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The Human Body: An Orientation Anatomy - Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology - Study of how the body and its parts work or function Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Blood vessel (organ) Cardiovascular system Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely The 11 Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Helps regulate body temperature Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Muscular Produces movement Maintains posture Produces heat Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid-base balance Regulates water and electrolytes Reproductive Produces offspring Necessary Life Functions Maintain boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and absorption of nutrients Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body Produces energy Makes body structures Excretion Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions Reproduction Produces future generation Growth Increases cell size and # of cells Survival Needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Oxygen Required for chemical reactions Atmospheric pressure Must be appropriate Stable body temperature Interrelationships Among Body Systems Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment A dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby The Language of Anatomy Anatomical position the position of the body to which health professionals refer when noting body planes, posisiton, or direction: the person is assumed to be standing upright, torward, palms facing forward Anterior body landmarks Posterior body landmarks Directional Terms Anterior (ventral): toward the front Posterior (dorsal): toward the back Superior: Above, toward the head Inferior: Below, toward the lower part Distal: Away from, farther from the point of attachment Proximal: Near, closer to the point of attachment Lateral: Toward the side, away from the midline Medial: Toward the mid-line, middle, away from the side Dorsal: Near the upper surface, toward the back Ventral: Toward the bottom, toward the belly Deep: away from the body surface; more internal Superficial: toward or at the body surface Body Planes and Sections A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity houses the brain Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs Abdominopelvic Quadrants Abdominopelvic Regions