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Endocrine Review Endocrine glands don’t have ___________ and secrete their product into the ___________ . The anterior pituitary can both ___________ and ___________ hormones under the stimulation of the hypothalamus, whereas the posterior pituitary can only ___________ hormones made in the ___________ . TH and the androgens are different from hormones like insulin that they are not ___________ . Because of this, they can cross the lipid ___________ and instigate changes within the cell. For example, TH affect the ___________ and ___________ of target cells to cause and increase in metabolism. ___________ ___________ hormones can’t cross ___________ and therefore can not enter cells. ___________ results from either the hyposecretion or inaction of insulin. Type I is called insulin ___________ because it involves the destruction of ___________ cells in the pancreas by the body’s ___________ . Type II diabetes patients still produce insulin, but they don’t have receptors for it. B. Fill in the blanks. C. Match the following Thyroid hormone Increases blood Ca GH Elevates metabolic rate, 02 consumption, heat production IGF 1 Decreases blood Ca levels Cortisol Stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, stress resistance, immune inhibition PTH Maintains BP via Na retention ANP Influences mood, maybe times puberty Aldosterone Mediates GH action, produced by liver Calcitonin Enhances AA transport into cells, increases protein synthesis, catabolizes fat Melatonin Decreases blood volume via Na and water excretion Male Reproduction A. Sex differentiation is determined by the ___________ gene on the Y chromosome, which codes for a protein called ___________ .This protein leads to ___________ and the produced testosterone causes production of ___________ factor, which causes degeneration of the ___________ ducts. The three mechanisms designed to regulate testicular temperature are ________________, ________________, ________________. The seminal fluid is comprised of 60% ________________, 30%________________, and 10%________________, as well as some lubrication from Cowper’s gland. In semen formation, clotting enzyme from the ___________ gland combines with ___________ from the seminal vesicles to produce ___________ , which causes the sperm to clot. This substance can be broken down by ___________ from the prostate. Penile structure consists of a pair of ___________ , and a single ___________ , which houses the urethra. The ___________ barrier is made by tight junctions of the ___________ cells, to prevent the sperm being killed by the ___________ . The low ___________ environment also prepares the sperm to survive in the hypoxic environment of the ___________ ___________ ___________ . B. Fill in the diagram. C. Define: Puberty – Adolescence –. Female Repro A. The uterus is comprised of three layer. The ___________ is the outermost ___________ , the ___________ is the middle layer, characterized by ___________ , and the innermost ___________ is further split up into the ___________ , which is shed every month, and the ___________ which remains the same. Puberty is initiated by rising levels of ___________ , which triggers secretion of ___________ and ___________ . In response, the ovaries secrete ___________ . ___________ is a girl’s first menstrual period, while ___________ denominates breast development. The ___________ phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by mitotic division of the ___________ while the secretory phase exhibits filling of this tissue with ___________ . Egg production is called ___________ . The urethra in the female is embedded in the _________________________________ . When an egg is released, it is caught by the ___________ , and travels through the oviduct to the ___________ ________________________________ where it can be fertilized.