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CRCT Home Study Guide For Science- Due Wed. after Spring Break Characteristics of Science: 1. We study the natural world by doing scientific _____________________. 2. James noticed that the sky was gray with puffy clouds. He sees lightning and hears thunder. James is using his senses to make ______________________-. James runs into his house and tells his mother that a storm is coming. James’ interpretation is called a _________________. 3. Scientists use a series of steps called the ____________________ _____________________ to solve problems. The scientist gathers information, makes a _________________, designs an ____________________, collects and interprets the ___________, and then draws a _______________. 4. When doing a lab, you must always wear _____________ _________________ and a _________________________. 5. The branches of science include geology (the study of ____________), hydrology (the study of ____________), paleontology (the study of _______________), meteorology (the study of ______________________), and astronomy ( the study of _______________). 6. While doing an experiment, the scientist wants to first make sure everything is the same, this is called the _____________ variable. Next, he changes something in the experiment, this is called the _____________ variable. After changing that variable, there is an effect on the experiment, this is called the ___________________ variable. a. The cause is the ________________ and the effect is the _______________________ 7. Jackie needs to do an experiment dealing with volume. What will she need? A triple beam balance, beaker, or a ruler? 8. If the mass of an object is 45 grams, and the volume is 5mL, what is the density? 9. If the total mass of an object in water is 150 g/mL, what is the volume of water if the mass is 75 grams?______________-10.How many centimeters are in 20 millimeters? ____________How many kilometers are in 30 meters?_____________Hydrology: 11.Most of the earth is covered in _____________. Name the percent ______________. Only ____ percent is fresh, and of that amount only _____ percent is usable to humans. 12.Put the following in order. Runoff, evaporation, precipitation, and condensation. a. During evaporation, water changes into water _______________-. b. Clouds form due to the process of ___________________ (3c’s) 13.The concentration of salt in the ocean is called _______________. The largest ocean is the _____________ Ocean, but it is getting smaller due to plate tectonic activity. a. The main salt dissolved in ocean water is __________________________. Its symbol is _____________. 14.The ocean temperatures are higher near the equator and become ___________ the farther north and south you travel. a. With depth, temperature ___________and pressure ____________. b. Evaporation _____________ salinity, while _____________ decreases it. c. Overall, the level of salinity in the oceans remains the same due to ____________________ and ________________________ occurring in nearly equal amounts. 15.Density of seawater depends on salinity and ___________________. a. Colder water +high salinity = __________________________. 16.Density ________________ as you dive deeper into the ocean. 17.A ________ is current is driven by wind. These currents affect the _____________ of an area by bringing warm or cool air to it. a. Waves are caused by _____________________. As they get closer to shore, their ________________ increases, but their ___________ decreases. b. Draw a wave here and label the following: wavelength, waveheight, crest, trough 18. Please label the following diagram including the abyssal plain, continental shelf, mid-ocean ridge, continental slope, seamount , trench 19. Tides are caused by the interaction of the ________________, _________________, and ______________________. 20.The Moon is the main body that has an affect on the death’s water, because it is the ______________ to earth. 21.The of the earth that is ___________________ and farthest away will experience ________ tide. Geology 22.Label the layers of the earth with the following terms and shade them using colored pencils: crust, mantle, core, asthenosphere, and lithosphere. a. Label convection currents in the mantle. The asthenosphere is made up of a molten material called __________________. Convection currents that flow here help to move the pieces of the _________________________ which are broken up and called _____________________. b. The inner core is made of ____________ iron and nickel. c. The outer core is made of liquid ___________ and nickel. d. The thinnest layer of the earth is the ____________. It is made mostly of ________ rock, meaning “fire”. 23.Minerals are the building blocks of ___________. 24.Rocks that form by magma and lava are called _________________. If they form INside the earth, they are called _______________, and generally have larger crystals. If they form on or near the surface of the earth, they are called ________________ igneous rocks, and because they cool must faster when they encounter cooler air or water, they have ____________ grains. 25.Sedimentary rocks form from pieces of other rocks called _________________. These other rocks have been weathered and eroded. These pieces are cemented together and _________________ to form a rock. 26.Metamorphic rocks are created from other ______________ rocks by exposure to extreme ____________ and _______________ 27.Define the following terms: a. Weathering b. Erosion c. Deposition 28.There are two types of weathering. a. Mechanical (_______________) weathering is: ________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________ b. Chemical weathering is: __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________ c. Weathering is the _______________ of an object. __________________ is the carrying away of an object. d. The agents of erosion are wind, _________________, ice, and __________________. 29.What process forms soil________________________. 30.List ways that we can conserve soil a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________________ 31.Weathered rock and decayed parts of plants and animals is called_______________________. A layer of soil is called a _______________________. The development of soil begins when exposed ______________ begins to weather. Bacteria and fungi help to break down plant and animal remains and form a dark, nutrient rich part of the soil called _______________. 32.Draw and describe the horizons of soil using the box below and the space beside it. 33. Bedrock is considered to be the “parent rock” of soil for an area. This means that _____________________________________________________________ ____________ _____________________________________________________________ ____________ 34.Clear-cutting a forest can increase _____________________ because it exposes the soil to wind, water, ice, etc. 35.In the 1800’s and early 1900”s, farmers had settled in the Mid West. After a period of drought (little or no rainfall), blinding dust storms covered many of the states in the area, creating what is known as ____________ ________________ ___________. 36.Removing vegetation from an area can increase the rate of ______________ that an area suffers. 37.List 3 ways that humans contribute to soil erosion. a. _________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________ c. _________________________________________________ Plate Tectonics 38. At a point in history, all land masses were joined together to make a supercontinent called ______________. Over time, the land masses drifted apart in a process called __________________ drift. a. Evidence to support this theory: i. Fossils are found in places that now have climates that would not fit them. ii. The continents fit together like __________________ _____________. b. It takes a GREAT force to move these huge pieces of land, some of which are covered by water as well. The forces necessary do to this work are created by ____________ ____________ in the earth’s mantle. c. The lithospheric plates are divided into two main categories: i. Oceanic crust which is ______________ dense ii. ______________ crust which is less dense 39.Complete the chart below. Type of Boundary transform Type of Fault normal Type of Stress tension Draw the arrows 40. When two oceanic plates collide, one slides under the other and forms a ____________ 41.When two continental plates collide, neither slides under the other, so they push upward forming __________________. 42.Two plates may move past each other, grinding along, and get stuck. Eventually they move, releasing tremendous energy, and an _____________ occurs. 43.New seafloor is ___________________ at a mid-ocean ridge. It’s like the nursery of Earth’s crust. This is called sea-floor spreading. At a trench, plates are ____________________, and one subducts below the other and crust is _________________. Paleontology 44.The remains or traces of things that were once alive are called ____________________. 45.The ________________ age of a rock is when you compare one rock’s age to another. For example, rock A is older than rock B. 46.The Principle of Superposition states that in a horizontal sedimentary rock layer, the __________________ rocks are on the bottom. The layer on top would be ________________. 47.Radioactive dating is one method for determining the __________________ age of a rock. It gives a specific age. For example, the rock is 12,000 years old. Ecology 48.Resources that can be replaced naturally are called _____________________. 49.If you cannot replace a resource, then it is __________________. 50.The major types of fossil fuels are ________________, ________________, and natural gas. a. The increased temperatures of the earth’s atmosphere, due in part to the burning of fossil fuels, is called _____________ _________________.