Download Cell Notes - Metcalfe County Schools

Amount of Education
Average Yearly Salary
No High School
$19,600
High School
$26,700
Some College
$31,000
Associates-2 years
$32,700
Bachelors-4 years
$42,000
Masters-6 years
$51,000
PhD-8 years
$68,800
Professional-8-15 years
$74,400

Stem cells differ from regular cells by two
characteristics:
1. Undifferentiated cells capable of cell division, can
proliferate into the millions unlike other cells.
 2. Can be induced to become a specific type of cell


Why stem cells remain unspecialized for long
periods of time is not understood.





1. Embryonic Stem Cells
2. Adult Stem Cells- aka somatic stem cells
Stem cell research began in 1981 when
scientists were able to extract stem cells from
mice.
1998 human stem cells were discovered
2006 adult cells were “reprogrammed” to
become induced pluripotent stem cells




Stem cells while undifferentiated do not
perform normal cellular tasks.
If some of these stem cells differentiate, it is
caused by DNA and the extracellular
environment. (chemicals)
Still do not understand the initiation of cell
differentiation
Adult stem cells usually give rise to the cell
type in which they are located.

Possibly can cause adult stem cells to differentiate
into different cell types



In vitro fertilization- donated for research
Left over eggs at donation clinics
Embryos are typically 4-5 days old when used
for cell culturing




These are undifferentiated cells that are found
in tissues and organs.
Function: repair and maintenance
Small number of these cell types, and scientists
have a hard time culturing these
Transdifferentiation- when adult cells
differentiate into cell types other than their
origin.




Adult stem cells that are genetically
reprogrammed to be embryonic stem cell like.
Human iPSC discovered 2007, still a lot
unknown
Used in drug development and disease
modeling.
Trying to learn how to use them as transplant
cells


If embryonic stem cells are allowed to clump
together they begin to spontaneously
differentiate.
Scientists control cell differentiation by
inserting genes, and controlling the
environment.





Explain the diagram on p. 15. Draw it out and explain
under each box, use paragraph above to further the
explanation.
PI- What are stem cells, how can they be used, why are
they different than other cells.
P2- Describe heart disease, & why is it a national concern.
P3- What steps in stem cell research have been taken to
address cardiovascular disease. What other factors could
one do to prevent heart disease (think biomolecules)
P4- What is your position on SCR, do you think the
government should fund it, do you think we should
utilize this technology, when does life begin, what are
some pros/cons to SCR, concluding statement


Create a line graph with 2 y axes.
These are fake numbers @ hunting in Summer
Shade!
Year
# Hunters
Year
# Deer
2000
150
2000
8,000
2001
200
2001
7,800
2002
125
2002
3,000
2003
100
2003
2,500
2004
300
2004
3,000
2005
350
2005
3,250
2006
355
2006
4,500




1. What is a stem cell? _____________ ________
2. List the 2 types of stem cell: ______ ________
3. Which stem cell is controversial? Why?
4. Where do they get adult stem cells from?



1. Name the yellow
structure.
2. Name the yellow
area inside the cell.
3.What do the little
blue dots do? What re
they called?





A scientist wants to measure the effects of
running on the amount of sweat a person
produces. He hypothesizes that “If a person
runs they will produce more sweat than a
person than a person that is not running.”
Control Group:
Experimental Group:
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Biomolecule Monomer
Name
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
Polymer
Name
Elements
Present
Function
Examples





Francesco hypothesizes that “If he covers raw
meat on a table it will not grow maggots,
versus meat on a table uncovered will grow
maggots.
Control group:
Experimental group:
Independent variable:
Dependent variable:



Title the Page: Types of Metabolism, and divide
sheet in 1/2
Draw Anabolism and Catabolism
Be sure to include these terms on both drawings:





Substrate
Product
Active site
Enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex



Cells have a large surface area: volume ratio.
Important for large SA:V ratio so that a cell can
remain small, yet do its job.
Let’s practice calculating SA and Volume for a
cube cell and a spherical cell.
Figure 4.2 Why Cells Are Small (Part 2)
Figure 4.2 Why Cells Are Small (Part 1)

Calculate the SA: V
ratio for a cube cell
with a length=2.

Calculate the SA: V
ratio for a spherical
cell with a r=6.
CUBE CELL (PLANT)





A. 2nm
B. 5nm
C. 17nm
D. 1.5nm
E. 3.2nm
SPHERICAL CELL
(ANIMAL)





A. r=2nm
B. r=6nm
C. r= 13nm
D. r=21nm
E. r=4nm



The nucleus is like a principal because the
nucleus controls the cell like a principal
controls the school.
The cytoplasm is like air because cytoplasm
surrounds everything inside the cell like air
surrounds everything in the school.
The cell wall is like the building walls because
the cell wall protects the cell like building walls
protect the people inside the building.
Organelle
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Bodies
Lysosome
Vesicle
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Structure
Function
Eukaryote/Prok Plant/Animal
aryote





Location
Daytime Temp.
Nighttime Temp.
Painted Desert, AZ
95-120F
20-30F
Ft. Lauderdale, FL
70-90F
60-75F
According to the temperatures in the graph,
which property of water is responsible for the
extreme temperature fluctuations in AZ, but
less drastic fluctuations in FL?
A. high heat of vaporization
B. high specific heat
C. evaporative cooling
D. universal solvency








Prokayote- cell that has no nucleus.
Eukayote- cell that has a nucleus (plant and
animal)
Selectively Permeable- some things can enter and
exit
Nucleus- holds the DNA in a eukaryote
Mitochondria- makes energy for cell
Spontaneous generation- old theory that says life
arose from nothing
Plasma membrane- aka cell membrane
Cell wall- surrounds plant and bacteria cells onlynot animal cells









Light Microscope
Ocular lens- eyepiece
(10X)
Objective Lens-varied
magnification
Total magnification=
ocular x objective
Stage
Light source
Course Adjustment
Fine Adjustment
Base


Draw letter “e” as it appears on low, medium,
and high.
State three observations that you noticed
during this lab.
ROBERT HOOKE


Used a microscope to
view cork.
Said what he saw
reminded him of cells in
a monastery.
ANTON VAN
LEEUWENHOEK


Used a microscope to
observe pond water.
Called his observations
“animalcules”
Figure 1.2 All Life Consists of Cells
The study of cells was made possible by the invention of the microscope.


1. What is the name of this microscope?
2. Draw what letter “e” looked like yesterday
for you.


1. True/False All living organisms are
composed of cells.
2. Based on the graph which is more powerful:
Light microscope or electron microscope?



A scientist notices that several birds in Summer
Shade have only one wing. She also notices that
the water in Summer Shade has a purplish tint.
1. Propose a hypothesis.
2. Set up an experiment with both control and
experimental groups

http://www.hippocampus.org/course_locator?course=AP%20Bio
logy%20I&lesson=7&topic=2&width=600&height=454&topicTitle
=What%20Are%20Cells?&skinPath=http://www.hippocampus.o
rg/hippocampus.skins/default

Calculate the SA:V
Ratio for a cube cell
with a side length of 4
nm.

Calculate the SA:V
Ratio for a spherical
cell with a radius of
2nm.
PROKARYOTES


Do not have a nucleus.
Do not have organelles
EUKARYOTES




Thought to have
evolved before
eukaryotes.
Have a nucleus
DNA is in the nucleus.
Have organelles.
Organelle
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Bodies
Lysosome
Vesicle
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Structure
Function
Eukaryote/Prok Plant/Animal
aryote




Function: control
center of cell
“The Boss”
Contains all the cell’s
DNA.
Nucleolus within the
nucleus.


Function: contains all
the organelles inside
the cell.
Consistency of jello

Function: Synthesize
(make) proteins.



Function: synthesizes
(makes) lipids.
Modifies proteins.
Two Types: RER and
SER


Function: is to modify,
sort, and package
proteins from the ER.
Think of it as an
assembly line from
ER, and this is the
finishing touches.


Vesicles- transport substances .
Lysosomes- enzyme pouches.


Function to break down lipids, carbs, and proteins to
be used by the cell.
Vacuoles- sack-like structure used for storage.



Stores things such as water, salts, proteins, and
carbs.
In plants its responsible for structure.
In unicellular organisms its responsible for
movement.


Function: turns food
energy into ATP (cell
energy)
Almost all
mitochondria that you
have came from the
cytoplasm of the
ovum. Got them from
your mom.


Function: gives the
cell its shape, and is
made up of proteins.
Three types of
cytoskeleton
components:



Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate
filaments

Functions: regulates
what enters and
leaves a cell, and to
provide support and
protection.
ANIMAL CELLS

Contain all organelles
and cell membrane.
PLANT CELLS

Contain all organelles
an animal cell has, but
also contain:


Chloroplasts
Cell Wall
 Plants have a cell
membrane and cell wall


Chloroplasts- contain
chlorophyll (green),
and convert sunlight
into glucose.
Cell wall- allows plant
cells its rigid structure
and protection.

Composed of
cellulose and starch


1. Plant or Animal?
2. Eukaryote or prokaryote?

Cells are the basic units of life, which means
that cells are the smallest unit of life. Cells
contain many smaller structures within itself,
that carry out vital functions to sustain life. All
processes known to living organisms such as
reproduction and metabolism take place within
cells. Cells come from preexisting cells, and all
living organisms are composed of cells.



The cell is the smallest unit of life. Any smaller
unit than a cell and its not living.
All living organisms are composed of cells
All cells arise from pre-existing cells. This is
what was added after Pasteur disproved
spontaneous generation.



Spontaneous Generation Animation
Pasteur refuted spontaneous generation with
the following experiment.
Once he refuted/disproved spontaneous
generation, the Cell Theory was changed.

What two things do all cells have?



1. Write out 2 similarities of all cells.
2. Write out 2 similarities between plant and
animal cells, and 2 differences between plant
and animal cells.
3.FORMULATE an answer for the following
Ocular Lens
Objective Lens
10X
4X
10X
10X
10X
Total
Magnification
1000X


Necrosis – cell death
due to injury or
something bad.
Necrosis VS
apoptosis.mpg YouTube


Apoptosisprogrammed cell
death.
The cell kills itself off,
before it is harmful to
the organism.



Cilia- hairs
Flagella-whip
Pseudopods- false feet

What are two
structures not found
in this cell, but are
present in an plant
cell?






Viruses are biotic/abiotic.
Viruses contain a protein coat called a _______
Viruses have 2 components: __________ &
__________.
Viruses can/cannot be treated by antibiotics.
Viruses that show symptoms quickly are
lytic/lysogenic.
Viruses that do not show signs quickly are
lytic/lysogenic.








1. Hypertonic Solution- a solution that has more solute in it
than a cell.
2. Hypotonic Solution- a solution that has less solute in it
than a cell.
3. Isotonic Solution- a solution that has the same solute
concentration as a cell.
4. Passive transport- process of moving substances into/out
of the cell that requires no energy.
5. Mitochondria- organelle that produces energy for the cell.
6. Concentration gradient- the difference in concentrations
between two areas.
7. Selectively Permeable- term used to describe the cell
membrane only allowing some things to enter/exit the cell.
8. Homeostasis – the ability of the cell/body to maintain a
constant environment.
I can describe the 6 processes of passive
transport.

Which level of organization are these four
pictures representative of?




A. cellular
B. organ
C. tissue
D. none of the above



Tissues are groups of specialized cells.
There are 4 tissue types.
Function:







Connective- _______________
Epithelial- _________________
Muscle-____________________
Nervous-___________________
Cell specialization
Cell Efficiency
Cell Interdependence


Letter “e”(3), cheek cell (3), onion cell(3), free
choice(2), and one of each tissue type drawn on
low only.
Turn in for quiz grade today.

Cell Review

Tissue Overview


Study for your test tomorrow.
Know:
All organelles structure and function
 Cell theory
 Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote
 Difference between plant and animal cells
 Difference between cells and viruses
 Four tissue types



List the two types of cells.
Describe the function of the Golgi bodies and
the Endoplasmic Reticulum.








_________- cell that has no nucleus.
_________- cell that has a nucleus (plant and
animal)
_________- some things can enter and exit
_________- holds the DNA in a eukaryote
_________- makes energy for cell
_________- old theory that says life arose from
nothing
_________- aka cell membrane
_________- surrounds plant and bacteria cells
only- not animal cells



Viruses are nonliving (abiotic)
Viruses can only reproduce by infecting living
cells
Viruses consist of a capsid (protein coat) and
nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)




Viral Spread
Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles
Flu Virus by NPR
Because viruses are non living they must infect
living cells in order to survive and reproduce.

Viral DNA is small…it reproduces very quickly.


Lytic Cycle- virus enters cell, cell replicates the
virus nucleic acid, and cell bursts releasing the
new virus progeny. (30 minutes)
Lysogenic Cycle- virus enters cell, cell
replicates virus nucleic acid, and enters a stage
of inactivity.






Rd. Section 19.2
What was the first virus identified?
How did Stanley know that a virus is nonliving?
Sketch two of the three virus structures on p. 479:
Label capsid and nucleic acid
Diagram and describe the Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle
on p.481
Use a “T chart” to compare cells and viruses:
Living vs. nonliving
 Necessity of nutrition (food)
 Growth and development
 Evolve (change over time in response to environment)
 Nucleic Acid present
 Mode of reproduction



What are the two life cycles of a virus?
What is the protein coat that surrounds the
DNA in a virus called?


What is a virus progeny?
What is being measured/evaluated on the y
axis of this graph? The x axis?


What are the two components of a virus?
What are the two life cycles of a virus?
The truth is we are
not even half way
through the
semester.
Be aware of your
grade.