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Study guide for test on chapter 3
1. What are the 6 characteristics that all living things share? (In
other words, what are 6 ways in which all living things are
alike?) Why do all living things have so many things in
common?
All living things:
a. interact with other organisms
b. have DNA and reproduce
c. grow and develop
d. have a structure made up of cells
e. get and use energy
f. maintain homeostasis (a balance) within their bodies, in
spite of what is happening
in the external environment
extra one – All living things have adaptations that appeared
through evolution and that help them do the 6 things above.
All living things have characteristics in common because we
all go back to a common ancestor, from billions of years ago.
2. Mutations are a source of variation reading (p. 139-41):
#1 & 8 What 2 things explain the enormous diversity of
characteristics among the organisms on earth? (also answered
by #2 & 3, p. 73)
*** natural selection, range of adaptations to many different
environments
Without different environments, we wouldn’t have so many
different organisms because a mutation that was good for the
arctic wouldn’t have survived if all the earth had tropical
weather. Such a mutation for a colder environment could allow
a population to migrate to a new, less crowded environment – a
real advantage due to fewer predators and less competition
for resources.
The combination of random mutations, natural selection over
millions of years. and many different environments present on
the earth has led to millions of different species, each with its
own unique set of adaptations to its habitat.
#2: population – all of the organisms of the same species in
the same place at the same time
#4: mutation – random change in DNA
#7 There is a relationship between adaptations and
surroundings (environment)
#11 : Classification criteria reflect the pattern of evolutionary
changes. That’s what we show in a cladogram.
3. questions from book, p. 73 (folder p. 89)
Define adaptation. (#1, p. 73)
an inherited trait that makes it more likely that an organism
will survive and reproduce (for 2 and 3 on p. 73 in book, see
above)
4. What are the major adaptations that appeared in plant
evolution? (lab, plus From Cell to Seed reading, #11, 12,13, 14)
• multicellular – specialization, outer layer to protect from
drying out
• waxy coating – also helps to prevent them from from drying
out
• vascular tissue -- also helps to prevent them from from drying
out
• seeds in cones – not surrounded (somewhat exposed)
• flowering plants with seeds in fruits (enclosed, not exposed)
5. What is a cladogram? (notes p. 84)
Scientists arrange living things according to which ones are
most closely related. They make something like a family tree (a
cladogram).
What part of the branching classification structure (cladogram)
represents the most recent common ancestor? (notes)
forks in the tree
6. and 9. Domain – has the most species and greatest diversity
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species -- has the fewest species and least diversity
(Don’t kids prefer candy over fresh green spinach?)
#7 Major differences among different kingdoms --
1st division is domains – prokaryotes (no nucleus, bacteria only)
and eukaryotes (nucleus, everything else)
8. Organizing Diversity
#1. Biologists have developed classification__ schemes that
reflect our understanding of the _______evolutionary
relationships___ that exist among the millions of different
known _____species__.
#2. What are 2 criteria biologists use to construct classification
schemes?
Similar structures/physical appearance (homologous,
vestigial structures) and DNA similarites
#5. What do the different biological categories represent?
Groups of organisms with a certain degree or level of relatedness
#6. Organisms that are MOST closely related are grouped into
the species____ category.
#8. Why do scientists give organisms scientific names?
So scientists across the globe can have a common
communication (a common language for discussing species)
#9. What are 2 criteria that determine whether or not 2
organisms are of the same species?
Mate in nature, produce fertile offspring
#12. Why has the classification system changed over time?
We have discovered information on DNA and new species.
#9 p. 75 #4b (folder p. 92)
What does this classification scheme suggest about evolutionary
relationships that exist among these organisms?
The schemes show scientific understanding of similarities in
structure and behavior in birds. Those similarities should
reflect evolutionary relatedness – the more similar 2 birds
are, the closer they should be on the “family tree.” The
more similar they are, they more related theiy are in
evolution.