Download CH 11_AM HISTORY III

CHAPTER 11
The Civil War
In the bloody Civil War, Union forces
devastate the South and defeat the
Confederacy. President Lincoln narrowly
wins reelection, but is assassinated as the
war ends.
Honors American History III
J. Sporer ~ Troy Jr/Sr HS
Section 1
The Civil War Begins
.
The secession of Southern states
cause the North and the South to
take up arms
Northern Response to
Southern Succession





March 1861 – Abraham
Lincoln took office as
President of the United
States
North said that the Union
was older than the states it
had created them
Believed the Union had to
be preserved
South believed that majority
rule was a threat to their
liberty
North believed South was
pouting because they lost
the election
3
4
The Failure to Compromise


Lincoln said that the national
government would not abandon its
property in the south
Said that the Union wouldn't use
force in the south
5
Crisis at Fort Sumter




Confederate soldiers take over
government, military
installations
Fort Sumter—Union outpost
in Charleston harbor
Confederates demanded
surrender of Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens
needed supplies
(supply ships had been forced
to turn back after being fired
on by South Carolina
gunners)
6
Crisis at Fort Sumter

Lincoln faced tough
decision concerning
the forts
- Withdrawing the
troops would be
recognizing the
Confederacy
- Sending supplies
meant risking war
- Reinforcing the fort
with force would also
lead rest of slave
states to secede
7
8
Crisis at Fort Sumter



April 1861 - Lincoln
announced that he
was sending relief
expeditions to the
forts
 Meant he would
fight if necessary
For South, no action
would damage
sovereignty of
Confederacy
Jefferson Davis chose
to turn peaceful
secession into war
9
Other States Secede





Lincoln called out the
militia (northern states
responded)
Fall of Fort Sumter
unites North; volunteers
rush to enlist
Angered southern states
Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee, and
Arkansas joined the
Confederacy
Robert E. Lee became
leader of the
Confederate army
10
Choosing Sides



Border states were the
key to the war
North had to have
Maryland to keep contact
with Washington D.C.
- Lincoln ordered the
arrest of lawmakers who
had supported the south
- Federal troops helped a
group of western counties
break away from Virginia
(West Virginia)
War caused many families
in the border states to
spilt
11
Expecting a Short War
That war came as no surprise
 Both sides had been arguing for years
 Everyone thought the war would be
short
 Everyone was excited

12
Both Sides Strengths

North
- Had more people
- Had most of the
natural resources
(iron, coal, copper)
- 86% of the nation’s
factories in the north
- Union kept almost
every ship in the navy
- More extensive
railroad system
- Lincoln’s leadership

South
- Had better generals
- cotton profits
- Fighting a defensive
war (more of a will to
fight)
13
Strategy

North
Aimed to conquer south
and bring it back into the
Union
- Didn’t have a strong
enough army to invade
the south a the
beginning
- Anaconda plan: Union
strategy to conquer
South
- blockade Southern
ports
- divide Confederacy in
two in west
- capture Richmond,
Confederate capital
-

South
Only wanted to stay
independent
- Wanted to avoid major
battles (hoped the north
would get tired of
fighting)
- Invade North if
opportunity arose
- Beginning of the war
south withheld cotton
from Europe (hoped
Europe would help south
due to their need for
cotton (BIG MISTAKE)
- Europe found other
places to get cotton
14
-
15
The Two Armies


1861 – Union was
unprepared to fight
- Many soldiers
were city residents
Neither army
had uniforms
(created
confusion)
- Union wore
blue
- Confederates
wore grey


Southern army had
organized before the
battle of Fort Sumter
Southerners were
used to shooting
guns
16
The Two Armies


Didn’t have
antiseptics – germ
killing drugs
Didn’t have
anesthetics – pain
killing drugs
- Soldiers had to
bite bullets when
being operated on
17
First Battle of Bull Run




Union army was marching
to Manassas
Sightseers and picnickers
followed to watch the
battle
Thomas J. Jackson
earned nickname
“Stonewall” for firm stand
in battle
Confederates forced the
Union to retreat
- Union army got tangled
up with the sightseers
18
Union Armies in the West



Protecting
Washington, D.C.
After Bull Run, Lincoln
called for 1 million
additional soldiers
Appointed General
George McClellan to
lead the Union army
19
Union Victories in the West



Union captured New
Orleans
Feb. 1862 - General
Ulysses S. Grant
captured Confederate
Forts Henry &
Donelson
Both held strategic
locations on the
Tennessee &
Cumberland Rivers
20
Union Victories in the West
Battle of Shiloh
 March1862, Confederate troops
surprised Union soldiers at
Shiloh
 Grant counterattacked & forced
Confederates retreat
- Fiercest fighting of the war to
that point
- Both sides suffered heavy
casualties
 Shiloh taught that preparation
was needed, (Scouts, trenches
& fortifications
 Showed that Confederacy was
vulnerable in West
21
Union Victories in the West



April 1862 - David G.
Farragut commanded
fleet that took New
Orleans, Baton Rouge,
Natchez
Capturing all of the major
cities along the lower
Mississippi would cut
Texas, Louisiana,
Arkansas, & Tennessee
would be cutoff
Only Port Hudson,
Louisiana & Vicksburg
Mississippi stood in the
way
22
A Revolution in Warfare


New ironclad ships
instrumental in victories
of Grant, Farragut
- Ironclads splinter
wooden ships, withstand
cannon, resist burning
March 1862, North’s
Monitor, South’s
Merrimack fought to a
draw
- 1st ever battle between
two ironclad warships
- The new ships were not
a decisive factor in the
war
23
A Revolution in Warfare

New Weapons
- Rifles more
accurate, faster
loading, fire more
rounds than muskets
- Minié ball (more
destructive bullet),
grenades, land mines
were used
- Fighting from
trenches, barricades
new advantage in
infantry attacks
24
The War for the Capitals



3rd part of Anaconda
plan called for the
capture of Richmond
McClellan waited to
attack Richmond
(Too
cautious)
- Drilled troops for 5
months
Spring 1862 - Robert E.
Lee took command of
Southern army
- Excellent general who
had declined an offer to
head the union army at
the beginning of the war
25
Seven Days Battles



June 25 to July 1, 1862 - Lee & McClellan fought
series of battles known collectively as the Seven
Days’ Battle
- South lost more men but forced north to
retreat
Lee’ determination and unorthodox tactics
caused McClellan leave Richmond
Lee decided to invade the north
- Hoped a victory in the north would convince
Lincoln to talk peace
- Hoped a victory would also persuade Europe to
side with the south
26
Second Battle of Bull Run

August 29 & 30 1862
- Lee won Second
Battle of Bull Run &
marched into
Maryland
- Put Washington D.C.
in danger
- Union troops had to
withdraw to protect it
27
Battle of Antietam




Union army found a copy of Lee’s battle plans
Bloodiest single-day battle of the war
- 23,000 men died (more than the war of 1812 & war with
Mexico combined)
Ended in a draw
- Confederates retreat
- McClellan does not pursue
- Lincoln fired McClellan
Considered a political victory for the north
- Caused Europe to delay plans to help the south
28
Section 2
The Politics of War
By issuing the Emancipation
Proclamation, President Lincoln makes
slavery the focus of the war
Britain Remains Neutral

Britain didn’t need the South because they
had cotton inventory & new sources

Britain needed Northern wheat & corn

(replaced cotton as the essential import)

Britain chose neutrality
30
The Trent Affair




South made a 2nd
attempt to gain
English & French
support
Confederate
diplomats traveled
abroad a British
merchant ship
(Trent)
James Mason & John
Sidell
U.S. Navy arrests
them (Capt. Charles
Wilkes)
31
The Trent Affair



England threatened war
against the union
mobilized 8,000 troops
to Canada
Lincoln freed the
prisoners and publicly
claimed the Wilkes
acted without orders
Averted war with
Britain (Both sides
relieved)
32
Proclaiming Emancipation




Lincoln’s didn’t believe the Federal government
had no power to abolish slavery where it existed
Lincoln decided army could emancipate slaves
who labored for Confederacy ( Seizing supplies)
Emancipation discouraged Britain from
supporting the South
Abolitionist movement was strong in England
33
Emancipation Proclamation


January 1, 1863
Lincoln issued the
Emancipation
Proclamation
- President Lincoln’s
announcement that
he would free the
slaves in the rebelling
states (military
strategy)
Proclamation had
symbolic value by
giving the war a high
moral purpose
(Slavery)
34
Emancipation Proclamation


Northern Democrats
claimed it would
antagonize South &
prolong war
Changed the
character of the war
(The Old South was
to be destroyed)
- Confederacy became
more determined to
preserve way of life
- Compromise was no
longer possible
35
Emancipation Proclamation


Didn’t free he slaves in
the loyal border states
- Didn’t have the power
under the constitution
Also declared that African
Americans could enter
the army
- Free blacks welcome
ability to fight against
slavery
- 54th regiment gained
fame attacking Fort
Wagner in South Carolina
36
37
Both Sides Face Political
Problems




Neither side was
completely unified
Both sides had
sympathizers
Lincoln suspended
habeas corpus:
- order to bring accused
to court & name charges
Seized telegraph offices
to prevent them from
being used for
subversion
38
Both Sides Face Political
Problems




Copperheads - Northern
Democrats advocating peace
were among those arrested
Lincoln ignored Supreme court
ruling that stated he had
overstepped his constitutional
boundaries
Davis denounced Lincoln, then
suspended habeas corpus in
South
Lincoln expands presidential
powers & sets precedent (War
time)
39
Conscription






Both sides relied on volunteers in the
beginning
Casualties & desertions led to conscription draft to serve in army
Both armies allowed draftees to hire
substitutes to serve for them
Planters with more than 20 slaves were
exempted “Rich mans war poor mans fight”
90% eligible Southerners served
92% of the Northern soldiers were
volunteers
40
Draft Riots

Poor white workers
thought it was unfair
they should have to
fight a war to free
slaves
- Lived in disease ridden
slums


White workers feared Southern blacks would
move North & compete for jobs
1863 - Mobs rampaged through New York City
after they began being drafted
41
Section 3
The Civil War brings about
dramatic social and economic
changes in American society.
African Americans Fight for
Freedom







African-American
Soldiers
African Americans 1% of
North’s population
Made up 10% of army by
the end of the war
Received lower pay than
white troops for most of
war& limited on military rank
Suffered high mortality from disease
POWs were killed or returned to slavery
Fort Pillow, TN - Confederates massacred over 200
African-American POWs
43
Slave Resistance in the
Confederacy


Slaves sought freedom behind Union army
lines
On plantations - They destroyed property
& refused to go with fleeing owners
44
Southern Shortages







South experienced food shortages from lost
manpower, Union occupation& loss of slaves
Caused inflation
1861 - $6.65 for food per month
1865 $68 for food per month if available
Blockade created other shortages (salt, sugar,
coffee, nails needles, & medicine)
Some Confederates traded with enemy
Smuggled cotton into the north in exchange
for food, gold or other goods
45
Northern Economic Growth






Industries that supplied army boomed
Contractors made huge profits
Many workers’ standard of living dropped
Wages do not keep up with prices
Women replaced men on farms, city jobs
& government jobs
Congress established first income tax on
earnings to pay for war
46
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides





Lack of sanitation, personal hygiene
lead to disease in camp (Body lice &
diarrhea)
Diets were unvaried, limited,
unappealing
North ate beans, bacon and hard
square biscuits
South ate a stew of small cubes of
beef, crumbled cornbread mixed
with bacon grease
South had to use substitutes for
coffee (peanuts, dried apples, &
corn)
47
Civil War Medicine







U.S. Sanitary Commission
worked to improve hygiene in
army camps
It hired & trained nurses
Dorothea Dix served
superintendent of women nurses
Only hired women over 30 years
old to avoid romance
- Union death rate drops
Surgeon general ordered at least
1/3 of Union nurses be women
Union nurse Clara Barton
served on front lines
Southern women also
volunteered as Confederate
nurses
48
Prisons


Living conditions in prisons
worse than in army camps
Andersonville - worst Confederate prison, in Georgia
 Had no shelter or sanitation (men drank from
same stream that served as sewer)
 Housed 33,000 prisoners on 26 acres (34 sq. ft.
per man)
 1/3 of prisoners died
 Camp commander Henry Witz was executed for
war crimes after war
49
Prisons




Northern prisons were only a little better
Had more space , food & shelter than
Southern
Prisoners were housed with little or no
heat (died of pneumonia)
12% of Confederate prisoners & 15% of
Union prisoners died
50
Section 4
The North Takes Charge
Key victories at Vicksburg and
Gettysburg help the Union wear down
the Confederacy
Road to Gettysburg






Both sides were tired of the war
Blockade was killing the south’s economy ($1 to
$7 )
Northerners angry over the draft
May 1863 - South defeated North at
Chancellorsville
- Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own
troops
- Died 8 days later of pneumonia
Lee led his army north to get supplies
Also hoped for a peace settlement
52
Battle of Gettysburg



Neither General intended to fight
- Troops ran into each other (Confederates go
to find shoes; meet Union cavalry)
July 1, 1863 - Confederates drove Union back,&
took town
The Second Day
- South attacked Union army
- Union army was Led by General George
Meade on Cemetery Ridge
- North repulsed repeated attacks on Little
Round Top
- Many exhausted Confederates surrendered &
Union line held
53
Battle of Gettysburg






The Third Day
- Armies exchange vicious artillery fire
- Lee orders attack on Union lines (Pickett’s
Charge)
- North cut down Confederates
- Meade didn’t counterattack
-Lee retreated to Virginia
Both sides suffered staggering losses
Considered the single greatest battle of the war
Three-day battle at Gettysburg crippled the South
Battle of Gettysburg is considered the turning point of
war
General Lee wouldn’t never again have sufficient forces
to invade the North
54
Battle of Vicksburg










Confederate Vicksburg prevents Union from
controlling Mississippi
Spring 1863 - Union destroyed MS rail lines &
sacked Jackson
May 1863 - Grant’s began siege on Vicksburg
Confederate Vicksburg prevents Union from
controlling Mississippi
Spring 1863 - Union destroyed MS rail lines
& sacked Jackson
May 1863 - Grant’s began siege on
Vicksburg
July 4, 1863 - Starving Confederates
surrendered (same day as Pickett’s charge)
Port Hudson, LA fells 5 days later
Grant’s seizing Vicksburg gave the Union
control of the Mississippi River
Cut the Confederacy in half
55
The Gettysburg Address



November 1863 ceremony held to
dedicate cemetery in
Gettysburg
Edward Everett, noted
speaker, gave flowery
two-hour speech
Lincoln’s two-minute
Gettysburg Address
asserted unity of U.S.
- honored dead soldiers
- called for living to
dedicate themselves to
preserve Union &
freedom
56
The Confederacy Wears Down





Defeats at Gettysburg & Vicksburg cost the
south much of its limited fighting power
South was no longer able to unable attack
Only hoped to hang on and destroy North’s
morale to get armistice
Civilian morale plummeted & public called
for peace
Discord in government prevented Davis from
governing effectively
57
Grant Appoints Sherman




Lincoln wanted someone
who would attack General
Lee
March 1864 - Lincoln
appointed Ulysses S. Grant
commander of all Union
armies
Lincoln liked Grant because
he could get things done
Grant appointed William
Tecumseh Sherman
commander of the military
division of the Mississippi
58
Grant Appoints Sherman


Grant planned to attack the south on all fronts
- He would pursue Lee
- Admiral Farragut would attack Mobile
- William Tecumseh Sherman would lead
an army southeast from Chattanooga to
Atlanta
Grant & Sherman believed in total war to
destroy South’s will to fight
59
Grant and Lee in Virginia






Grant’s strategy was to immobilize Lee in VA
while Sherman raided Georgia
May 1864–April 1865 - Grant and Lee fought
many battles
Both sides suffered heavy losses
North 60,000
South 32,000
North could replace soldiers but South
couldn’t
60
Sherman’s March



September 1864 Sherman took
Atlanta
South tried to cut
supply lines
(railroads)
Sherman changed
strategies
(Abandoned supply
lines & burned
Atlanta)
61
Sherman’s March



Sherman cut a wide path
of destruction in Georgia
& lived off the land
1st general to wage total
war
- Destroyed everything in
his path
Made no apologies for his
actions
- Said “We are not only
fighting hostile armies,
but a hostile people, and
must make old and
young, rich and poor, feel
the hard hand of war”
62
Sherman’s March


December 1864 – Sherman reached Savannah
Turned north to help Grant fight Lee
 Inflicted even more destruction in South
Carolina (1st state to secede)
 Followed by 25, 00 former slaves who were
eager for freedom
 Burned almost every house in his path
 Stopped destroying private homes when he
reached North Carolina (last state to
secede)
 Began handing out food & supplies (realized
the war was almost over)
63
Atlanta Before & After
64
The Election of 1864








Lincoln faced heavy opposition in the
election
Democrats wanted immediate armistice
- Nominated George McClellan
Radical Republicans- wanted harsh
conditions for readmission to Union
Nominated John C. Fremont
Republicans changed name to National
Union Party
Andrew Johnson was chosen as
Lincoln’s running mate (pro-Union
Democrat)
Lincoln was pessimistic about his chances
Northern victories & troops’ votes gave
him the win
65
66
The Surrender at Appomattox




March 1865 – Clear
that the south was
going to lose
Union forces were
closing in on
Richmond
Grants forces
defeated Lee’s at
Petersburg
April 2 1865 - Davis’s
government left
Richmond, set it afire
67
The Surrender at Appomattox


April 9, 1865 – Lee and
Grant work out the
terms of surrender at
Appomattox Court
House
Lee’s soldiers paroled on
generous terms
(Lincoln’s request)
- Were given them food
- allowed to return to
their homes and keep
their horses
68
Section 5
The Legacy of the War
The Civil War settles longstanding disputes over states’
rights and slavery.
Political Changes caused by
the War





War ended threat of secession& increases power of
federal government
Ended Slavery
Changed the way Americans thought about their nation
- People accepted that the Union was more important
than individual states
Helped the Federal Government Expand
- Placed new demands on the Gov.
- 1861 – establish the 1st income tax to pay for the war
- Funded transcontinental railroad and gave land to
settlers
1865 - Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in all
states
70
Economic Changes Caused by
the War




National Bank Act of 1863 - Established federal system of
chartered banks
- Set requirements for loans & called banks to be inspected
Spurred industry
- Aided the growth of several postwar industries such as
petroleum, steel, food and processing
- Government subsidized the construction of a national
railroad system
Gap between North and South widened
- North: industry booms; commercial agriculture takes hold
- South: industry, farms destroyed
The war was a disaster for the South
- Nation was faced with job of rebuilding the South
71
Costs of the War


Hundreds of
thousands dead,
wounded; lives
disrupted
- 620,000 men died
in the war
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
North
South
Total Casualties
Civil
War
All
other
U.S.
Wars
Financially, war costs the government estimated
$3.3 billion
72
Civilians Follow New Paths



Some soldiers stayed in army others
become civilians, many went west
Robert E. Lee lost his home at Arlington
- Became president of Washington College
in Virginia
- His citizenship wasn’t restored until 1975
Clara Barton helped found American Red
Cross in 1881
73
The Assassination of Lincoln




April 14, 1865 - Shot by
John Wilkes Booth at
Ford’s Theatre
1st president to be
assassinated
Assassin John Wilkes
Booth escaped but was
trapped by Union cavalry
12 days later & shot in
Virginia
7 million people paid
respects to Lincoln’s
funeral train (almost 1/3
of population
74
The Civil War Has Ended
Slavery and succession are over.
The US now faces 2 problems:
1.
2.
How to restore the Southern states to the
Union
How to integrate approximately 4 million
newly freed African Americans into national
life
75