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Transcript
The Endocrine System By Alex Shih State Standards Students know how feedback loops in the nervous and endocrine systems regulate conditions in the body. Students know how hormones (including digestive, reproductive, osmoregulatory) provide internal feedback mechanisms for homeostasis at the cellular level and in whole organisms. First Look • • • • The endocrine system is composed of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream, affecting the activities of other cells. Glands are tubeless organs or group of cells that directly secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Uses blood vessels as information channels Animation What Are Hormones? • • • • • Hormones are chemicals that travel through the bloodstream and bind to specific chemical receptors on cells. These cells with receptors for a particular hormone are called target cells. Hormones act as messengers, broadcasting messages from the endocrine system. Regulate mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism Influences physical and mental responses. For example, hormones produced during puberty cause physical changes in the body. Hormones are dissolved in the blood plasma System Functions and Jobs • • • The endocrine system is regulated by feedback mechanisms that function to maintain homeostasis- maintain a stable internal environment To control metabolism the hypothalamus secretes a hormone called TRH, which stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete TSH, which stimulates the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. Thyroxine affects the metabolism of the body To maintain water balance, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release more or less of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This hormone tells the kidneys to either slow down or fasten the removal of water. Animations Organs/Glands of the Endocrine System Hypothalamus Makes hormones that control the pituitary gland Pituitary gland Produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands Pineal gland Releases melatonin Thyroid Produces thyroxine, regulating metabolism Parathyroid gland Four glands; release parathyroid hormone, regulating the level of calcium in blood Thymus Releases thymosin, simulating T cell development in childhood Adrenal glands Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine to cope with stress Pancreas Produces insulin and glucagon, regulating the level of glucose in blood Ovary (female) Testis (male) Produces estrogen and progesterone Produce testosterone Pituitary Gland Bean-sized structure thatgland dangles a slender stalk of tissue at the For A•malfunction in the pituitary can on trigger life threatening conditions. baseif of the skull (bit smaller than atoo green pea) example the pituitary gland produces much growth hormone or too little, • Divided two parts: anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary gigantism andinto dwarfism canthe result. • Overall the two parts work together and the whole gland produces and discharges nine hormones that directly regulate many body functions control many other components of the endocrine system • Functions List: Anterior: growth hormone, stimulate the ovaries or testes, prolactin, and stimulate adrenal and thyroid glands; Posterior: control skin pigmentation, absorption of water into the blood, and stimulate milk production Hypothalamus • • • • Attached to the posterior pituitary Controls the secretions of the pituitary gland The endocrine system and the nervous system interact at the hypothalamus; allow the two systems to work together For addition functions of the hypothalamus click here Thyroid Gland • • • • • Main job: regulate the body’s metabolism by producing thyroxine Also secretes calcitonin- hormone that decreases the level of calcium in blood The activities of the thyroid gland are usually well controlled Hyperthyroidism might result if the thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine- increased metabolic rates Hypothyroidism= low production of thyroxinelow metabolic rates Parathyroid Gland • • • • There are four parathyroid glands found on the back surface of the thyroid gland PTH (parathyroid hormone) maintain homeostasis in blood calcium levels. The hormone regulates the calcium levels in the blood by increasing the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys and also by directing the uptake of calcium from the digestive system This gland is important for bring about healthy nerve and muscle function and bone structure Adrenal Glands • • • • • Two pyramid-shaped structures that sit on top of the kidneys, one on each kidney. These glands help the body to make preparations for and dealing with stress Adrenal gland has two parts: Adrenal cortex (outer part), adrenal medulla (inner part) The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing about 24 hormones named cortico-steroids. An example of this would be the hormone cortisol, which helps control the rate of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins The adrenal medulla releases two hormones called epinephrine and nonepinephrine, effecting the response to stress Pancreas • Releases insulin and glucagon to keep the level of glucose in the blood stable •If pancreas • the Insulin removedoes sugarnot from blood produce enoughtells insulin, then and glucagon the liver to break diabetes mellitus occurs- the down glycogen amount of glucose in the • It is located adjacent rightblood and behind extremely to the stomach becomes high so that the kidneys excrete glucose in • Part of both the digestive and systems, therefore, the endocrine urine separated into two portions • The endocrine portion is a clutter of cells located in the islets of Langerhans, which releases hormones Gonads: Ovary & Testis • • • • • Female: Ovary; Male: Testis The gonads produce gametes and secrete sex hormones Ovaries produce eggs and testis produce sperm Secretion of sex hormones controlled again by the pituitary gland Hormones list- females: estrogen & progesterone; males: testosterone For More Information… • • • Internet Link #1 Internet Link #2 Internet Link #3 The End