Download ecosystem - Chipley Biology

Chapter 13 Biology
Florida Next Generation Sunshine
State Standards
• SC.912.L.17.9* Use a food web to identify and
distinguish producers, consumers, and
decomposers. Explain the pathway of energy
transfer through trophic levels and the reduction of
available energy at successive trophic levels.
(MODERATE)
• SC.912.E.7.1 Analyze the movement of matter
and energy through the different biogeochemical
cycles, including water and carbon. (HIGH)
BENCHMARK SC.912.L.17.9
Benchmark
Clarifications
Students will describe the energy pathways through the different
trophic levels of a food web or energy pyramid.
Students will analyze the movement of matter through different
biogeochemical cycles.
Content Limits Items referring to organisms in food webs are limited to the impact
of changes in matter or energy in trophic levels.
Items addressing food webs will require application of the knowledge
of roles of organisms in a food web to describe energy pathways
rather than the identification of producers, consumers (primary,
secondary, tertiary), and decomposers.
Items will not require knowledge of specific organisms or their
feeding habits.
Items assessing biogeochemical cycles are limited to the water cycle
and the carbon cycle.
Items referring to the biogeochemical cycles may address but will not
assess photosynthesis and cellular respiration in isolation.
Stimulus Attribute
Scenarios will express energy in joules (J).
What is Ecology?
• Ecology is the scientific study of
interactions of organisms with one another
and with the physical and chemical
environment.
• Although it includes the study of
environmental problems such as pollution,
the science of ecology mainly involves
research on the natural world from many
viewpoints, using many techniques. Modern
ecology relies heavily on experiments, both
in laboratory and in field settings. These
techniques have proved useful in testing
ecological theories, and in arriving at
practical decisions concerning the
management of natural resources.
• An understanding of ecology is essential for the
survival of the human species. Our populations are
increasing rapidly, all around the world, and we
are in grave danger of outstripping the earth’s
ability to supply the resources that we need for our
long-term survival. Furthermore, social, economic
and political factors often influence the short-term
distribution of resources needed by a specific
human population. An understanding of ecological
principles can help us understand the global and
regional consequences of competition among
humans for the scarce natural resources that
support us.
What Is An Ecosystem?
• An ecosystem is a community of living
organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in
conjunction with the nonliving components
of their environment (things like air, water
and mineral soil), interacting as a system.
Bell Ringer
• Battle at Kruger
(long but cool)
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
• Abiotic factors are non living things within
an environment which include rocks, dirt,
water, air, etc.
• Biotic are living factors within an
environment that include plants, animals,
fungi and bacteria.
Biodiversity
• What is Biodiversity?
– The variety of life
– the number, or abundance of different species
living within a particular region.
Why is Biodiversity important?
• Everything that lives in an ecosystem is part
of the web of life, including humans. Each
species of vegetation and each creature has
a place on the earth and plays a vital role in
the circle of life. Plant, animal, and insect
species interact and depend upon one
another for what each offers, such as food,
shelter, oxygen, and soil enrichment.
• Maintaining a wide diversity of species in each
ecosystem is necessary to preserve the web of
life that sustains all living things.
• "It is reckless to suppose that biodiversity can be
diminished indefinitely without threatening
humanity itself."
– Famed Harvard University biologist Edward O. Wilson
"father of biodiversity"
Keystone Species
• Keystone species are apart of a complex
relationship that exist within an ecosystem.
The removal of a keystone species will have
detrimental effects on the organisms within
that particular ecosystem. May even cause
extinction of other organisms.
• A keystone species holds together a
dynamic ecosystem.
Keystone Species Examples
• American alligator: Alligators use their tails
to make burrows to stay warm and when
they move on, these burrows fill with water
which is used by other species. Alligators
are also predators, keeping the numbers of
other species in check.
• Beavers: Beavers are considered habitat
engineers because they change the
environment by building dams. This dam
building provides still water in which many
species flourish.
• Bees: By pollinating plants, bees contribute
to their survival. The plants are shelter for
insects, which are then eaten by other
species, like birds.
Bee Shortage Video
• http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightlynews/51795179
Flow of energy & cycling of matter
• Types of energy
–
–
–
–
–
–
Mechanical
Chemical
Thermal (heat)
Nuclear
Solar
Electrical
.
Energy Changes Are Governed
by Two Scientific Laws
• First Law of Thermodynamics
– Energy input always equals energy output
– Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It
can only change forms.
• Second Law of Thermodynamics
– Energy always goes from a more useful to a
less useful form when it changes from one form
to another
– spontaneous natural processes increase entropy
overall
• Energy efficiency or productivity
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
in Living Systems
What Sustains
Life on Earth?
• Life on the earth depends on
three interconnected factors
– One-way flow of high-quality energy
from the sun
– Cycling of matter or nutrients (all
atoms, ions, or molecules needed for
survival by living organisms), through
all parts of the ecosphere
– Gravity, which allows the planet to
hold onto its atmosphere and causes
the downward movement of chemicals What Sustains Life on
Earth?
in the matter cycles
Sun, Cycles and Gravity
KEY CONCEPT
Food chains and food webs model the flow of energy
in an ecosystem.
food
web
A food chain is a model that shows a
sequence of feeding relationships.
• A food chain links species by their feeding relationships.
• A food chain follows the connection between one
producer and a single chain of consumers within an
ecosystem.
GRAMA GRASS
DESERT COTTONTAIL
HARRIS’S HAWK
• Consumers are not all alike.
–
–
–
–
–
Herbivores eat only plants.
Carnivores eat only animals.
Omnivores eat both plants and animals.
Detritivores eat dead organic matter.
Decomposers are detritivores that break down organic
matter into simpler compounds.
carnivore
decomposer
• Specialists are consumers that primarily eat one
specific organism or a very small number of
organisms.
Florida Snail Kite
• Generalists are consumers that
have a varying diet.
• Trophic levels are the nourishment levels in a
food chain.
– Producers are organisms that photosynthesize or
chemosynthesize. They make their own food. They are also
called autotrophs.
– Primary consumers are herbivores that eat producers.
– Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores.
– Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary
consumers.
– Omnivores, such as humans that eat both plants and animals,
may be listed at different trophic levels in different food
chains.
• All consumers are called heterotrophs.
Meaning they consumer different
organisms.
– Hetero means different.
Food Chain
• How Andy Ate the Sun
A food web shows a complex network
of feeding relationships.
• An organism may have multiple feeding relationships in an
ecosystem.
• A food web emphasizes complicated feeding relationships
and energy flow in an ecosystem.
Food Web Activity
KEY CONCEPT
Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter
in an ecosystem.
Owl Pellet Lab
Owl Pellet instructional Video
An energy pyramid shows the distribution of
energy among trophic levels.
• Energy pyramids compare energy used by
producers and other organisms on trophic
levels.
• Between each tier of an
energy pyramid, up to
90 percent of the
energy is lost into the
atmosphere as heat.
• Only 10 percent of the
energy at each tier is
transferred from one
trophic level to the next.
energy
lost
energy transferred
Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s
biomass and distribution of organisms.
• Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of
organisms in a given area.
tertiary
consumers
75 g/m2
150g/m2
secondary
consumers
primary
consumers
producers
producers
675g/m2
2000g/m2
• A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of
individual organisms at each trophic level in an
ecosystem.
tertiary
consumers
5
secondary
consumers
5000
primary
consumers
500,000
producers
producers
5,000,000
• A vast number of producers are required to support even a
few top level consumers.
Trophic Pyramids Showcase
Follow –up
• Additional activities
– Food Web Animation
Carbon
cycle
Phosphorus
cycle
Nitrogen
cycle
Water
cycle
Oxygen
cycle
Heat in the environment
Heat
Heat
Heat
39
Water Cycles through the Biosphere
• Natural renewal of water quality: three major processes
– Evaporation
– Precipitation
– Transpiration
• Alteration of the hydrologic cycle by humans
– Withdrawal of large amounts of freshwater at rates
faster than nature can replace it
– Clearing vegetation
– Increased flooding when wetlands are drained
– The Life of Water
Hydrologic Cycle Including Harmful
Impacts of Human Activities
Carbon Cycle Depends on
Photosynthesis and Respiration
• Link between photosynthesis in producers
and respiration in producers, consumers,
and decomposers
• Additional CO2 added to the atmosphere
– Tree clearing
– Burning of fossil fuels
Carbon Cycle with Major Harmful
Impacts of Human Activities
• Additional activities
–
–
–
–
carbon cycle game-online
Bill Nye - Water Cycle
Animated Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle Rap ;)