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Amount of Education Average Yearly Salary No High School $19,600 High School $26,700 Some College $31,000 Associates-2 years $32,700 Bachelors-4 years $42,000 Masters-6 years $51,000 PhD-8 years $68,800 Professional-8-15 years $74,400 Stem cells differ from regular cells by two characteristics: 1. Undifferentiated cells capable of cell division, can proliferate into the millions unlike other cells. 2. Can be induced to become a specific type of cell Why stem cells remain unspecialized for long periods of time is not understood. 1. Embryonic Stem Cells 2. Adult Stem Cells- aka somatic stem cells Stem cell research began in 1981 when scientists were able to extract stem cells from mice. 1998 human stem cells were discovered 2006 adult cells were “reprogrammed” to become induced pluripotent stem cells Stem cells while undifferentiated do not perform normal cellular tasks. If some of these stem cells differentiate, it is caused by DNA and the extracellular environment. (chemicals) Still do not understand the initiation of cell differentiation Adult stem cells usually give rise to the cell type in which they are located. Possibly can cause adult stem cells to differentiate into different cell types In vitro fertilization- donated for research Left over eggs at donation clinics Embryos are typically 4-5 days old when used for cell culturing These are undifferentiated cells that are found in tissues and organs. Function: repair and maintenance Small number of these cell types, and scientists have a hard time culturing these Transdifferentiation- when adult cells differentiate into cell types other than their origin. Adult stem cells that are genetically reprogrammed to be embryonic stem cell like. Human iPSC discovered 2007, still a lot unknown Used in drug development and disease modeling. Trying to learn how to use them as transplant cells If embryonic stem cells are allowed to clump together they begin to spontaneously differentiate. Scientists control cell differentiation by inserting genes, and controlling the environment. Explain the diagram on p. 15. Draw it out and explain under each box, use paragraph above to further the explanation. PI- What are stem cells, how can they be used, why are they different than other cells. P2- Describe heart disease, & why is it a national concern. P3- What steps in stem cell research have been taken to address cardiovascular disease. What other factors could one do to prevent heart disease (think biomolecules) P4- What is your position on SCR, do you think the government should fund it, do you think we should utilize this technology, when does life begin, what are some pros/cons to SCR, concluding statement Create a line graph with 2 y axes. These are fake numbers @ hunting in Summer Shade! Year # Hunters Year # Deer 2000 150 2000 8,000 2001 200 2001 7,800 2002 125 2002 3,000 2003 100 2003 2,500 2004 300 2004 3,000 2005 350 2005 3,250 2006 355 2006 4,500 1. What is a stem cell? _____________ ________ 2. List the 2 types of stem cell: ______ ________ 3. Which stem cell is controversial? Why? 4. Where do they get adult stem cells from? 1. Name the yellow structure. 2. Name the yellow area inside the cell. 3.What do the little blue dots do? What re they called? A scientist wants to measure the effects of running on the amount of sweat a person produces. He hypothesizes that “If a person runs they will produce more sweat than a person than a person that is not running.” Control Group: Experimental Group: Independent Variable: Dependent Variable: Biomolecule Monomer Name Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid Polymer Name Elements Present Function Examples Francesco hypothesizes that “If he covers raw meat on a table it will not grow maggots, versus meat on a table uncovered will grow maggots. Control group: Experimental group: Independent variable: Dependent variable: Title the Page: Types of Metabolism, and divide sheet in 1/2 Draw Anabolism and Catabolism Be sure to include these terms on both drawings: Substrate Product Active site Enzyme Enzyme-substrate complex Cells have a large surface area: volume ratio. Important for large SA:V ratio so that a cell can remain small, yet do its job. Let’s practice calculating SA and Volume for a cube cell and a spherical cell. Figure 4.2 Why Cells Are Small (Part 2) Figure 4.2 Why Cells Are Small (Part 1) Calculate the SA: V ratio for a cube cell with a length=2. Calculate the SA: V ratio for a spherical cell with a r=6. CUBE CELL (PLANT) A. 2nm B. 5nm C. 17nm D. 1.5nm E. 3.2nm SPHERICAL CELL (ANIMAL) A. r=2nm B. r=6nm C. r= 13nm D. r=21nm E. r=4nm The nucleus is like a principal because the nucleus controls the cell like a principal controls the school. The cytoplasm is like air because cytoplasm surrounds everything inside the cell like air surrounds everything in the school. The cell wall is like the building walls because the cell wall protects the cell like building walls protect the people inside the building. Organelle Nucleus Cytoplasm Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies Lysosome Vesicle Vacuole Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplast Structure Function Eukaryote/Prok Plant/Animal aryote Location Daytime Temp. Nighttime Temp. Painted Desert, AZ 95-120F 20-30F Ft. Lauderdale, FL 70-90F 60-75F According to the temperatures in the graph, which property of water is responsible for the extreme temperature fluctuations in AZ, but less drastic fluctuations in FL? A. high heat of vaporization B. high specific heat C. evaporative cooling D. universal solvency Prokayote- cell that has no nucleus. Eukayote- cell that has a nucleus (plant and animal) Selectively Permeable- some things can enter and exit Nucleus- holds the DNA in a eukaryote Mitochondria- makes energy for cell Spontaneous generation- old theory that says life arose from nothing Plasma membrane- aka cell membrane Cell wall- surrounds plant and bacteria cells onlynot animal cells Light Microscope Ocular lens- eyepiece (10X) Objective Lens-varied magnification Total magnification= ocular x objective Stage Light source Course Adjustment Fine Adjustment Base Draw letter “e” as it appears on low, medium, and high. State three observations that you noticed during this lab. ROBERT HOOKE Used a microscope to view cork. Said what he saw reminded him of cells in a monastery. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK Used a microscope to observe pond water. Called his observations “animalcules” Figure 1.2 All Life Consists of Cells The study of cells was made possible by the invention of the microscope. 1. What is the name of this microscope? 2. Draw what letter “e” looked like yesterday for you. 1. True/False All living organisms are composed of cells. 2. Based on the graph which is more powerful: Light microscope or electron microscope? A scientist notices that several birds in Summer Shade have only one wing. She also notices that the water in Summer Shade has a purplish tint. 1. Propose a hypothesis. 2. Set up an experiment with both control and experimental groups http://www.hippocampus.org/course_locator?course=AP%20Bio logy%20I&lesson=7&topic=2&width=600&height=454&topicTitle =What%20Are%20Cells?&skinPath=http://www.hippocampus.o rg/hippocampus.skins/default Calculate the SA:V Ratio for a cube cell with a side length of 4 nm. Calculate the SA:V Ratio for a spherical cell with a radius of 2nm. PROKARYOTES Do not have a nucleus. Do not have organelles EUKARYOTES Thought to have evolved before eukaryotes. Have a nucleus DNA is in the nucleus. Have organelles. Organelle Nucleus Cytoplasm Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies Lysosome Vesicle Vacuole Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplast Structure Function Eukaryote/Prok Plant/Animal aryote Function: control center of cell “The Boss” Contains all the cell’s DNA. Nucleolus within the nucleus. Function: contains all the organelles inside the cell. Consistency of jello Function: Synthesize (make) proteins. Function: synthesizes (makes) lipids. Modifies proteins. Two Types: RER and SER Function: is to modify, sort, and package proteins from the ER. Think of it as an assembly line from ER, and this is the finishing touches. Vesicles- transport substances . Lysosomes- enzyme pouches. Function to break down lipids, carbs, and proteins to be used by the cell. Vacuoles- sack-like structure used for storage. Stores things such as water, salts, proteins, and carbs. In plants its responsible for structure. In unicellular organisms its responsible for movement. Function: turns food energy into ATP (cell energy) Almost all mitochondria that you have came from the cytoplasm of the ovum. Got them from your mom. Function: gives the cell its shape, and is made up of proteins. Three types of cytoskeleton components: Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate filaments Functions: regulates what enters and leaves a cell, and to provide support and protection. ANIMAL CELLS Contain all organelles and cell membrane. PLANT CELLS Contain all organelles an animal cell has, but also contain: Chloroplasts Cell Wall Plants have a cell membrane and cell wall Chloroplasts- contain chlorophyll (green), and convert sunlight into glucose. Cell wall- allows plant cells its rigid structure and protection. Composed of cellulose and starch 1. Plant or Animal? 2. Eukaryote or prokaryote? Cells are the basic units of life, which means that cells are the smallest unit of life. Cells contain many smaller structures within itself, that carry out vital functions to sustain life. All processes known to living organisms such as reproduction and metabolism take place within cells. Cells come from preexisting cells, and all living organisms are composed of cells. The cell is the smallest unit of life. Any smaller unit than a cell and its not living. All living organisms are composed of cells All cells arise from pre-existing cells. This is what was added after Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation. Spontaneous Generation Animation Pasteur refuted spontaneous generation with the following experiment. Once he refuted/disproved spontaneous generation, the Cell Theory was changed. What two things do all cells have? 1. Write out 2 similarities of all cells. 2. Write out 2 similarities between plant and animal cells, and 2 differences between plant and animal cells. 3.FORMULATE an answer for the following Ocular Lens Objective Lens 10X 4X 10X 10X 10X Total Magnification 1000X Necrosis – cell death due to injury or something bad. Necrosis VS apoptosis.mpg YouTube Apoptosisprogrammed cell death. The cell kills itself off, before it is harmful to the organism. Cilia- hairs Flagella-whip Pseudopods- false feet What are two structures not found in this cell, but are present in an plant cell? Viruses are biotic/abiotic. Viruses contain a protein coat called a _______ Viruses have 2 components: __________ & __________. Viruses can/cannot be treated by antibiotics. Viruses that show symptoms quickly are lytic/lysogenic. Viruses that do not show signs quickly are lytic/lysogenic. 1. Hypertonic Solution- a solution that has more solute in it than a cell. 2. Hypotonic Solution- a solution that has less solute in it than a cell. 3. Isotonic Solution- a solution that has the same solute concentration as a cell. 4. Passive transport- process of moving substances into/out of the cell that requires no energy. 5. Mitochondria- organelle that produces energy for the cell. 6. Concentration gradient- the difference in concentrations between two areas. 7. Selectively Permeable- term used to describe the cell membrane only allowing some things to enter/exit the cell. 8. Homeostasis – the ability of the cell/body to maintain a constant environment. I can describe the 6 processes of passive transport. Which level of organization are these four pictures representative of? A. cellular B. organ C. tissue D. none of the above Tissues are groups of specialized cells. There are 4 tissue types. Function: Connective- _______________ Epithelial- _________________ Muscle-____________________ Nervous-___________________ Cell specialization Cell Efficiency Cell Interdependence Letter “e”(3), cheek cell (3), onion cell(3), free choice(2), and one of each tissue type drawn on low only. Turn in for quiz grade today. Cell Review Tissue Overview Study for your test tomorrow. Know: All organelles structure and function Cell theory Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote Difference between plant and animal cells Difference between cells and viruses Four tissue types List the two types of cells. Describe the function of the Golgi bodies and the Endoplasmic Reticulum. _________- cell that has no nucleus. _________- cell that has a nucleus (plant and animal) _________- some things can enter and exit _________- holds the DNA in a eukaryote _________- makes energy for cell _________- old theory that says life arose from nothing _________- aka cell membrane _________- surrounds plant and bacteria cells only- not animal cells Viruses are nonliving (abiotic) Viruses can only reproduce by infecting living cells Viruses consist of a capsid (protein coat) and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) Viral Spread Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles Flu Virus by NPR Because viruses are non living they must infect living cells in order to survive and reproduce. Viral DNA is small…it reproduces very quickly. Lytic Cycle- virus enters cell, cell replicates the virus nucleic acid, and cell bursts releasing the new virus progeny. (30 minutes) Lysogenic Cycle- virus enters cell, cell replicates virus nucleic acid, and enters a stage of inactivity. Rd. Section 19.2 What was the first virus identified? How did Stanley know that a virus is nonliving? Sketch two of the three virus structures on p. 479: Label capsid and nucleic acid Diagram and describe the Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle on p.481 Use a “T chart” to compare cells and viruses: Living vs. nonliving Necessity of nutrition (food) Growth and development Evolve (change over time in response to environment) Nucleic Acid present Mode of reproduction What are the two life cycles of a virus? What is the protein coat that surrounds the DNA in a virus called? What is a virus progeny? What is being measured/evaluated on the y axis of this graph? The x axis? What are the two components of a virus? What are the two life cycles of a virus? The truth is we are not even half way through the semester. Be aware of your grade.