various duties. Replanting trees is an effort that will increase tree numbers, yet the time to grow the trees cannot keep up with how quickly trees are being cut and used…. a. How can this decrease in trees affect our ecosystem? People begin to replant trees in an effort to increase the number of trees in our ecosystem. b. How would replanting trees affect the rest of the other biotic factors of our ecosystem? 9 Biological Magnification I. Biological Magnification = organisms that are higher in the food chain will obtain/retain/accumulate more pesticides or chemicals. II. What happens to the amount of chemicals in an organism if the chemicals do not leave the body? III. As you move up a food chain, energy will __decrease__ because it is being used. As you move up a food chain, pesticides will ___increase__ because it is not used (stays in the body). a. On the pyramid and food chain, identify where there is more energy and less energy –and- more pesticide and less pesticide SYMBIOSIS I. SYMBIOSIS--any relationship in which __ species live _____ _ together. II. There are 3 Types of Symbiotic Relationships: a. Mutualism — a relationship in which _____ __ species _______ from the relationship. 10 b. Commensalism — a relationship in which one species _____ __ from the relationship and the other is _____________________ __. c. Parasitism — a relationship in which one organism lives ____ or __ _ another organism and _harms__ it. III. EXAMPLES: Identify the symbiotic relationship being described in each situation below. A. A flea feeds on the blood of a cat or dog.__________________________ B. Aphids and ants live together. The ants care for the aphids and protect them. The aphids produce a sweet liquid that the ants drink. ______________________ C. Barnacles stick to the surface of whales. They benefit by finding a habitat on the whale where nutrients are available. The whales are neither hurt nor are they helped by this relationship. ___________________________ NON-SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP I. PREDATION – an interaction in which one organism _____ _____ and _____ __ on another organism. a. The organism that does the killing and eating is the ________ ___. b. The organism that gets eaten is the _______ ____. II. Predation EXAMPLE:_______________________________________ Ecological Succession I. What is Ecological Succession? 11 II. Primary Succession a. Gradual growth of organisms in an area that was previously bare, such as rock. b. Steps of Primary Succession. Prediction Picture Description 1. Begins in a place without any soil Bare rock 2. The lichens grow on rocks. They do not need soil to survive. 3. Simple plants like mosses and ferns can grow in the new soil 4. The simple plants die, adding more organic material (nutrients to the soil). The soil layer thickens. Grasses, wildflowers, small shrubs begin to take over. 5. The simple plants die, and they add more nutrients to the soil. Shrubs and trees can survive now 6. Forest (larger trees) (Climax Community) last stage of succession. 12 Time-->--5yrs------10yrs-------------50yrs----------100yrs------------------------300yrs c. Examples of primary succession: i. __________________________________________________________ III. Pioneer Species- The first organisms to grow in a bare area. IV. Climax Community- A stable group of plants and animals that is the end result of the succession process a. Will a climax community look the same in all environments? b. What factors limit the type of climax community in a climax community? ___________________________________________________________ V. Secondary Succession: a. Begins in a place that already has soil and was once the home of living organisms. (much faster than primary succession because a thick layer of soil is already present.) b. Grasses grow first, followed by shrubs, and then finally a forest. Time---> ---5yrs---50-----100yrs-------200yrs Time---> --------5yrs------10yrs----------50yrs-----------100yrs-----------------200yrs 13 a. Example of Secondary Succession: i. ________________________________ ii. ________________________________ iii. ________________________________ iv. ________________________________ VI. Identify each of the following as an example of primary succession or secondary succession. Write your answers in the spaces provided. a. An old house was torn down. Small weeds and grasses grew in the vacant lot. Over the next few years, bushes and tree seedlings began to grow. ____________________________________________________________ b. An undersea volcano erupted and formed a small island. Mosses and lichens began to grow on the bare volcanic rock. __________________________________________________________ c. A logging company cut down all the large spruce trees in an area of forest. After the area was cleared, spruce seedlings began to sprout. Rabbits, birds, and deer returned to the area. Notes: Ecology REVIEW BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS Biotic – Abiotic – Elements are crucial for life and must ________________ through the environment Cycles of elements are ________________ 14 Nitrogen Cycle: 1. Look at the picture and describe how nitrogen is used by both abiotic and biotic factors in the environment. What is the relationship between these two factors? 2. Highlight the cycle. 3. Importance to life: a. Nitrogen is an important component of ______________. Elements=___________. Also a component of ___________________________________. Elements=____________. b. The nitrogen found in the air is in form that ________________________________cannot use. 15 c. Use the picture to determine how we get nitrogen in a form that living things can use. i. Nitrogen- _________________ __________________convert nitrogen into that usable form. **Plants will then take in the nitrogen that the bacteria converted. d. Use the picture to determine how animals obtain this usable form of nitrogen. i. Animals __________ _____________ and therefore _____________ nitrogen e. Use the picture; determine how nitrogen is replaced in the soil. i. Animals put nitrogen back into the soil when they _________ (when they are decomposed) The CARBON CYCLE: 1. Look at the picture and describe how carbon moves between biotic and abiotic components. 2. Highlight the cycle. 3. Importance to life. 16 a. Use the picture to determine the following: i. Where do plants get their carbon? ________________ What form is that carbon in? _____ ii. How do animals obtain carbon? iii. How is carbon replenished in the soil? 17