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Cell Structure and Function Unit 2 What things do cells need to live? Eukaryotic Cell Structure Textbook handout Warm-Up! 3 1 2 4 5 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Many of the small structures inside a cell act like specialized organs, and are therefore known as organelles. The cytoplasm is everything in the cell outside of the nucleus. Eukaryotic Cell Structure Nucleus: The nucleus contains most of the cell's DNA, and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope, which controls what enters/exits the nucleus. Most nuclei also contain a small, dense region known as the nucleolus. This is where the assembly of ribosomes begins. Eukaryotic Cell Structure Chromosomes, which are threadlike structures made of DNA, contain the genetic information passed from one generation to the next. Eukaryotic Cell Structure Ribosomes: Ribosomes are very small organelles that make proteins, using instructions from the nucleus. They are like little machines in the cell, and may appear like small, dark dots under the microscope. Eukaryotic Cell Structure Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): The ER is where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported through the cell. It is like as assembly line where materials are made and transported through the cell. Two types: RER - "rough"; ribosomes on surface SER - "smooth"; no ribosomes Eukaryotic Cell Structure Golgi: The Golgi apparatus looks like a stack of pancakes; it is really a series of layered membranes in which proteins and other materials are modified, sorted and packaged for storage and secretion from the cell. Eukaryotic Cell Structure Lysosomes: Small organelles filled with enzymes which break down old organelles or food particles for use by the cell. They can recycle materials, or several may release their contents in order to kill the cell. ("suicide sacs") Eukaryotic Cell Structure Eukaryotic Cell Structure Vacuole: Saclike structures that are used to store materials. The vacuoles in plant cells are very large and filled with water. Eukaryotic Cell Structure Mitochondrion: (pl. mitochondria) Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into components that the cell can use for energy like a "generator" Chloroplast: Chloroplasts capture energy in sunlight and convert it to chemical energylike "solar panels" Eukaryotic Cell Structure Cytoskeleton: The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments and tubes that help the cell maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also involved in movement of the cell, and transport of materials within the cell. Two types of protein strands - microtubules (thicker, tubular) and microfilaments (fine, thin strands) Organelle Match Up! Eukaryotic Cell Structures Review Grudge Ball Question #1 Question #2 Question #3 Question #4 Question #5 Question #6 Question #7 Question #8 Question #9 Question #10