Download Evolution and Classification

IB Biology HL II
Evolution & Classification Exam
Name: ___________________________________________ Per: ______ Date: __________
1.
Analyze the relationship between the organisms in the following cladogram.
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(Total 3 marks)
2. Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme used by cells to protect themselves against oxidative
damage. These enzymes can have different metals as part of their structure.
A study to compare two dismutases from Escherichia coli bacteria and two dismutases from
eukaryotic cells was undertaken. The following enzymes were used:
• E. coli dismutase with iron (Fe)
• E. coli dismutase with manganese (Mn)
• eukaryotic mitochondrial dismutase with manganese (Mn)
• eukaryotic cytoplasmic dismutase with copper-zinc (Cu-Zn).
The following shows part of the amino acid sequences of these enzymes. Boxes enclose identical
amino acids in the sequence of the two E. coli and mitochondrial dismutases.
[Steinman, H M and Hill, R L. 1973. “Sequence homologies among bacterial and mitochondrial
superoxide dismutases”. PNAS. Vol 70, issue 12. Pp 3725–3729. Used with the permission of the
authors.]
(a)
State how many amino acids are in the same position in the E. coli (Fe), E. coli (Mn) and
the mitochondrial dismutase sequences shown.
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(Total 1 mark)
(b)
State the amino acids which are present in the same position in at least one bacterial
dismutase and in both eukaryotic dismutases.
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(Total 1 mark)
(c)
Compare the E. coli (Mn) and the mitochondrial dismutases.
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(Total 2 marks)
(d)
Using the diagram, suggest whether the evolution of bacterial dismutase and cytoplasmic
dismutase is convergent or divergent.
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(Total 1 mark)
3. Two different trees have been classified as Pinus pinea and Pinus nigra. Which of the following
statements is correct?
A.
Both trees belong to the same class but a different genus.
B.
Both trees belong to the same family and same genus.
C.
The species name of both trees is Pinus.
D.
The family names are pinea and nigra.
(Total 1 mark)
4. A poodle and a chihuahua are both dogs and classified as Canis familiaris. What conclusion can be
made?
A.
They belong to the same genus but not the same species.
B.
They are the same species but not the same genus.
C.
They are different species but can interbreed.
D.
They belong to the same genus and are the same species.
(Total 1 mark)
5. Ants, bees and wasps are classified in the same order. What can be deduced about these animals?
A.
They are classified in the same class.
B.
They are classified in different phyla.
C.
They are classified in the same family.
D.
They are classified in different kingdoms.
6. In the hierarchy of taxa, what is in a family?
A.
A group of classes
B.
A group of genera
C.
A group of orders
D.
A group of phyla
(Total 1 mark)
(Total 1 mark)
7. Why has antibiotic resistance evolved in bacteria?
A.
All bacteria reproduce very quickly.
B.
Bacteria exposed to antibiotics developed a resistance to them.
C.
Varieties of bacteria resistant to antibiotics reproduce faster than non-resistant varieties.
D.
Bacteria showing resistance to antibiotics survive after antibiotics are used.
(Total 1 mark)
8. Which process tends to reduce variety within a population?
A.
Natural selection
B.
Random fertilization
C.
Independent assortment
D.
Crossing over
(Total 1 mark)
9. Which process has the greatest effect in determining which members of a population are most likely
to survive until reproductive age?
A.
Evolution
B.
Natural selection
C.
Meiosis
D.
Hybridization
(Total 1 mark)
10. Which of the following represent homologous features?
A.
Wings in birds and insects
B.
The appendix in humans and horses
C.
Fins in fish and wings in birds
D.
The striped coat of the zebra and the tiger
(Total 1 mark)
11. Which of the following are used as evidence for evolution?
I.
Homologous structures
II.
Selective breeding of domesticated animals
III.
Overproduction of offspring
A.
I and II only
B.
I and III only
C.
II and III only
D.
I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
12. Charles Darwin used domesticated animals to provide evidence for evolution by natural selection.
What is this evidence?
A.
Differences between breeds show that selection can cause species to change.
B.
The ancestors of domesticated animals can be found in the fossil record.
C.
Some domesticated animals die because the environment cannot support them all.
D.
Variation in domesticated animals is due to sexual reproduction.
(Total 1 mark)
13. Explain how natural selection can lead to evolution using antibiotic resistance in bacteria as
an example.
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(Total 5 marks)
14. Outline the evidence for evolution provided by homologous structures.
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(Total 6 marks)
15.
Triarthus was a trilobite that lived on Earth about 500 million years ago. The diagrams below
show its structure, viewed from above and below. The structure was discovered by studying
fossils of Triarthus.
[Source: R Fortrey, (2000), Trilobite!, page 62]
(a) Outline the evidence for evolution provided by fossils.
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(Total 2 marks)
(b)
Some trilobites swam in clear, shallow water and had very large eyes. Suggest how
species with large eyes could evolve from species with smaller eyes.
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(Total 2 marks)
16.
Briefly explain the theory of evolution by natural selection.
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(Total 4 marks)
17. Outline four types of evidence which support the theory of evolution by natural selection.
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(Total 6 marks)
18. Outline one modern example of observed evolution by natural selection.
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(Total 4 marks)
19. Outline how antibiotic resistance in bacteria can arise in response to environmental change.
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(Total 5 marks)