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1 2 3 4 5 6 In snake venom there is a substance that causes erythrocyte hemolysis when it is introduced into a human organism. Blood test revealed a large amount of lysolecithin (lysophosphatidylcholine). What enzyme leads to accumulating lysolecithin in blood? Universal system of biological oxidation of nonpolar compounds (numerous drugs, toxic agents, steroid hormones, cholesterol) is microsomal oxidation. Name the cytochrome that is included in oxygenase chain of microsomes: A newborn child born from Rhnegative mother in the result of her third pregnancy presents with gradually worsening jaundice, irritated central nervous system, anemia. What type of jaundice does the infant suffer from? Proteins are biopolymers of principal significance in cell building, they are composed from amino acids as monomers, which are connected into chain by the next main type of chemical bond: Phospholipase A2 Phospholipase A1 Phospholipase C Phospholipase D Neuraminidase Cytochrome Р450 Cytochrome C Cytochrome A3 Cytochrome A Cytochrome C1 Hemolytic Hepatocellular Obstructive Parasitic Toxic Peptide bond Phosphodiester bond Ionic bond Hydrogen bond Glycosidic bond Structure of proteins includes proteinogenic amino acids. What is the position of the amino group in the structure of these amino acids? α-position β-position γ-position δ-position -position Uric acid is a derivative of: Purine Indole Pyrazine Pyrazole Pyridine 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 An oculist detected increased time of darkness adaptation of a patient’s eye. What vitamin deficiency can cause such symptom? А Е С К D What enzyme allows for synthesys of various genes from template-RNA to DNA in genetic engineering (this enzyme catalyzes the process detected in RNAviruses)? Reverse transcriptase Exonuclease DNA-ligase Helicase Endonuclease Chromatin contains positively charged histone proteins. What amino acid is contained in histone proteins in large amounts? Lysine Alanine Valine Threonine Serine By consumption of fresh milk in kid developed Lactase disorders of digestive tract. Consumption of other sugar-containing food-stuffs did not cause similar disorders. Genetically determined insufficiency of what enzyme can be considered in this case? In a patient was detected disorder in digestion of Proteinases protein in stomach and small intestines. What group of enzymes may cause this disorder? Phosphoglucomutase Glycogen synthetase Hexokinase Glucose-6 phosphate isomerase Amylase Lipase Lyases Aminotransferases In dietology in cases of children milk intolerance a -galactosidase milk is used in which lactose content is diminished enzymatically. What enzyme is used for this purpose? –amylase –glucosidase –amylase –glucosidasde Diet of a human must contain vitamins. What vitamin is usually prescribed for treatment and prevention of pellagra? Vitamin C Vitamin A Vitamin B1 Vitamin D Vitamin PP 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 In a treatment of some infections diseases, sulfanilamide drugs are used, which inhibit the growth of bacteria. What is the mechanism of their action? They are structural analogs of paminobenzoic acid, needed for biosynthesis of folic acid In blood serum of a patient a marked increase in Acute pancreatitis activity of trypsine, alpha-amylase and lipase was detected. What disease can be suggested? Allosteric inhibition of bacterial enzymes They are involved in oxidativereductive reactions Inhibit the Irreversibly inhibit absorption of folic biosynthesis of acid folic acid, needed for normal bacterial survival Cholelythiasis Chronic hepatitis Malignant tumors Poisoning with insecticides Pharmaceuticals, containing mercury, arsen or other heavy metals, are inhibiting enzymes, posessing sulfhydril groups. What amino acid is used for reactivation of these enzymes? Cysteine Histidine Isoleucine Aspartic acid Glycine In recognition of hepatitis the determination the following enzymes activity in blood has diagnostic significance: Amino transferases Amylase Lactate dehydrogenase Aldolase Creatin kinase Researchers isolated 5 isoenzymic forms of lactate dehydrogenase from the human blood serum and studied their properties. What property indicates that the isoenzymic forms were isolated from the same enzyme? A patient presents high activity of LDH1,2, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase. In what organ (organs) is the development of a pathological process the most probable? Catalyzation of The same molecular the same reaction weight In the heart In skeletal muscles muscle (initial (dystrophy, atrophy) stage of myocardium infarction) Marked increase of activity of МВ-forms of CPK Miocardial Hepatitis (creatinephosphokinase) and LDH-1 were revealed infarction on the examination of the patient's blood. What is the most likely pathology? The same Tissue physicochemical localization properties The same electrophoretic mobility In kidneys and adrenals In connective tissue In liver and kidneys Rheumatism Pancreatitis Cholecystitis Viral hepatitis Collagenosis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus 21 12 hours after an accute attack of retrosternal pain a Myocardium patient presented an increase of aspartate infarction aminotransferase activity in blood serum. What pathology is this deviation typical for? Ethanol Malonyl aldehyde Propionic aldehyde Methanol 22 Desulfiram is widely used in medical practice to Acetaldehyde prevent alcocholism. It inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase. Increased level of what metabolite causes aversion to alcochol? A 49-year-old driver complains about unbearable constricting pain behind the breastbone irradiating to the neck. The pain arose 2 hours ago. Objectively: the patient’s condition is grave, he is pale, heart tones are decreased. Laboratory studies revealed high activity of creatine kinase and LDH1. What disease are these symptoms typical for? In case of enterobiasis acrihine – the structural analogue of vitamin B2 - is administered. The synthesis disorder of which enzymes does this medicine cause in microorganisms? Acute myocardial infarction Acute pancreatitis Stenocardia Cholelithiasis Diabetes mellitus FAD-dependent dehydrogenases Cytochromeoxidases Peptidases NAD-dependet dehydrogenases Aminotransferases Hydroxylation of endogenous substrates and Vitamin C xenobiotics requires a donor of protons. Which of the following vitamins can play this role? Vitamin P Vitamin B6 Vitamin E Vitamin A Pyruvate dehydrostase 26 A newborn child has convulsions that have been Glutamate observed after prescription of vitamin B6. This most decarboxylase probable cause of this effect is that vitamin B6 is a component of the following enzyme: Netoglubarate dehydromine Aminolevulinate synthase Glycogen phosphorylase 27 In a patient with complaints on pain in cardiac area LDH, creatine Amylase, a myocardial infarction was recognized after kinase, phosphatase estimation of enzymes activity in blood. Indicate, aminotransferase please, what enzyme activities were determined? 23 24 25 lipase, Peptidase, arginase, glucokinase Trypsin, Aldolase, succinate lysozyme, citrate dehydrogenase, synthase hexokinase 28 29 In course of tuberculosis treatement a patient was administered isoniazide – a structural analogue of nicotinamide and pyridoxine. What type of inhibition by mechanism of action exhibits isoniazide? After laboratory investigation in blood of patient an increase of LDH activity was detected, which is characteristic symptom of heart, liver or kidney diseases. What additional biochemical investigation must be performed in differential diagnostics? In a patient a preliminary diagnosis of myocardial infarction was proposed. A characteristic feature of this disease is a marked increase in blood in the first 24 hours of the next enzyme: Competitive Irreversible Uncompetitive Allosteric Noncompetitive Determination of Estimation of blood Ketone bodies Determination of Amylase activity in LDH isozymes glucose level level in blood blood cholesterol blood level Arginase Catalase Glc-6-P dehydrogenase Alpha-amylase AlAT (GPT) AsAT (GOT) Gamma-amylase 31 Ambulance delivered a patient to the hospital with a Alpha-amylase preliminary diagnosis “acute pancreatitis”. What enzyme activity must be estimated in blood and urine in order to support this diagnosis? Lactate dehydrogenase –glucosidasde –amylase –glucosidase –amylase 32 In dietology, in cases of children milk intolerance a -galactosidase milk is used in which lactose content is diminished enzymatically. What enzyme is used for this purpose? Cleavage of polysaccharides Cleavage of nucleic acids Cleavage of disaccharides Cleavage of lipids 33 In cases of chronic pancreatitis a decrease of trypsin Cleavage of production and secretion is observed. Digestion and proteins absorption of what substances is injured in this case? After the addition of an extract of pancreatic gland to the tube with starch solution, a blue coloration of the sample with iodine have disappeared, which indicates on starch hydrolysis. What pancreatic enzyme is involved in this reaction? During the investigation of pancreatic juice was detected a great number of enzymes. Some of them are secreted in inactive form. What are these enzymes? Amylase Chymotrypsin Lipase Aldolase Trypsin Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinoge n Sucrase, amylase Ribonuclease, pepsin Amylase, lipase DNA-ase, aminopeptidase 30 34 35 Creatinephosphokinase 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Phosphororganic compound diisopropyl- Irreversible fluorophosphate is a dangerous toxin as it inhibits cholinesterase. What is the mechanism of this inhibition? Reversible Competitive Uncomoetitive Noncompetitive In blood serum of a patient a marked increase in Acute pancreatitis activity of trypsine, alpha-amylase and lipase was detected. What disease can be suggested? Cholelythiasis Chronic hepatitis Malignant tumors Poisoning with insecticides In a patient a preliminary diagnosis of myocardial Creatine kinase infarction was proposed. A characteristic feature of this disease is a marked increase in blood in the first 24 hours of the next enzyme: Arginase Catalase Glc-6-P dehydrogenase Alpha-amylase During the surgery after injection of a drug, which Acetylcholine cause the myorelaxation, in patient occures a esterase prolonged stoppage of resptration (more then 5 min). What enzyme insufficiency may be responsible for this accident? In blood serum of a patient a marked increase in Acute pancreatitis activity of trypsine, alpha-amylase and lipase was detected. What disease can be suggested? Catalase Glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase Monoaminoxidas e Acetyl-transferase Cholestasis Chronic hepatitis Malignant tumors Insecticide poisoning In blood serum of a patient a marked increase of Myocardial activity of creatine phosphokinase and lactate infarction dehydrogenase was detected. . What disease can be suggested as a cause? Acute pancreatitis Chronic pancreatitis Hemolytic jaundice Nephrosis In blood serum of a patient a high activity of Heart isozyme LDH-1 was detected. In what organ pathological changes occure? Liver Sceletal muscles Pancreas Kidney During investigation of gastric secretory function Pepsin was detected decrease of hydrochloric acid content in gastric juice. What enzyme activity will decrease in this case? Lipase Hexokinase Amylase Carboxypeptidase Acid phosphatase Aldolase 44 In malignant tumor of prostata a marked increase in activity of the next enzyme in blood serum is observed: Alanyl aminotransferas e Lactate dehydrogenase Alkaline phosphatase Serum LDH Serum AST Serum CK Serum ALT Serum amylase 45 On the third day following onset of acute myocardial infarction, which enzyme estimation will have the best predictive value? What enzyme may be used in substitute therapy in cases of gastric secretion insufficiency? Pepsin Trypsin Hyaluronidase Collagenase Ribonuclease Oxido-reductases Amylases Lipases Aminotransferases 47 In a patient the disorder of proteins digestion in Peptidases stomach and small intestine is observed. What enzymes insufficiency cause this disorder? Secretin Gastrin Cholecystopancre ozymine Chymotrypsinogen 48 Trypsinogen is produced in exocrine part of pancreatic gland and excreted to duodenum, where it is activated by the next factor: H3M (iso 2) H2M2 (iso 3) HM3 (iso 4) M4 (iso 5) 49 In diagnostics of myocardial infarction the next H4 (iso 1) isoform of lactate dehydrogenase in blood has diagnostic significance: Glutathion peroxidase Creatine kinase Amylase 50 In diagnostics of an acute viral hepatitis estimation of the next enzymatic activity in blood serum is the most valuable: Alkaline phosphatase Pyridoxal kinase. Glutamate dehydrogenase. Glutamate decarboxylase. Glutamate synthetase 46 51 Enteropeptidase Alanyl aminotransferase A child manifests epileptic seizures caused by Alanine vitamin B6 deficiency. This is conditioned by the aminotransferase. decrease of the 7-aminobutyrate level in the nervous tissue which acts as an inhibiting neurotransmitter. The activity of which enzyme is decreased in this case? Different forms of lympholeukoses are effectively Asparaginase cured with enzyme preparation called: Plasmin Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) Hyaluronidase Streptokinase Enzymes of tricarboxylic acids cycle oxidize acetylCoA and produce 3 molecules of reduced NAD and one molecule of reduced FAD. Where are localized these enzymes? In mitochondrial matrix On plasma membrane On external mitochondrial membrane In cell cytoplasm On inner mitochondrial membrane A patient was admitted into hospital with a diagnosis diabetes mellitus type I. In metabolic changes the decrease of oxaloacetate synthesis rate is detected. What metabolic passway is damaged as a result? Substrate phosphorylation is a process of phosphate residue transfer from macroergic donor substance to ADP or some other nucleoside diphosphate. What enzyme of tricarboxylic acid cycle participates in reaction of substrate phosphorylation? In a patient are manifested symptoms of intoxication with arsenic compounds. What metabolic process is damaged taking into account that arsen containing substances inactivate lipoic acid? Tricarboxylic acid cycle Glycolysis Cholesterol biosynthesis Glycogen mobilization Urea synthesis Succinyl thiokinase Citrate synthase Succinate dehydrogenase Fumarase Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate Fatty acids biosynthesis Neutralization of superoxide anions Coupling of oxidation and phopsphorylation Microsomal oxidation Superoxide dismutase Catalase Peroxidase 57 During metabolic process active forms of the oxygen including superoxide anion radical are formed in the human body. With help of what enzyme is this anion activated? Glutathioneperoxi dase Glutathionereductas e Bilirubin Ketone bodies Uric acid Creatinine Glucose 58 A patient has obstruction of the common bile duct. Which of these substances is usually found in urine in such cases? Vitamin K Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin B12 59 A woman noticed that a cut on her skin was still bleeding even after 20 minutes had passed. What vitamin deficiency causes such condition? 52 53 54 55 56 The primary structure of nucleic acids is a polynucleotide chain that has a certain composition and order of the nucleotides. What bonds stabilize this structure? 3’,5’phosphodiester Peptide Glycosidic Disulfide Amide During the necropsy of a 20-year-old girl a pathologist concluded that the death of the patient had resulted from poisoning by cyanides. The activity of what enzyme is mostly inhibited by cyanides? CO is extremely dangerous poison as it irreversibly blocks repiratory chain of enzymes. At which point is arrested electron transport in presence of CO? Cytochrome oxydase Malate dehydrogenase Heme synthase Aspartate aminotransferase Lactate dehydrogenasе Cytochrome oxidase Succinate dehydrogenase Ubiquinoncytochrome c reductase Respiratory complex III NADH2-ubiquinon reductase Thyroxine Norepinephrine Testosterone Insulin Cortisol 63 Some hormones are acting as uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Chose from listed below hormones one which is considered as the best uncoupler B12-hypervitaminosis B1-deficiency B1hypervitaminosis B12-deficiency 64 Activation of membrane lipid peroxydation is one of Vitamin E the basic mechanisms of membrane structure and deficiency functions damage as well as the death of a cell. The cause of this pathology is: The production of thyroid hormones is stimulated under thyrotoxicosis. It leads to body weigh loss, tachycardia, and rise of psychic irritability. Choose the biochemical mechanism by which thyroid hormones affect the tissue bioenergetics from the listed below: Hydrogen peroxide is harmful and extremely toxic to living cells. Chose an enzyme which is used by cells for neutralization of hydrogen peroxide: Uncoupling of oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation Blockage of mitochondrial respiratory chain Activation of substrate level phosphorylation Blockage of substrate level phosphorylation Activation of oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation Glutathion peroxidase Cytochrome oxidase NADP-H2oxidase Cyclooxygenase Monoamine oxidase 60 61 62 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 Superoxide anion is generated in course of tissue respiration and is a strong oxidant, possessing a harmful effect. What enzyme is involved in neutralization of this compound? Superoxide dismutase Monoamine oxidase Peroxidase Catalase Xanthine oxidase In diseases which are accompanied by hypoxia an incomplete reduction of oxygen molecule in respiratory chain and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide occurs. Note an enzyme which provides neutralization of hydrogen peroxide: Cyanides are extremely dangerous poisons as they irreversibly block repiratory chain of enzymes. At which point is arrested electron transport in presence of cyanides? Glutathion peroxidase Cytochrome oxidase Succinate dehydrogenase Glutathion reductase Oxidase of reduced NADP Cytochrome oxidase Succinate dehydrogenase Ubiquinoncytochrome c reductase Respiratory complex III enzymes NADH2-ubiquinon reductase High resistance of “winter-swimmers” (so-called “walruses”) to low temperatures is explained by increased production of certain hormones that stimulate the processes of biological oxidation and heat formation in the cells through the uncoupling of mitochondrial electron transfer and the oxidative phosphorylation. Choose the name of these hormones: During the necropsy of a 17-year-old girl a pathologist concluded that the death of the patient had resulted from poisoning by cyanides. The disturbance of what process became the most credible cause of the girl’s death? Infant death occurs due to cyanide poisoning. What is the biochemical mechanism of cyanides’ unfavorable action on the molecular level? Thyroid hormones Glucagone Adrenaline Insulin Corticosteroids Tissue respiration Synthesis of hemoglobin Transport of oxygen by hemoglobin Urea synthesis Atherosclerosis Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase Chemical bounding to the substrates of TCA Blockage of succinate dehydrogenase Inactivation of oxygen molecule Inhibition of cytochrome b Cyanides are cellular poisons, inhibiting electron transport on terminal segment of respiratory chain in mitochondrias. What is the mechanism of their toxic effect? Formation of a complex with Fe+3 form of cytochrome oxidase Block up of electron transport on a level of NAD H –coenzyme Qreductase. Block up of electron transport from cytochrome bc1. Inhibition of ATP-synthase function Uncoupling of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Enzymes of respiratory chain perform oxidation of substrates and transfer of reductive equivalents to oxygen with production of water molecules. Where they are located? On inner mitochondrial membrane. On cytoplasmic membrane In cytoplasm On outer mitochondrial membrane In nucleus Patient P. is working in chemical industry, connected with cyanic acid production. He complains in attacks of suffocation and dizziness. What is the mechanism of cyanides effect upon tissue respiration? Coupling of tissue respiration and oxydative phosphorylation takes place in the presence of electrochemical gradient of H+ ions between mitochondrial matrix and intermembranous space. What substance from listed below can uncouple respiration and phosphorylation? Cytochromes are components of respiratory chain in mitochondrias, which transfer electrons from ubiquinon to molecular oxygen. What part of cytochrome molecule take part in oxydativereductive reactions? An elderly patient exhibits low levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin in blood, but the color index is 1,3. Blood smear analysis revealed megaloblasts. What type of anemia is observed in this case? After drinking milk a 1-year-old child has developed diarrhea and flatulence. The baby is likely to have the deficiency of the following enzyme: Interaction with heme of cytochrome a3 Attacment to nitrogen atom in pyrimidine cycle of NAD Block the activity of cytochrome c Block bonding with an oxygen Block the transfer of electrons from cytochrome bc1 Rothenon Somatotropin Cyanides Dinitrophenol Glucose Iron atom Vynil residue Pyrrole cycle Proteinous part Methen bridge B12-folic acid deficiency Iron-deficiency Acquired hemolytic Hereditary hemolytic Chronic posthemorrhagic Lactase Maltase Aldolase Hexokinase Glycosidase A man presents with signs of albinism: blonde hair, extreme photosensitivity, impaired vision. What amino acid metabolism is disrupted in the patient? Tyrosine Methionine Proline Histidine Valine 81 82 In the cell, enzymes are located in subsequent Cathepsins and Fatty acid synthesis Enzymes of Enzymes of urea Glycogen organelles, providing their specific functioning. glucosaminidase enzyme complex protein synthesis synthetase and Note enzymes located in lysosomes. biosynthesis branching enzyme Nucleus Cytoplasm Golgi vesicles Lysosomes 83 Cytochrome c participates in transport of electrons Mitochondria in respiratory chain of the cell and is located in the next cellular compartment: Inhibition of the synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol in liver of an experimental animals has caused maldigestion of lipids. What is the role of these acids in the enteral lipidic metabolism? A patient with atherosclerosis has been prescribed Linaetholum containing essential fatty acids. Which of the following acids is an essential part of the preparation? The patient has icteric skin; unconjugated bilirubin content in blood is high; conjugated bilirubin in urine is not detected. There is significant amount of urobilin in urine and stercobilin in feces. Name the pathology characterized by the given symptoms: A patient complains of pain in the small joints. High concentration of uric acid is detected in his blood plasma. What pathology causes such changes? They emulsify dietary lipids They keep balance of alkaline environment in the intestines They participate in the synthesis of lipids They are part of LDL They activate the formation of chylomicrons Linolenic Palmitic Crotonic Stearic Oleic Hemolytic jaundice Obstructive jaundice Jaundice of the newborn Hepatocellular jaundice Atherosclerosis Gout Diabetes mellitus Phenylketonuria Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Diabetes insipidus 84 85 86 87 Succinyl coenzyme A α-ketoglutarate Substrate-linked phosphorylation occurs in the cycle of tricarboxylic acids. What compound takes part in this reaction? Acetyl coenzyme A Succinate Malate Trypsin and related to it proteolytic enzymes (chymotrypsin, thrombin et al.) contain in active center a specific amino acid residue, which is covalently modified by fluorophosphate compounds with irreversible lost of enzymatic activity. What is this amino acid residue? Acetylcholin esterase cleaves acetylcholin hydrolytically. Insecticides, pesticides and nerve gases of fluorophosphates structure irreversibly inhibit acetylcholin esterase. What type of inhibition is it? Cataract (lenticular opacity) has developed in a 52-year-old woman with pancreatic diabetes. What process has intensified and thus caused lenticular opacity? Serine Protein glycosylation Lipolysis Ketogenesis Protein proteolysis Gluconeogenesis 46-year-old patient was found to have hyperactivity of creatine kinase in his blood serum. What kind of pathology can be suspected? Myocardial infarction Acute pancreatitis Chronic hepatitis Haemolytic anemia Renal failure Lysine Tryptophan Methionine Serine 92 Activity of many enzymes depends from the Cysteine presence of free thiol groups in active center. What amino acid residue provides presence of these groups in enzyme molecule? 93 Biochemical functions of water soluble vitamins are NAD realized due to their transformation to coenzymes. (nicotinamide What coenzyme is formed by vitamin PP? adenine dinucleotide) FMN (flavinmononucleotide ) FAD (flavin Pyridoxalphospha adenine te dinucleotide) Thiamine pyrophosphate Production of active thromboplastin Production of thrombin Production of fibrin polymer 94 In the course of an experiment in the mesenteric vein of a toad a trombus was created with a crystal of common salt. What processes occurred during the first stage of trombus formation? 88 89 90 91 Tyrosine Threonine Aspartate Methionine Inhibitors bind Inhibitors bind Inhibitors form Inhibitors induce are with with serine Inhibitors histidine complex with denaturation of residue in active structural analogs of residue in acetylcholine enzyme true substrate center allosteric center Adhesion, aggregation, agglutination of Platelets Production of fibrin monomer In a patient with frequent intraorgan and mucosal Vitamin C bleeding in urine were detected proline and lysine. Deficiency of what vitamin cause a damage of their hydroxylation? Vitamin A Vitamin K Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin C Vitamin B6 Vitamin K Vitamin PP 96 In a patient painfulness along a great nerve trunks is Vitamin B1 observed as well as increase of pyruvate in blood. Insufficiency of what vitamin may induce these symptoms? Zinc Iron Magnesium Molybdenum. 97 Malignant hyperchrome anemia, or Birmer's Cobalt disease, is a pathological state caused by the deficiency of vitamin B12. What chemical element is a constituent of the structure of this vitamin? B12. B3. B8. B5. 98 For diagnostics of certain illnesses the B6. determination of blood transaminases activity is required. Which vitamin is a component of the cofactors of the enzymes? Hemoglobin catabolism results in Transferrin release of iron which is transported to the (siderophilin) bone marrow by a certain transfer protein and is used again for the synthesis of hemoglobin. Specify this transfer protein: Note a compound which is considered as natural Thermogenin uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation Transcobalamin Haptoglobin Ceruloplasmin Albumin Progesteron Succinic acid Sapogenin Stearic acid 95 99 100 101 An untrained person who has not been practicing Accumulation of Decreasing of lipids Increased Accumulation of Increase of ATP physical exercises for a long time complains of a lactate in muscles level in muscles disintegration of creatinine in level in muscles muscle pain as a result of intensive manual work. muscle proteins muscles What is the probable reason of the pain syndrome? 102 The high speed sprint causes a feeling of pain in Glycolysis skeletal muscles of untrained people that occurs due to lactate accumulation. The activation of what biochemical process is it resulting from? Gluconeogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Lipogenesis Glycogenesis 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 A 7-year-old girl manifests obvious signs of anemia. Laboratory tests showed the deficiency of pyruvate kinase activity in erythrocytes. The disorder of what biochemical process is a major factor in the development of anemia? The intake of aspirin by a 3-year-old child with a fever caused marked erythrocytes hemolysis. The inherited deficiency of what enzyme could be the cause of the hemolytic anemia development? Anaerobic glycolysis Deamination of amino Tissue acids respiration Oxidative phosphrylation Breaking up of peroxides Glucosо-6phosphate dehydrogenase. Glucose-6phosphatase. Glycogen phosphorylase. Glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase. γ-Glutaminyl transferase A 2-year-old boy has the increase of liver and spleen sizes detected and eye cataract present. The total sugar level in blood is increased, but glucose tolerance is within the normal range. The inherited disturbance of the metabolism of what substance is the cause of the indicated state? A newborn child had dyspepsia phenomena (diarrhea, vomiting) detected after feeding with milk. After additional feeding with glucose the morbid symptoms disappeared. The insufficient activity of what enzyme that takes part in the carbohydrates breakdown causes the indicated disorders? A newborn child with the signs of cataract, growth and mental retardation, who manifested vomiting and diarrhea, was brought to an emergency clinic. A presumptive diagnosis of galactosemia was made. The deficiency of what enzyme occurs in case of this disease? A cataract and fatty degeneration of the liver develop in the conditions of high galactose and low glucose level in blood. What disease do these symptoms testify to? Galactose. Fructose. Glucose. Maltose. Saccharose Lactase. Amylase. Sacharase. Isomaltase. Maltase. Galactose-1Glucokinase. phosphate uridyl transferase. UDP-galactose4-epimerase. Hexokinase. Glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase Galactosemia. Lactosemia. Steroid diabetes. Fructosemia In a patient are manifested symptoms of intoxication Oxidative with arsenic compounds. What metabolic process is decarboxylation damaged taking into account that arsenic containing of pyruvate substances inactivate lipoic acid? Diabetes mellitus. Fatty biosynthesis acids Neutralization Coupling of Microsomal of superoxide oxidation and oxidation anions phopsphorylation 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 In a weak apathic infant an enlarged liver was detected, which in investigation of biopcia pieces showed an excess of glycogen. Blood glucose concentration is under the normal value. What may be the cause of this disease? During biochemical investigation of blood in a patient was detected hypoglycemia in fasting condition. Investigation of liver bioptates revealed the failure of glycogen synthesis. What enzyme deficiency may cause such status? In an infant with point mutations in genes the absence of glucose 6-phosphatase, hypoglycemia and hepatomegalia were revealed. What disease is characterized by these symptoms? Lowered activity of glycogen phosphorylase in a liver Lowered activity of glycogen synthase Lowered activity of glucose 6phosphate isomerase Aldolase Lowered activity of glucokinase Fructose bisphosphatase Deficiency of gene responsible for synthesis of glucose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase Pyruvate carboxylase Glycogen synthase Phosphorylase Gierke disease Adison disease Parkinson disease Cori disease Mac Ardle disease In a patient a lowering in ability to physical load Glycogen was revealed, while in skeletal muscles the phosphorylase glycogen content was increased. The decrease in activity of what enzyme may cause this condition? Phosphofructokinase Glucose 6phosphate dehydrogenase Glycogen synthase Glucose 6phosphatase What biochemical process is stimulated in the liver Gluconeogenesis. and kidneys of a patient exhausted by starvation? Synthesis of urea. Synthesis of bilirubin. Formation of hippuric acid. Synthesis of uric acid. Under Girke's glycogenosis the conversion of glucoso-6-phosphate into glucose is disturbed, which results excessive glycogen accumulation in liver and kidneys. The deficiency of what enzyme is the cause of the disease? A child is sluggish and inert. His liver is enlarged. The liver biopsy showed the excess of glycogen. The concentration of glucose in blood plasma is below the normal range. What is the cause of the glucose level decrease in blood? Glucoso-6phosphatase. Glycogen synthase. Phosphorylase. Hexokinase. Aldolase. Reduced (or absent) activity of glycogen phosphorylase in the liver Reduced (or absent) activity of hexokinase. High activity of glycogen synthase Reduced (or absent) activity of glucose-6phosphatase. Deficiency of the gene, which is responsible for the synthesis of glucose-1phosphate uridine transferase. 117 118 119 120 121 122 The major process responsible for maintaining Gluconeogenesis blood glucose in 40 hours after last meal is: Glycolysis Glycogenolysis The pentose Glycogenesis phosphate pathway A 46-year-old woman complains of dryness in the oral cavity, thirst, frequent urination, general weakness. Biochemical research of the patient's blood showed hyperglycemia and hyperketonemia. Sugar and ketone bodies are revealed in the urine. Diffuse changes in myocardium are marked on the electrocardiogram. Make an assumptive diagnosis of the illness. A patient was admitted to a hospital in comatous state. The accompanying mates explained that the patient loss his consciousness during the training on the last stage of marathon distance. What coma type can be recognized? A patient addressed to physician with complaints on permanent thirst. In laboratory investigation it was revealed hyperglycemia, polyuria and increased content of 17-ketosteroids in urine. What disease is the most probable? A 38-year-old man is receiving treatment for schizophrenia in hospital. Fhe initial levels of glucose, ketone bodies and urea in the blood are within the normal range. Shock therapy put into practice by regular insulin injections resulted in the development of the comatose state which improved the clinical status of the patient. What is the most probable cause of insulin coma? In a 57-year-old patient, suffering from diabetes mellitus, ketoacidosis has been developed. Biochemical background of this status is decrease in utilization of acetyl-CoA due to a deficiency of: Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes insipidus. Alimentary hyperglycemia. Acute pancreatitis. Ischemic cardiomyopathy. Hypoglycemic Hyperglycemic Hypovolemic Hypothyroid Hepatic Steroid diabetes Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Addison disease Glycogenosis of the 1 type Myxoedema Hypoglycemia. Dehydratation of tissues. Metabolic acidosis. Ketonemia. Hyperglycemia. Oxaloacetate 2-oxoglutarate Glutamate Aspartate Succinate. 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 In patients’ blood glucose level is over the renal Diabetes mellitus threshold, polyuria is observed, as well as acidosis and ketonuria. What disease can be suggested? Starvation Hypercorticism Addison disease Hyperthyreosis In a patient a hyperglycemia, ketonuria, polyuria Metabolic and glucosuria were revealed. What disorders of acidosis acid-base equilibrium can be expected in this conditions? Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Normal acid-base equilibrium A 58 years old woman, in a heavy state, cloudy consciousness, dry skin, cyanosis, an odor of spoiled apples from mouth were revealed. Blood glucose level – 15,1 mmol/l, in urine – 3,5 %. This state is caused by: By consumption of fresh milk in kid developed disorders of digestive tract. Consumption of other sugar-containing food-stuffs did not cause similar disorders. Genetically determined insufficiency of what enzyme can be considered in this case? A 45-year-old woman does not have any symptoms of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus but testing on an empty stomach showed the increase of the blood glucose level (7.5 mM/l). What additional laboratory test needs to be done to substantiate the diagnosis? A condition called diabetic ketoacedosis is caused by a lack of insulin leading to a build-up of ketoacids. Excessive ketone bodies are formed by the biochemical imbalance in uncontrolled or poorly managed diabetes. Which compounds are called ketone bodies? A worker of a chemical plant was brought to a hospital with signs of poisoning. In the woman's hair a high level of arsenate that blocks the lipoic acid was revealed. The disorder of what biochemical process is the most probable cause of poisoning? Hyperglycemic coma Hypoglycemic coma Anaphylactic shock Uremic coma Hypovolemic coma Lactase Phosphoglucomutase Glycogen synthetase Hexokinase Glucose-6 phosphate isomerase Determination of tolerance to glucose. Determination of Determination ketone bodies of rest nitrogen concentration in the level in the urine. blood. Determination of Determination of tolerance to glycosylated glucose on an hemoglobin level. empty stomach. Acetoacetate, β- Aspartate, pyruvate hydroxybulyrate, and acetone α-ketoglutarate, malate, sussinate Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. Reduction of Reduction of Rendering methemoglobin. organic oxides. superoxide radicals harmless Microsomal oxidation. Acyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA Cholic and deoxycholic acid 130 131 132 133 134 135 During the investigation in some person was A person is revealed blood glucose concentration on a level 4,5 healthy mMoles/l. It may be the next interpretation of obtained result: A 40-year-old woman diagnosed with diabetes mellitus is admitted to a department of endocrinology. The patient complains of thirst and increased hunger. What pathological components are exposed at laboratory research of the patient's urine? A woman in the unconscious state was brought to an emergency clinic. Laboratory research revealed that the blood glucose level makes 1.98 mM/1, the level of hemoglobin is 82 g/1, the amount of erythrocytes is 2.1∙1012, SSE (speed of erythrocytes settling) is 18 mm/hour and the amount of leucocytes is 4.3∙109/l. Make a possible diagnosis. Under diabetes mellitus, the level of ketone bodies in blood dramatically rises, which results in the development of metabolic acidosis. What substance is the precursor of the ketone bodies synthesis? Glucose, bodies A person has diabetes mellitus ketone Protein, amino acid A person possess increased tolerance toward glucose Protein, creatine A person has diabetes insipidus A person has steroid diabetes Bilirubin, urobilin Blood Hypoglycemia. Diabetes mellitus. Galactosemia. Somatotropin deficiency Diabetes insipidus. Acetyl-CoA. Succinyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA Malonyl-CoA. McthylmalonylCoA. A patient manifests ketonuria. What disease is Diabetes mellitus. recognized by the augmented concentration of ketone bodies in his urine? Acute glomerular inflammation. Urolithiasis. Tuberculosis of the kidney. Myocardial infarction. Due to prolonged taking of phenobarbital the epileptic patient has developed tolerance for this drug. What is this phenomenon based on? Absorption process weakening Increase of receptor sensitivity Biotransformation suppression Substance accumulation in body Biotransformatio n acceleration 136 137 138 139 A 17-year-old male presents complaining of an inability to perform strenuous exercise without bringing on painful muscle cramps and weakness. He indicated that mild to moderate exercise resulted in no problems. When he was administered an ischemic exercise test, his serum lactate concentrations did not increase significantly. A deficiency in which of the following enzymes is most likely the cause of the patient’s muscle cramps? A 27-year-old man has been rushed to the emergency room following his sudden collapse and entry into a state of unconsciousness. Examination of personal belongings revealed the patient is an insulin-dependent diabetic. A rapid decline in which of the following humoral factors likely triggered the sudden collapse of the patient? In patients suffering from diabetes mellitus an increase in a content of non esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in blood is observed. It may be caused by: Glycogen phosphorylase Glucose-6phosphatase Carnitine palmitoyl transferase II Glycogen synthase Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase Glucose Glucagon Fatty acids Insulin Triglyceride Activation of synthesis of apolipoproteins A1 , A2, A3 Decrease in Accumulation activity of cytosol phosphatidylcholi palmitoyl-CoA ne-cholesterolacyltransferase in blood plasma LDL Increase in Stimulation of ketone activity of bodies utilization triacylglycerol lipase The essence of lipolysis, that is the mobilization of Serum albumins.. fatty acids from neutral fats depots, is an enzymatic process of hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids that release during this process enter blood circulation and are transported as the components of: Globulins. HDL. in of 140 141 142 143 144 145 Which one of the following statements about the Dietary absorption of lipids from the intestine is correct? triacylglycerol is partially hydrolyzed and absorbed as free fatty acids and monoacyl glycerol Release of fatty acids from triacylglycerol in the intestine is inhibited by bile salts After consumption of lipids in the body than begins Monoacylglycero their digestion and absorption in intestines. What l, fatty acids products of lipid hydrolysis are absorbed in the intestine? Amino acids Dietary Fatty acids that contain ten carbons or less are absorbed and enter the triacylglycerol must circulation be primarily via the lymphatic system completely hydrotyzed to tree fatty acids and glycerol before absorption Polypeptides Monosacharides Lipoproteins After the consumption of animal food rich in fats, a patient feels discomfort, and droplets of fats are found during laboratory investigation of his feces. Bile acids are revealed in the urine. The cause of such state is the deficiency of ___ in the digestive tract. A man 67 years old suffers from brain vessels atherosclerosis. After investigation hyperlipidemia was detected. What class of lipoproteins in blood plasma will be increased the most of all in biochemical investigation? A 35-year-old man with pheochromocytoma has high levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine registered in the blood. The concentration of free fatty acids is increased by a factor of eleven. Which of the following enzymes accelerates the lipolysis under the action of epinephrine? Phosphoinositol is an important compound in cell regulatory signaling system and is produced from phosphatidylinositol under the action of the next enzyme: Bile acids. Fatty acids. Chylomicrons. LDL HDL Non esterified Chylomicrons fatty acids in complex with albumin VLDL Triacylglycerol lipase. Lipoprotein lipase. Phospholi pasc Phospholi pase C. Ar Cholesterol esterase. Phospholipase C Neuraminidase Phospholipase A Sphingomyelinase Triacylglycerols. Phospholipase B Phospholipids. 146 147 148 149 In a course of laboratory investigation of blood, taken in fasting conditions, it was detected the turbidity of serum, total lipids content – 20 g/l, cholesterol – 9 mM/l. After centrifugation on a surface of serum there appears a white film, which suggests an increase in the amount of chylomicrones in blood. What enzyme activity decrease may cause this situation? In a human body the adipose tissue is the basic location of triacylglycerols (TAG) deposit. At the same time their synthesis takes place in hepatocytes. In the form of what molecular complex are TAG transported from the liver into the adipose tissue? After the consumption of a diet rich in fats, a patient complains of languor and nausea. Later signs of steatorrea appear. The level of blood cholesterol makes 9.2 mM/1. The shortage of what substances causes this state of the patient? The insufficient secretion of what enzyme is the cause of incomplete fats degradation in the digestive tract and appearance of great quantity of neutral fats in feces? Lipoproteine lipase of blood Pancreatic phospholipases Lecitine Lipases cholesterol acyl tissue transferase of fat Pancreatic lipase VLDL. Chylomicrons. LDL. HDL. Complexes with albumin Bile acids. Triacylglycerols. Fatty acids. Phospholipids. Chylomicrons Pancreatic lipase. Phospholi pase. Entcrokinase. Amylase. Pepsin Decarboxylation Reduction α -Oxidation γ-Oxidation 150 Lipids are obvious energetic material for the body. β-Oxidation What is the main pathway of fatty acids metabolism in mitochondria? 151 In a patient suffering from diabetes mellitus in By condensation In course of αblood was detected acetone. Note the process of its of two molecules oxidation of fatty acids production in the body. of acetyl-CoA In course of βoxidation of fatty acids In course of γ- In tricarboxylic oxidation of fatty acid cycle. acids Glycerol. Glucose. 152 Aerobic oxidation of substrates is typical of a Fatty acids. cardiac muscle. Which of the following is the major oxidation substrate of a cardiac muscle? Triacylglycerols. 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 Carnitine is recommended to a sportsman as a Transport of fatty Ketone preparation that increases physical activity and acids into synthesis. improves achievements. What biochemical process mitochondria. is mostly activated under the action of carnitine? A 1-year-old child was brought to a clinic with signs of muscle weakness. Through the inspection, the deficiency of carnitine in the muscles was determined. The biochemical mechanism of the development of this pathology consists in the disorder of the process of: A patient with high rate of obesity was advised to use carnitine as a food additive in order to enhance "fat burning". What is the role of carnitine in the process of fat oxidation? Transport of fatty Regulation of the level Substrate level Utilization acids into of Ca2+ in of lactate. mitochondria. mitochondria. phosphorylation . Transport of FFA Transport of FFA from (free fatty acids) fat depots to the from cytosol to tissues the mitochondria Lipids are obvious energetic material for the body. β-Oxidation What is the main pathway of fatty acids metabolism in mitochondria? A 1-year-old child was brought to a clinic with signs of muscle weakness. Through the inspection, the deficiency of carnitine in the muscles was determined. The biochemical mechanism of the development of this pathology consists in the disorder of the process of: Carnitine is recommended to a sportsman as a preparation that increases physical activity and improves achievements. What biochemical process is mostly activated under the action of carnitine? bodies Lipids synthesis. Tissue respiration. Steroid hormones synthesis. Decarboxylation It takes part in FFA activation one of reactions of FFA betaoxidation Activation of intracellular lipolysis α -Oxidation γ-Oxidation Reduction Transport of fatty Regulation of the level Substrate level Utilization acids into of Ca2+ in of lactate. mitochondria. mitochondria. phosphorylation . Transport of fatty acids into mitochondria. In diabetes mellitus and starvation there is an Acetyl-CoA increase of ketone bodies content in blood, which are utilized as energetic material by tissues. Note the substance which is used in ketone bodies synthesis. of Synthesis of actin and myosin. of Synthesis of actin and myosin. Ketone bodies synthesis. Lipids synthesis. Tissue respiration. Steroid hormones synthesis. Citrate Succinyl-CoA α–Ketoglutarate Malate Aerobic oxidation of substrates is typical of a Fatty acids cardiac muscle. Which of the following is the major oxidation substrate of a cardiac muscle? Triacylglycerols. Glycerol. Glucose Amino acids. Oleic acid. Lecithine. Monooleateglycer ol. Phosphatidylserine. 161 A patient suffers from arterial hypertension due to Cholesterol. atherosclerotic injury of blood vessels. The consumption of what dietary lipid needs to be limited? Ascorbic acid Glucose Glycerin Citrate 162 Fats of phospholipids is disordered due to fat Methionine infiltration of the liver. Indicate which of the presented substances can enhance the process of methylation during phospholipids synthesis? Pneumonia Gastritis Acute pancreatitis Kidney disease 163 In a patient after investigation it was detected an Atherosclerosis increased content of low density lipoproteins in blood serum. What disease can be expected in this patient? A child 5 years old suffers from transient abdominal Chylomicrons pains. Blood serum is turbid in fasting conditions. Cholesterol content – 4,3 mmoles/l, total lipids – 18 g/l. For precisement of diagnosis electrophoresis of blood lipoproteins is administered. What classes of lipoproteins are expected to be increased? In cases of complete or partial restriction of Choline lipotropic factors in humans develops a fat degeneration of liver. What substances can be considered as lipotropic? HDL IDL LDL VLDL Pyridoxine Fatty acids Cholesterol The complaints and objective data permit to suppose Cholesterol an inflammatory process in gall bladder, disorder of colloidal properties of bile, probability of bile stones formation. What compound can cause their formation? Oxalates Chlorides Phosphates 160 164 165 166 Urates 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 In a worker of chemical cleaning the fatty liver Phosphatidyl dystrophy was recognized. What substance choline biosynthesis disorder can lead to this pathology? Tristearylglycerol Phosphatidic acid Urea Folic acid A patient with high blood cholesterol levels was HMG CoA Lipoprotein lipase in Citrate lyase in VLDL excretion Absorption of treated with lovastatin. This drug lowers blood reductase in liver adipose tissue liver by the liver dietary cholesterol cholesterol levels because it inhibits: and peripheral tissue Laboratory investigation of the patient's blood Chylomicrons. plasma, which was performed 4 hours after a consumption of a fat diet, displayed a marked increase of plasma turbidity. The most credible cause of this phenomenon is the increase of in the plasma. Laboratory investigation of a patient revealed a high Atherosclerosis level of plasma LDL, What disease can be diagnosed? HDL. LDL. Cholesterol. Phospholi pids. Nephropathy. Acute pancreatitis. Pneumonia Gastritis. After laboratory investigation in a patient was Atherosclerosis detected an increased content of low density lipoproteins in blood serum. What disease from listed below can be expected in a patient? Pneumonia Gastritis Acute pancreatitis Kidney disease An experimantal animal that was kept on protein- Choline free diet developed fatty liver infiltration, in particular as a result of deficiency of methylating agents. This is caused by disturbed generation of the following metabolite: A person with a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Lower blood receptor deficiency was treated with lovastatin. As a cholesterol levels consequence of the action of this drug, the person should have: DOPA Cholesterol Acetoacetate Linoleic acid Increased de novo cholesterol synthesis Increased ACAT activity Fewer LDL receptors in cell membranes Higher blood triacylglycerol levels 174 175 176 177 178 179 A patient suffers from arterial hypertension due to Cholesterol. atherosclerotic injury of blood vessels. The consumption of what dietary lipid needs to be limited? Oleic acid. Phosphatidylseri ne. Monooleateglycer ol. Lecithine. A 70 years old man is ill with vascular LDL. athrosclerosis of lower extremities and coronary heart disease. Examination revealed disturbance of lipidic blood composition. The main of factor of atherosclerosis pathogenesis is the excess of the following lipoproteins: A patient has a mental disorder due Pyridoxine to the insufficient synthesis of gammaaminobutyric acid in the brain. Such pathological changes might be caused by the deficiency of the following vitamin: VLDL. Cholesterol. IDL HDL Tocopherol Cyanocobalami n Folic acid Riboflavin The method consisting in removal of low-molecular impurities from colloidal systems and high-molecular compound solutions by semipermeable membrane diffusion is called: Dialysis Electrodialysis Ultrafiltration Decantation Compensatory dialysis A patient suffers from mucosal dryness and mesopic vision disorder. What vitamin deficiency causes these symptons? A B1 D K E The second stage of detoxification involves joining certain chemical compounds with functional groups of toxines. Select one such compound: Glucuronic acid Higher fatty acids Cholesterol Glucose Pyruvate 180 181 182 183 184 185 Fatty acids arrive into mitochondria, and there their oxidation occurs. Name the vitamin-like substance that takes part in transportation of fatty acids through mitochondrial membrane: Carnitine Choline Biotin Pantothenic acid Folic acid A 5-year-old child presents with abdominal distension, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea occurring 1-4 hours after drinking milk. Described symptoms are caused by the lack of enzymes that break up: Albumine, blood serum proteins, and gastric juice pepsin consist of macromolecules of polypeptide chains that are joined with hydrogen bonds into hydrophilic spheres. These proteins are named: During ultrasound investigation a patient was diagnosed with bilateral renal artery stenosis of atherosclerotic genesis. Specify the bioactive substance that due to its excessive secretion is the key component of arterial hypertension pathogenesis in the given case: A patient has been receiving Theophylline - inhibitor of cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase for a week. What hormone can increase its action due to such treatment and cause hyperglycemia? Lactose Glucose Maltose Saccharose Fructose Globular Fibrillar Structural Synthetic Artificial Renin Cortisol Vasopressin Noradrenaline Thyroxin Glucagon Testosterone Aldosterone Insulin Estradiol In a patient in the course of the clinical and laboratory investigation in gastric juice a compound was detected, suggesting a malignant tumor in stomach. This compound may be: Lactic acid Pepsin Pepsinogen Rennin Castle intrinsic factor 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 In a child, consuming a meal of plant origin Essential amino exclusively after some period a growth retardation, acids anemia and kidney impairment were observed. The cause of this state is deficiency in diet of the next nutrients: In a patient an insufficiency of enzyme production Rennin in gastric mucosa was recognized. The investigation of what enzyme will be not informative in gastric diseases in adults? Carbohydrates Lipids Mineral macroelements Carotene Pepsin A Uropepsin Gastricsin Pepsin B An inborn baby after feeding with breast milk Lactase manifested dyspepsia, vomiting. These symptoms disappeared after feeding with glucose solution. The lack of what enzyme, participating in carbohydrates digestion, causes these disturbances? Examination of a patient suffering from cancer of Tryptophan urinary bladder revealed high rate of serotonin and hydroxyanthranilic acid. It is caused by excess of the following amino acid in the organism: Maltase Sucrase Amilase Isomaltase Alanine Histidine Methionine Tyrosine Glutamate decarboxylation results in formation of GABA inhibitory transmitter in CNS. Name it: Glutathione Histamine Serotonin Asparagine Biochemical function of glutathion in an organism Glutamate is connected with reduction and detoxification of organic peroxides. During an interaction of glutathion with hydroperoxides harmless organic alcohols are formed with subsequent further oxidation. Indicate an amino acid composing glutathion. In experimental animals hold prolonged time on Methionine protein free diet, a fat degeneration of liver has been developed. The possible cause may be insufficiency of methylating agents. Indicate an amino acid, donor of methyl groups Valine Lysine Isoleucine Tryptophan Phenylalanine Lysine Cysteine Arginine 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 A patient diagnosed with carcinoid of bowels was Decarboxylation admitted to the hospital. Analysis revealed high production of serotonin. It is known that this substance is formed of tryptophane aminooacid. What biochemical mechanism underlies this process? A patient with a cranial trauma manifests repeated GABA epileptoid seizures. The biosynthesis of what biogenic amine is disturbed in this clinical situation? Desamination Microsomal oxydation Transamination Formation of paired compounds Histamine Adrenaline Serotonin Dopamine Biogenic amines, namely histamine, serotonin, dopamine etc., are very active substances that affect markedly various physiological functions of the organism. What biochemical process is the principal pathway for biogenic amines production in body tissues? In psychiatric practice, biogenic amines and their derivatives arc used for the treatment of certain diseases of the central nervous system. Name the substance of the mentioned below biochemical class which acts as an inhibitory mediator. In human body are synthesized 10 amino acids only from 20 ones needed for protein biosynthesis. What amino acid from listed below is produced in human body? Decarboxylation of amino acids. Deamination of amino acids. Transamination of amino acids. Oxidation of amino acids. Reductive animation. GABA. Histamine. Serotonin. Dopamine. Taurine. Tyrosine Histidine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine In course of histidine catabolism a biogenic amine is Histamine formed that has powerful vasodilatating effect. Name it: Serotonin Dioxyphenylala nine Noradrenalin Dopamine In clinical practice for parentheral nutrition a protein Aspartate hydrolysate is used. Amino acid constituents of such hydrolysate were separated with the aid of paper chromatography into acidic and basic. Chose an acidic amino acid from listed below: Threonine Serine Glycine Lysine One of the forms of innate human pathology is Phenylpyruvate. accompanied by the blockage of the conversion of phenylalanine into tyrosine. The biochemical manifestation of the disease is the accumulation of certain organic acids in the organism including The signs of skin depigmentation of a 19-year-old Tyrosine. patient are caused by the disorder of melanin synthesis. The disturbance of the metabolism of what amino acid is it caused by? Citrate. Pyruvate. Lactate. Glutamate. Tryptophan. Histamine. Proline. Lysine. A 7-year-old child was admitted to an emergency clinic in the state of allergic shock provoked by a wasp sting. High concentration of histamine was determined in the patient's blood. Which biochemical reaction leads to the production of this amine? During hypersensitivity test a patient got subcutaneous injection of an antigen which caused reddening of skin, edema, pain as a result of histamine action. This biogenic amine is generated as a result of transformation of the following histidine amino acid: According to clinical indications a patient was administered pyridoxal phosphate. What processes is this medication intended to correct? Decarboxylation. Hydroxylation. Dehydration. Deamination. Reduction Decarboxylation Methylation Phosphorylation Isomerization Deaminization Transamination and decarboxylation of aminoacids Oxidative decarboxylation ketonic acids Putrescin Scatole 205 Production of some toxic substances in large intestines occurs due to decarboxylation of some amino acids. Indicate, what substance is produced from ornithine? 206 A newborn child rejects breast feeding, he is Dehydrogenase Glucose-6-phosphate restless, his breathing is unrhythmical, and the urine of branched-chan dehydrogenase has a specific smell of beer ferment or maple syrup. α-keto acids. The innate defect of what enzyme causes this pathology? 200 201 202 203 204 Desamination of Synthesis of Protein synthesis of purine purine and nucleotide pyrimidine bases Indole Cadaverine Urea Glycerol kinase. Aspartate aminotransferase. Tyrosine aminotransferase 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 Under alcaptonuria, the excessive quantity of Homogentisate homogentisate was found in the patient’s urine (the oxidase. urine darkens in the air). The innate defect of what enzyme is apparent? 13 years old patient complains of general weakness, dizziness, fatigue.Besides this mental underdevelopement is observed. Laboratory investigations revealed high content of valine, isoleucine and leucine in urine, which has a characteristic odor. What is the most probable cause of this condition? In a young child besides other clinical symptoms the sharp darkening of urine after standing in open air was revealed. Blood and urine examination detected the presence of homogentisic acid. What is the most probable cause of disease? An infant shows the darkening of scleras, mucous membranes. The excreted urine darkens in tin air, homogentistic acid is determined both in the blood and urine. What is the diagnosis? Maple syndrome Alanine aminotransferase. syrup Cystinosis Tyrosinase. Phenylalanine-4monooxygenase. Tyrosine aminotransferase Phenylketonuria Porphyria Hyperuricemia (gout) Alkaptonuria Porphyria Albinism Cystinuria Hemolytic anemia Alkaptonuria. Albinism. Cystinuria. Porphyria. Hemolytic anemia. In two years old boy suffering from alkaptonuria Thyrosine urine became black after standing. This disease is metabolism hereditary disorder of: Alanine metabolism Urea synthesis Uric synthesis Laboratory analysis of the urine of a six-day Phenylalanine. infant displayed excessive concentration of phenylpyruvate and phenylacetate. Metabolism of what amino acid is disturbed in the body of this child? In experimental animals helded prolonged time on Methionine protein free diet, a fat degeneration of liver has been developed. The possible cause may be insufficiency of methylating agents. Indicate an amino acid, donor of methyl groups: Tryptophan. Methionine. Histidine. Arginine Phenylalanine Lysine Cysteine Arginine acid Cystein metabolism 215 A 9-year-old boy was brought to a hospital with signs of mental and physical retardation. A biochemical blood test revealed the increased level of phenylalanine. The blockage of what, enzyme can result in such state of the patient? Which of the following enzymes catalyses reactions in the biosynthesis of both catecholamines and indoleamines (serotonin)? 216 In a patient suffering from liver cirrhosis a decrease Disorder of urea Absense of alanine Deficiency of Deficiency in urea concentration in blood serum was detected. synthesis in liver aminotransferase ammonia for CO2 for This may be caused by: activity in hepatocytes urea synthesis synthesis 214 Phenylalanine-4monooxygenase. Homogentisate oxidase. Aromatic amino Dopamine acid hydroxylase decarboxylase amino Lipids Glutamine transaminase. Aspartate aminotransferase. β- Phenylethanola Tryptophan mine N- hydroxylase methyltransferas e Glutamate decarboxylase. Tyrosine hydroxylase of Excess of ammonia urea blocking enzymes of urea synthesis 217 In a child, consuming meal of plant origin for a Essential prolong time, growth retardation, anemia, liver and acids kidney impairment were observed. The cause of such state is deficiency in diet of the next nutrients: Carbohydrates Mineral macroelements Carotene Lysine. Proline. Histidine. Alanine. 218 Ammonia is a very poisonous chemical, especially Glutamic acid. for the nervous system. What substance takes a particularly active part in the detoxification of ammonia in the brain tissue? Albinism. Galactosemia. Cystinuria. Histidinemia. 219 A newborn child has dark coloring of scleras and Alcaptonuria. mucous membranes. The excreted urine darkens in the air. Laboratory tests of blood and urine have revealed the occurrence of homogentisic acid. What can the cause of this state be? 220 221 Under the repeated action of ultraviolet rays, skin Activation darkens because of the synthesis of melanin which tyrosinase. protects cells from damage. The principal mechanism of this defence reaction is: of Inhibition tyrosinase. of Activation of Inhibition of Inhibition homogentisate homogentisate phenylalanine oxidase. oxidase. hydroxylase. of 222 223 224 225 226 227 A mother of a 5-year-old child has noticed that the Homohentisate child's urine is too dark. The child does not have any oxidase. complaints. Bile pigments are not present in the urine. The diagnosis of alcaptonuria is set. The deficiency of what enzyme is observed in this case? A citrulline and a high level of ammonia are Urea. determined in the urine of a newborn child. The formation of what substance is the most credible to be disturbed? A 13-year-old patient complains of general weakness, rapid fatigue. There is retardation in his mental development. Laboratory investigation revealed high concentrations of valine, isoleucine and leucine in his blood and urine. The urine has a specific smell. What can the cause of such state be? A ten-month-old child, whose parents are darkhaired, is fair-haired, fair-complexioned, and blueeyed. The neonate seemed to be healthy, but during the last three months the cerebral circulation disorder and the retardation of mental development appeared. The cause of such state is: Affected by ultraviolet radiation, human skin darkens, which is a protective reaction of the organism. What protective substance, namely amino acid derivative, is synthesized in the cells under these conditions? In a child with functional disorders of central nervous system during biochemical investigation were detected hyperammonemia. Preliminary diagnosis – hereditary hyperammoniemia due to disorder of urea synthesis. What enzymopathia can cause this disease? Maple disease. Phenylalanine hydroxylase. Tyrosinase. Oxyphenyl pyruvate oxidase. Decarboxylase of phenylpynivate Uric acid. Ammonia. Creatinine. Creatine. Tyrosinosis. Histidinemia. Diffuse goiter. syrup Addison's disease. Phenylketonuria. Galactosemia. Glycogenosis. Acute porphyria. Histidinemia Melanin. Arginine. Methionine. Phenylalanine. Thyroxin. Ornithine transcarbamoylas e Gluthation transferase Sulfotransferase Glycyl transferase Glucuronyl transferase toxic 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 The child after consumption of fresh milk developed disorders of the digestive tract whereas consumption of the other products, containing carbohydrates, does not cause these symptoms. The genetically mediated lack of what enzyme may be the reason of these disorders? A patient, living in the mountain region, has an enlarged thyroid gland. This is most evidently caused by the deficiency of the following trace element in food: Lactase Phosphoglucomutase Glycogensyntha se Hexokinase Glucose-6phosphateisomerase J Br F Fe Mn In a patient an enhanced level of total bilirubin in blood was detected, in urine bilirubin glucuronides were detected, fecal stercobilin content was decreased. What vitamins insufficiency can be suggested in this case? In dietary deficiency or insufficient production of endogeneous lipotropic factors in humans is developing fat liver degeneration. What substances from listed below can be considered as lipotropic factor? A sick child manifested the enlargement of abdomen, curvature of lower limbs, skul enlargement, general weakness. What nutrient insufficiency can cause the developement of such manifestations? A patient complains for a loss of weight, general weakness, bleeding of gums, loosening and hasitation and fall out of teeth. What vitamin deficiency is observed in a patient? B1 , B2 . PP, C K H, N (lipoic acid) B15 (pangamic acid). Choline Pyridoxine Triacylglycerols Cholesterol Fatty acids Vitamin D Carbohydrates Vitamin C Iron Lipids Ascorbic acid Pyridoxine Phylloquinone Cyanocobalamine Tocoferol The content of vitamin PP is very low in milk and eggs, never the less these products have antipellagric action. It is caused by high content of precursor of this vitamin in mentioned products, namely: Tryptophan A. Riboflavin B. Thiamin e C. Adenine D. GDP In an ill child the enlargement of abdomen, Vitamin D curvature of lower limbs, skul enlargement, general weakness is observed. What nutrient insufficiency can lead to the developement of such manifestations? A patient complains for a loss of weight, general Ascorbic acid weakness, bleeding of gums, loosening and hasitation and fall out of teeth. What vitamin deficiency is observed in a patient? Carbohydrates Vitamin C Iron Lipids Cyanocobalamine Pyridoxine Phylloquinone Tocoferol A patient complains for a loss of possibility to A discriminate things in twilight, yet in daylight he see hypovitaminosis normally. The cause of this can be: A hypervitaminosis Glucose –6phosphate defeciency PP hypovitaminosis D hypervitaminosis Vitamin A Vitamin K Vitamin D Vitamin E 238 In a patient with frequent intraorgan and mucosal bleeding in urine were detected proline and lysine. Deficiency of what vitamin causes a damage of their hydroxylation? Hypervitaminosis D Hypervitaminosi Hypovitaminosis sA B1 Hypovitaminosis B6 239 In a patient were detected symptoms of skin lesions Hypovitaminosis (dermatitis), digestive disorders (diarrhea), nerve PP system disfunction (dementia). The cause of named disorders can be: A patient complains for loss of apetite, fall down of Vitamin A hair, general body exhaustion, conjunctivitis. From an anamnesis it was recognized, that patient consumed fish oil. Excess of what vitamin can be suspected in this case? After several months in polar expedition in a person Scurvy appeared the next symptoms: bleeding of gums, multiple tooth decay (caries), loss of hair, skin hemorrhages, headache and general weakness. What disease can be suggested? In a patient with symptoms of acidosis (pH B12 lowering in blood ) in urine was detected significant quantity of methylmalonic acid. This is caused by insuficiency of the next vitamin: Vitamin E Vitamin C Vitamin H Vitamin D Polyneuritis Beri-beri Pernicious anemia Pellagra B2 B5 C D 235 236 237 240 241 242 Vitamin C 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 Hydroxyproline is an essential amino acid in the collagen structure. Which of the following vitamins takes part in the formation of this amino acid by the proline hydroxylation pathway? C. D. B3 B5 B1 A child manifests epileptic seizures caused by vitamin B6 deficiency. This is conditioned by the decrease of the 7-aminobutyrate level in the nervous tissue which acts as an inhibiting neurotransmitter. The activity of which enzyme is decreased in this case? An ophthalmologist found that an outpatient has an increase in the time of sight adaptation for darkness. What kind of vitamin deficiency can be the cause of the symptom? Pyridoxal kinase. Alanine aminotransferase. Glutamate dehydrogenase. Glutamate decarboxylase. Glutamate synthetase A. E. С K. D. A patient suffers from dermatitis, diarrhea and Nicotinamide dementia. The absence of which vitamin is the cause of such clinical state? Ascorbic acid. Folic acid. Biotin. Rutin. A patient with frequent bleedings inside the internal organs and mucous membranes was found having proline and lysine in the collagen fibers composition. What vitamin absence results in the disturbance of these amino acids hydroxylation? According to the clinical signs, pyridoxal phosphate was prescribed to a patient. For the correction of what biochemical processes is this drug recommended? C. Е. К. A. D. Transamination and decarboxylation of amino acids. Oxidative decarboxylation ketoacids. A patient was diagnosed with dermatitis as a result of prolonged consumption of uncooked eggs. What vitamin deficiency developed in this case? Biotin. Folic acid. Deamination of Synthesis of amino acids. purines pyrimidines Pantothenic acid. Para-amino benzoic acid. of Protein synthesis. and Vitamin C. There is an increase in the pyruvate level in the B1 avitaminosis. patient's blood and urine. What kind of avitaminosis developed in this case? Е avitaminosis. B3 avitaminosis. B2 avitaminosis. B12 avitaminosis. Under different pathological states the level of active forms of oxygen rises, which results in the destruction of cellular membranes. In order to prevent the damage of membranes, antioxidants are used. The most powerful natural antioxidant is: Most participants of the round-the-world voyage of Magellan perished from avitaminosis that was manifested by general weakness, hypodermic hemorrhages, loss of teeth, bleeding of gums. Name the disease which develops as a result of this avitaminosis. During the patronage a doctor revealed that a child had symmetric roughness of skin on his cheeks, diarrhea, disturbance of nervous activity. The deficiency of what food factors caused the appearance of such symptoms? The Institute of gerontology recommends the aged people to take a complex of vitamins that contains vitamin E. What is the basic biological action of vitamin E? a-Tocoferol. Glucose. Vitamin A. Fatty acids. Glycerol. Scurvy. Pellagra. Rachitis. Polyneuritis Birmer's anemia. Nicotine acid, tryptophan. Lysine, ascorbic acid. Threonine, panthothenic acid. Methionine, lipoic Phenylalanine, acid. pangamic acid. Antioxydant. Antihemorrhagic Antiscurving. Antineuritic. Antidermatitic Noradrenalin Ethanolamine Triiodothyronine Choline 255 Arachidonic acid as essential nutrient is needed for Prostaglandine E1 normal growth and developement. It is precursor of biologically active substances. Indicate what compounds are synthesized from arachidonic acid Diacylglycerol Inositol-3,4,5triphosphate cAMP Ca2+ 256 The formation of a secondary mediator is obligatory Glycerol in membrane-intracellular mechanism of hormone action. Point out the substance that is unable to be a secondary mediator: 250 251 252 253 254 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 On some diseases it is observed aldosteronism with Adrenal glands hypertension and edema due to sodium retention in the organism. What organ of the internal secretion is affected on aldosteronism? Testicle Ovaries Pancreas Hypophysis A typical symptom of cholera is body water loss and Activation of Activation of synthesis sodium ions loss. The biochemical mechanism of adenilate cyclase of atrial natriuretic unfavourable action of cholera toxin consists in: activity of factor enterocytes Decrease of Stimulation of synthesis of rennin secretion antidiuretic by the cells of hormone in kidneys hypothalamus glomerular arteriolae Activated oxidation of aldosterone in the cells of adrenal glands A women with low arterial pressure after the parenteral introduction of a certain hormone showed the essential rise of arterial pressure as well as blood levels of glucose and lipids. What hormone was administered to the patient? Biologically active substances, especially hormones, are products of hydrolysis and modification of certain proteins. From which of the listed below proteins do lipotropin, cortcotropin, melanotropin and endorphins appear in hypophisis? Aspirin has antiinflammatory effect due to inhibition of the cyclooxygenase activity. Level of what biological active acids will decrease? Increased production of thyroidal hormones T3 and T4, weight loss, tachycardia, psychic excitement and so on present on thyrotoxicosis. How do thyroidal hormones effect energy metabolism in the mitochondrion of cells? Products of some proteins hydrolysis and modification are the biologically active substances called hormones. Lipotropin, corticotropin, melanotropin and endorphins are synthesized in the hypophysis of the following protein: Adrenaline Insulin Glucagon Progesterone Estradiol Proopiomelanoco rtin (POMC) Neuroalbumins Neurostromin Neuroglobulin Thyreoglobulin Prostaglandins Leucotriens Catecholamines Biogenic amines Iodinethyronyns Disconnect Activates oxidation and phosphorylation oxidated substance phosphorylation Proopiomelanoco rtin (POMC) Neuroalbumin Stops of phosphorylation of substance Neurostromin Stops respiratory Activates oxidated chain phosphorylation Neuroglobulin Thyreoglobulin 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 Utilization of arachidonic acid via cyclooxigenase Prostaglandins pathway results in formation of some bioactive substances. Name them: Thyroxine Biogenic amins Somatomedins A 45 y.o. woman suffers from Cushing's syndrome - Gluconeogenesis steroid diabetes. Biochemical examination revealed: hyperglycemia, hypochloremia. Which of the undermentioned processes is the first to be activated? Glycogenolysis Glucose reabsorption Glucose transport Glycolysis to the cell The patient with complaints of permanent thirst applied to the doctor. Hyperglycemia, polyuria and increased concentration of 17-ketosteroids in the urine were revealed. What disease is the most likely? Pregnant women have a requirement in the promoted amount of cholecalciferol; one of its metabolite is a powerful synergist of parathormone, which stimulates the process of bone resorbtion and output of calcium and phosphates in blood. Name this metabolite? A woman 47 years old complains for persistent feeling of thirst, rapid fatigue, loss of weight. Daily diuresis is 3-4 litters. Blood glucose level is 4.8 mmoles/l, in urine there is no glucose. In this case it is reasonable to investigate blood content of: A 40-year-old woman suffers from Cushing's disease, so-called steroid diabetes. Hyperglycemia and hypochlorinemia are biochemically exposed. Which of the following biochemical processes is activated in the first place? Laboratory testing of the patient's blood plasma showed K+ level that is equal to 7.0 mM/1. What is the possible cause of such state? Steroid diabetes Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Myxoedema Type I glycogenosis Addison's disease 1,25Dihydroxycholec alciferol 1hydroxycholecalciferol Cholecalciferol Ergocalciferol 25Hydroxycalciferol Vasopressine Estrogens Aldosterone Cortisole Thyroxine Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis Reabsorbtion of Transport of Glycolysis glucose glucose into cells Decrease of aldosterone level Increase of aldosterone level Decrease of thyroid hormones level Increase of thyroid hormones level Insulin-like growth factors Increase of sexual hormones level 271 272 273 274 275 276 A patient suffering from rheumatism was administered glucocorticoid therapy. What changes in carbohydrate metabolism in liver can be expected? Stimulation of Stimulation gluconeogene glycogenesis sis A 23-year-old patient complains of a headache, change of appearance (increase in feet and wrists size, face features distortion). His voice grew harsh, the memory worsened. The disease set in three years ago without apparent causes. The analysis of the urine is without special changes. A possible cause of this status can be: A 10-year-old boy was brought to a hospital for the inspection of the cause of growth retardation. He had grown only by three centimeters in the last two years. What hormone's deficiency is the cause of such state? A 23-year-old patient complains of a headache, change of appearance (increase in feet and wrists size, face features distortion). His voice grew harsh, the memory worsened. The disease set in three years ago without apparent causes. The analysis of the urine is without special changes. A possible cause of this status can be: A patient complains of body weight loss, excessive irritability, insignificant increase of temperature, exophtalmia. Hyperglycemia and the rise of nitrogen-containing substances in blood serum were detected. Which is the most credible diagnosis in this case? Some compounds increase the permeability of internal membranes of mitochondria for Н+, that results in disconnection of processes of respirations with phosphorylation and stopping of ATP synthesis. Name this compound: Hyperproduction of somatotropin Deficiency of glucagon Deficiency of thyroxine Deficiency of aldosterone Hyperproduction of corticosteroids Somatotropin Corticotropin Gonadotropin Thyrotropin Parathormone Hyperproduction of somatotropin Deficiency of glucagon Deficiency of thyroxine Deficiency of aldosterone Hyperproduction of corticosteroids Bronzed disease Tuberculosis of adrenal glands Myxedema Adrenalin Insulin Oxytocin Diffuse goiter Thyroxine toxic Neurosis Vasopressin of Stimulation glycogen hydrolysis of Stimulation of Increase glycogen glycogen phosphorolysis phosphorylase activity of 277 278 279 280 281 282 In blood of a patient a hypercalcemia, Enhanced hypophosphatemia, in urine – hyperphosphaturia is secretion of observed. What is a possible cause of this state? parathyroid hormone Suppression of parathyroid hormone synthesis Enhanced secretion of calcitonine Suppressed calcitonine secretion Enhanced thyroxine secretion In 13 years old girl a hypotension and polyuria is Vasopressine observed. Preliminary diagnosis – diabetes insipidus. It is caused by deficiency of: Aldosterone Adrenalin Cortisol Oxytocine Prostaglandins comprise a family of oxygenated lipid signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid. They are involved in regulating a number of cellular processes. Some of the prostaglandins act to increase vasodilation and levels of cAMP in cells, whereas others increase vasoand bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction. In the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, the oxygenation step is accomplished by the enzyme that synthesizes which of the following compounds? Signaling via prostanoids begins by interaction of the prostanoid with its receptor. The receptor involved is usually located in following compartment of the cell? Prostaglandin E2 Prostaglandin F2α Prostaglandin D2 Prostaglandin I2 Plasma membrane of a cell near the cell making the prostanoid A patient, manifesting the memory decline after Insufficient craniocerebral injury came to the neurologist. By production of alteration of what biochemical process is this mediators complaint mediated? Nucleus of a cell in a different organ from the cell making the prostanoid Endoplasmic reticulum of the cell making the prostanoid Lysosomes of a cell circulating in the blood Golgi of a cell circulating in the blood Insufficient synthesis of glutamine The decreased synthesis of GABA Insufficient ammonia detoxification Lactate accumulation A patient, suffering from epilepsy, presented Glutamate seizures. The physician administered him an amino acid, performing important functions in brain, in particular participating in ammonia detoxification. It is also the source of the depressing mediator production. What amino acid did the physician administer to the patient? Tyrosine Methionine Tryptophan Arginine Prostaglandin H2 283 284 285 286 287 Toxicity of ammonia is mediated by its ability to Alphaalter the tricarboxylic acids cycle in brain ketoglutarate mitochondria. What amino acid does ammonia exclude from the tricarboxylic acids cycle? Succinate Citrate Malate Isocitrate Examination of the 30-year old patient evaluated the Ceruloplasmin pathologic changes of the liver and brain. The content of cuprum in blood was acutely decreased and in urine increased. The preliminary diagnosis was recognized as Wilson’s disease. The activity of what enzyme will make possible the confirmation of the diagnosis? Which peptide neurotransmitter, produced in Met-enkephaline hypophysis through the breakdown of highmolecular protein propiomelacortin, is bonded with opiate receptor? Fumarase Carboangidrase Xanthinoxidase Leucine aminopeptidase Oxitocin ACTH Neurotensin Vasopresin Indicate the main function of scRNA. Involved in mRNA processing Provides structural frameworks for the ribosomes Plays a key role in Transfers genetic the processing of information from rRNA molecules genes to ribosomes for biosynthesis of proteins Increace of nitrogencontaining substances excretion. Purine nucleotides synthesis Decrease pyrimidine nucleotides reutilization. Purine nucleotides breakdown Ornithine cycle of urea production Injections of guanosine Injections of thymidine Injections of histidine Involved in the selection of proteins for their export A physician prescribed allopurinol to a patient Competitive Acceleration of suffering from gout. What pharmacological property inhibition of pyrimidine nucleotides of allopurinol provides a therapeutic effect in this xanthine oxydase catabolism case? 288 In a child a physical and mental underdevelopment Pyrimidine is observed. In urine is excreted large quantity of nucleotides orotic acid. This hereditary disease is a result of the synthesis next metabolic disorder: Pyrimidine nucleotides breakdown Injections of adenosine 289 In one month old child an enhanced content of Injections of orotic acid in urine is detected, a child has uridine diminished weight gain. What treatment must be undertaken in order to correct metabolic disorders? of Acceleration of nucleic acids biosynthesis 290 291 292 293 294 The decrease of uric acid concentration and the Xanthine oxydase accumulation of xanthine and hvpoxanthine were found in the blood of a 12-year-old boy. The genetic defect of the synthesis of what enzyme does it testifies to? RNA of AIDS virus invaded leukocyte and caused Reversed production of viral DNA in a cell with the aid of the transcription enzyme revertase. This is based on the next process: Arginase Urease Ornithine carbamoyl transferase Glycerol kinase Operone activation Operone repression Convariant replication Reversed translation Into human body were incorporated mercury ions. Metallothioneine This led to the increase in rate of transcription of the gene, responsible for detoxification of heavy metals. What protein gene amplification is in the background of this process? Oncology patient was administered an antitumor Dihydrofolate drug – metothrexate. After some period tumor cells reductase lost sensitivity to this drug. What gene amplification caused this effect? Ceruloplasmin Interferone Transferrin Ferritin Glutathion reductase Thioredoxine reductase Ribonucleitide reductase Methemoglobin reductase For identification of father of a child is used the next analytical technique: Polymerase chain Northern blot analysis reaction (PCR) Restriction DNA fingerprint Southern fragmrnt length analysis analysis polymorphism analysis blot In oncology patients prolong application of Gene mutation antitumor drugs induce appearance of resistance of target cells to this drugs. What process is responsible for this effect? Gene recombination Gene modification Gene expression Gene amplification Phosphorylation Methylation Acetylation Glycosylation 296 In a patient was recognized endemic goiter. What Iodination type of post-translational modification of thyroglobuline is damaged in a patient? Fats Amino acids Carbohydrates Pyrimidines 297 A 50-year-old patient is diagnosed with gout and Purines there is hyperuricemia in his blood. The metabolism of what substances is disturbed? 295 298 299 300 301 302 303 Parents of a 5-year-old child consulted a doctor. Examination of the child discovered retardation in mental development and growth, as well as a basement of the child's agility. The basal metabolism is lowered. What disease does the child suffer from? A 65-year-old man, suffering from gout, complains of pains in the area of kidneys. Ultrasonic inspection revealed the presence of stones inside the kidneys. Which biochemical process is the main cause of kidney stones formation? In a man 45 years old, suffering from gout, increased concentration of uric acid in blood was observed. For treatment allopurinol was administered, which is a competitive inhibitor of the following enzyme: A 72 years old woman complains on pains in joints, restriction of movement in joints. The joints are swollen, looking as enlarged knots. In blood and urine an increased concentration of uric acid is detected. What disease is characterized by these symptoms? If a double-stranded DNA molecule undergoes two rounds of replication in an in vitro system that contains all of the necessary enzymes and nucleoside triphosphates that have been labeled with 32P, which of the following best describes the distribution of radioactivity in the four resulting DNA molecules? A physician recommended a patient, who suffered from ulcer of duodenum, to drink daily juices made of cabbage and potatoe. What substances contributing to the prophylaxis and cicatrization of ulcers do these vegetables contain? Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Cretinism Phenylketonuria Hyperparathyroidi Endemic goiter sm Degradation of purine nucleotides Catabolism of proteins Ornithine cycle Degradation of heme Reduction of cysteine Xanthine oxidase Adenosine deaminase Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase Guanine deaminase Adenin phosphoribosyl transferase Gout Pellagra Alkaptonuria Thyrosinosis Liver cirrhosis Two of the molecules contain radioactivity in both strands Exactly one of the Exactly one of molecules contains the molecules radioactivity in only contains no one strand radioactivity Three of the molecules contain radioactivity in both strands All four molecules contain radioactivity in only one strand Vitamin U. Panthothenic acid. Vitamin B6. Vitamin K. Vitamin C. Insufficiency of lipids Disturbance of in food. insertion of vitamin D3 into the molecule of enzyme. C. A. Increased consumption of vitamin D3 by microorganisms of intestines. P. Disturbance of vitamin D3 transport by the proteins of blood. After the resection of a 2/3 part of the stomach, the B12 amount of erythrocytes in the blood of a patient has decreased, their volume has multiplied, and the level of hemoglobin has decreased. The deficiency of what vitamin causes such changes of blood contents? The simultaneous disorder of the human Vitamin E. reproductive function and the dystrophy of skeletal muscles are caused by the deficiency of: C. P. PP D. Vitamin A. Vitamin K. Vitamin D. Vitamin B6. B12. B3. B8. B5. 308 For diagnostics of certain illnesses the B6. determination of blood transaminases activity is required. Which vitamin is a component of the cofactors of the enzymes? Respiratory alkalosis 309 An examination of a patient revealed Metabolic hyperglycemia, ketonuria, polyuria, and glycosuria. acidosis What type of disorder of acid-base balance is observed in this case? Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory acidosis 304 305 306 307 The treatment of a child, who suffers from rickets, Disturbance of with vitamin D3 proved to be unsuccessful. Which is hydroxylation of the most likely cause of treatment inefficiency? vitamin D3 After prolonged treatment of a patient with B6. antibiotics, the suppression of intestinal microorganisms occurred. What kind of hypovitaminosis can resuit from this treatment? D. AST, creatine α-fetoprotein, aldolase, kinase, LDH1 creatine kinase Acid phosphatase, LDH5, LDH4 ALT, aldolase, LDH4 Antihemophilic globulin A Prothrombin Fibrinogen Antihemophilic globulin B In the blood serum of a patient a marked decrease of Granular albumins and fibrinogens levels were detected. endoplasmic Which organelles’ activity of liver hepatocytes is reticulum reduced? Lysosomes Mitochondria Golgi complex C reactive protein Transferrin Cryoglobulin 313 Ionized copper was observed in the urine of a Ceruloplasmin patient, as well as its delay in several organs and tissues. Biosynthesis of what protein is abolished? 314 Examination of a child revealed staphylococcus Identification of infection. What changes in protein composition in C - reactive blood are the most typical for this condition? protein Decreasing of the Decreasing of Increased albumin Decreasing of the amount of albumins the amount of content amount of fibrinogen ceruloplasmin Metabolic acidosis Respiratory acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis 316 Laboratory analysis revealed low blood pH value, low concentration of hydrogen carbonate (alkaline reserve of blood), increased content of lactic and pyruvic acids in blood and urine. What type of the acid-alkaline balance is disturbed? Examination of a patient revealed a nephrotic syndrome. What changes in protein fractions of blood are expected? Decreased concentration of albumines Decreased concentration of α1globulins Increased concentration of β-globulins Decreased concentration of γ-globulins Increased concentration of α2globulins Hypoxic Circulatory Respiratory Tissue 317 As a result of cyanide poisoning blockade of tissue Hemic enzymes (cytochromes) occurs. What type of hypoxia might be observed in these conditions? 310 311 312 315 Patient complains of pain behind the sternum, sweating and increased heart rate. Which of the following enzymes should be determined in his blood to confirm the diagnosis of myocardial infarction? Patient was transported to the clinic with inherited hemophilia A, which is manifested in prolonged bleeding. The cause of hemophilia A might be a deficiency of: Amylase, alkaline phosphatase, ALT Haptoglobin In a child during the first three months after birth a Hemoglobin A severe form of hypoxia was indicated. The reason for this might be a disorder of the replacement of fetal hemoglobin to: Methemoglobin Hemoglobin C Hemoglobin S Hemoglobin M Disorders of primary structure of the protein lead to Chromatography changes in its physicochemical and functional properties. Which of the above methods might be used for identification of abnormal hemoglobins? Hydrolysis Electrophoresis Ultracentrifugatio n X-ray analysis In a patient with glomerulonephritis a nitrogenemia Urea is observed. What substance makes the greatest contribution to the rest nitrogen? Amino acids Creatinin Uric acid Ammonia salts Liver Stomach Spleen Intestines 321 According to blood analysis of the patient the rest Kidneys nitrogen consists 48 mmols/l, urea – 15.3 mmols/l. What organ disease may cause such results of laboratory investigation? AlAT (GPT) AsAT (GOT) Gamma-amylase 322 Ambulance delivered a patient to the hospital with a Alpha-amylase preliminary diagnosis “acute pancreatitis”. What enzyme activity must be estimated in blood and urine in order to support this diagnosis? Lactate dehydrogenase In diagnostics of myocardial infarction the next H4 isoform of lactate dehydrogenase in blood has diagnostic significance: H3M (iso 2) H2M2 (iso 3) HM3 (iso 4) M4 2-Macroglobulin I –inhibitor of proteinases Antithromboplasti ne Anticonvertin Tissue plasminogen activator Dicoumarol Warfarin Thrombin 318 319 320 323 324 325 (iso 1) In a patient with symptoms of enhanced blood Antithrombin III coagulability (thromboses, thrombophlebitis) heparin was injected, never the less coagulation was not inhibited. What protein factor deficiency of anticoagulant system may exists in a patient? Which of the following drugs would be best to use Heparin on a patient who has just had a heart attack? (iso 5) 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 Which of the following immunoglobulins is a IgA secretory component of saliva and inhibits the adsorption of bacteria on tooth enamel? IgM IgD Patient with the symptoms of the increased blood Antithrombin III coagulation (thromboses, thrombophlebitis) was treated parenterally with an anticoagulant – heparin. However the speed blood coagulation did not decreased. The deficit of what protein factor of the anticoagulation system of blood is observed? In the patients blood there was detected certainly Heparin high activity of protrombin that is the threat of vessels thrombosis. What preparation should be used in this case? α2-macroglobulin α1-inhibitor of proteinases Antithromboplasti n Anticonvertin Potassium oxalate Sodium citrate Sodium oxalate Ethylene diamine tetra acetate During the test on AIDS there were got two PCR positive results of imunoenzyme analysis (IEA). What method might be used for the exception of pseudopositive result got with IEA? Radioimmune analysis Luminescence analysis Immunofluoresce nce Molecular hybridization In fecal masses of newborn child consuming a High content of natural feeding high content of IgA was detected. IgA in mother’s This condition depends from: milk Increased synthesis of Decreased IgA synthesis of IgM Decreased synthesis of IgD Increased synthesis of IgA and IgM Patient was transported to the clinic with suspicion on the myocardial infarction. For the prophylaxis of thrombogenesis he was prescribed a preparation of fibrinolysine (plazmin), which catalyze transformation of? Streptokinase as a medical preparation is used for revascularization of occluded by thrombus blood vessels. It possesses the following biological activity: Fibrine peptides Activates plasminogen into Fibrinogen into fibrin Arrests the polymerization of fibrin monomers IgG IgE Protrombin into Proconvertin into Plasminogen into trombin convertin plasmin Inhibits cross linking of fibrin filaments Dissolves fibrin filaments by proteolysis Inhibits the activity of thrombin In blood serum of a patient a marked increase in Acute pancreatitis activity of trypsine, alpha-amylase and lipase was detected. What disease can be considered? Cholestasis Chronic hepatitis Malignant tumors Insecticide poisoning Blood plasma proteins of a healthy person were γ–Globulin resolved by electrophoresis at pH 8,6 into several fractions. What fraction possesses the greatest electrophoretic mobility in indicated conditions? α–Globulin β–Globulin Albumin Fibrinogen Albumin βGlobulin γGlobulin Immunoglobulin D 335 In acute phase of pneumonia an increase in αGlobulin proportion of the next protein fraction in blood serum can be observed: 336 39 years old man was admitted into hospital with Decrease in symptoms of nephrotic syndrome. What changes in albumin blood proteins caused tissue swelling? content Decrease in 1globulin content Increase in globulins content Decrease inglobulin content Increase in 2globulins content. Glutathion peroxidase Creatine kinase Amylase 337 In diagnostics of an acute viral hepatitis estimation Alanyl of the next enzymatic activity in blood serum is the aminotransferase most valuable: Alkaline phosphatase In rickets the next enzyme activity is highly Alkaline elevated in blood serum: phosphatase Aldolase Alanyl aminotransferas e Amylase Lactate dehydrogenase In prostatic carcinoma marked increase in activity of Acid phosphatase the next enzyme in blood serum is observed: Aldolase Alanyl aminotransferas e Lactate dehydrogenase Alkaline phosphatase In mumps the next enzyme activity is highly Amylase elevated in blood serum: Aldolase Alanyl aminotransferas e Lactate dehydrogenase Alkaline phosphatase 333 334 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 A child is languid, apathetic. Liver is enlarged and liver biopsy revealed a significant excess of glycogen. Glucose concentration in the blood stream is below normal. What is the cause of low glucose concentration? Low (absent) Low (absent) activity activity of of hexokinase glycogene phosphorylase in liver High activity of glycogen synthetase In neonates after birth during 5-6 days develops UDP-glucuronyl jaundice. The cause of this disorder is insufficient transferase activity of the following enzyme: Porphobilinogen synthase Low (absent) Deficit of a gene activity of glucose that is responsible 6-phosphatase for synthesis of glucose 1phosphaturidine transferase Aminolevulinate Heme oxygenase Biliverdin synthease reductase In blood of a patient was found an increased content of total bilirubin, in urea were detected bilirubin diglucuronides, absence of stercobilin in feces (acholic stool). What vitamins deficiency can be developed i9n this special case? In a patient was recognized congenital liver disease, which is accompanied with high bilirubinemia due to increase in free (nonconjugated) bilirubin. In liver biopsia was detected trace activity of glucuronyl transferase. What disease can be recognized? After a serious viral infection a 3-year-old child has repeated vomiting, loss of consciousness, convulsions. Examination revealed hyperammoniemia. What may have caused changes of biochemical blood indices of this child? A patient suffering from rheumatism was administered glucocorticoids therapy. What changes in carbohydrate metabolism in liver can be expected? D, K, A B1, B2, B6. PP, C, U Biothin and lipoic acid (vitamin N) B1 (pangamic acid). Crigler-Najjar syndrome Gilbert syndrome Physiological jaundice Dubin-Johnson syndrome Wilson disease Disorder of Activated processes of Disorder of ammonia aminoacids biogenic amines neutralization in decarboxylation neutralization ornithinic cycle Increased purtefaction proteins intestines Stimulation of gluconeogenesis Stimulation of Increase glycogen glycogen phosphorolysis phosphorylase activity A patient has yellow skin colour, dark urine, dark- Unconjugated yellow feces. What substance will have bilirubin strengthened concentration in the blood serum? Stimulation glycogenesis Conjugated bilirubin of Stimulation of glycogen hydrolysis Mesobilirubin Verdoglobin Inhibited activity of of transamination in enzymes Biliverdin of 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 A 46 year old woman suffering from chololithiasis developed jaundice. Her urine became dark-yellow and feces became colourless. Blood serum will have the highest concentration of the following substance: A 4 y.o. boy has had recently serious viral hepatitis. Now there are such clinical presentations as vomiting, loss of consciousness, convulsions. Blood analysis revealed hyperammoniemia. Disturbunce of which biochemical process caused such pathological condition of the patient? A newborn child was found to have reduced intensity of sucking, frequent vomiting, hypotonia. Urine and blood exhibit increased concentration of citrulline. What metabolic process is disturbed? Conjugated bilirubin Unconjugated bilirubin Biliverdin Mesobilirubin Urobilinogen Disturbed neutralization of ammonia in liver Disturbed neutralization of biogenic amines Increased putrefaction of proteins in bowels Activation of aminoacid decarboxylation Inhibition of transamination enzymes Ornithinic cycle Tricarboxylic acid cycle Glycolysis Cori cycle Glyconeogenesis In a patient with jaundice it was detected a block in transformation of bilirubin to bilirubin diglucuronide. The concentration of indirect bilirubin in blood was markedly increased. What pathology can be suggested in a patient? In 35 years old patient a jaundice was revealed, as well as fever, bradycardia. Laboratory investigation revealed increase in direct and indirect bilirubin, appearance of direct bilirubin and bile acids in urine, missing of stercobilinogen in feces. What type of jaundice can be expected? Investigation of patient indicated on inflammatory processes in gall bladder, alteration of colloidal stability and high risk of bile stones formation. What substance from listed below favors the formation of bile stones? In 14 years old patient a hereditary liver pathology was expected. It was detected high content of direct bilirubin in blood, deposition of melanin in liver due to alteration of bilirubin excretion to bile by liver cells. This state is characteristic to the next disease: Prehepatic jaundice Hepatic jaundice Posthepatic jaundice Tumor of Addison’s disease pancreas and occlusion of bile duct Post-hepatic Hepatic Prehepatic jaundice Jaundice of neonates type Gilbert disease Cholesterol Urates Phosphates Oxalates Lecithine Dubin-Johnson syndrome Crigler-Najjar syndrome Gilbert disease Physiological jaundice Wilson disease A man is resting after intensive physical effort. Gluconeogenesis Which from different pathways of glucose from lactate metabolism is the most active at this time? Glycolysis Glycogenolysis Breakdown of glycogen to glucose Gluconeogenesis from amino acids Inhibition of protein synthesis Detoxification function Excretory function Production of bile Secretion of lipoproteins to blood A. Alteration of 357 In a patient suffering from liver cirrhosis concentration of albumin in blood plasma is 15 g/l (normal value 32-55 g/l), prothrombine test – 40 seconds (normal value – 12-20 sec.). To what functional disorder in liver indicate these changes? In a patient with toxic damage of liver was revealed low concentration of urea in blood plasma. The cause of this may be the next: Absence of alanil aminotransgferase in liver cells Deficiency in blood ammonia concentration Deficiency of CO2 and restriction of urea synthesis Excess of ammonia, which inhibits enzymes of urea synthesis Hypopotassemia Hyperpotassemi a Hypocupremia Hypercupremia 358 After prolong vomiting and diarrhea in a patient is Hypomagnesemia observed tachycardia, skin dryness, muscular hypotonia and apathia. Such state can be caused by: 359 What disorders of water and mineral metabolism Hypoosmolar can be expected in a worker, having a job in hot dehydration conditions? Hyperosmolar dehydration Cellular hyperhydration Extracellular hyperhydration Isotonic hyperhydration In a patient after thyroid gland surgery cramps and convulsions appeared, hyperreflexia and hyperexcitability were observed. Preliminary diagnosis is hypocalcaemia, which may be caused by: Hypoparathyreosi s, induced by extirpation of parathyroid glands Hyperparathyreosis due to tumor developement from cells of parathyroid gland Overdose of vitamin E Overdose of vitamin D Insulin insufficiency In a patient a development of calcium deposits in soft tissues, stones in urinary ducts are observed. Preliminary diagnosis is hypercalcemia, which may be caused by: Hyperparathyreos is due to tumor development from cells of parathyroid glands Vitamin D deficiency Hypoparathyreo sis, induced by injury of parathyroid glands during thyroid gland surgery Insulin insufficiency Insulin overproduction 355 356 360 361 ornithine cycle of urea synthesis 362 363 364 365 366 367 Dietary intake of a 30 year old nursing woman contains 1000 mg of calcium, 1300 mg of phosphorus and 20 mg of iron per day. It is necessary to change content of these mineral substances in the following way: A 35 y.o. patient who often consumes alcohol was treated with diuretics. There appeared serious muscle and heart weakness, vomiting, AP- 100/60 mm Hg, depression. This condition is caused by intensified excretion with urine of: A 50-year-old patient complains about general weakness, appetite loss and cardiac arrhythmia. The patient presents with muscle hypotonia, flaccid paralyses, weakened peristaltic activity of the bowels. Such condition might be caused by: Dietary intake of a 30 year old nursing woman contains 1000 mg of calcium, 1300 mg of phosphorus and 20 mg of iron per day. It is necessary to change content of these mineral substances in the following way: In a patient after thyroid gland surgery crumps and convulsions appeared, hyperreflexia and hyperexcitability were observed. Preliminary diagnosis is hypocalcemia, which may be caused by: To increase phosphorus content To increase calcium content To reduce fluorine content To increase iron content To reduce iron content Potassium Sodium Chlorine Calcium Phosphates Hypokaliemia Hypoproteinemia Hyperkaliemia Hypophosphatemi a Hyponatremia To increase phosphorus content To increase calcium content To reduce To increase iron To reduce fluorine content content content Hypoparathyreosi s, induced by extirpation of parathyroid glands Hyperparathyreosis due to tumor developement from cells of parathyroid gland Overdose of vitamin E Overdose vitamin Hypopotassemia Hyperpotassemi a Hypocupremia After prolong vomiting and diarrhea in a patient is Hypomagnesemia observed tachycardia, skin dryness, muscular hypotonia, apathia. Such state can be caused by: of Insulin insufficiency Hypercupremia iron 368 369 370 371 372 373 In a patient a development of calcium deposits in soft tissues, stones in urinary ducts are observed. Preliminary diagnosis is hypercalcemia, which may be caused by: Hyperparathyreos is due to tumor development from cells of parathyroid glands Hypoparathyreosis, induced by injury of parathyroid glands during thyroid gland surgery Vitamin deficiency A 50-year-old patient complains about general weakness, appetite loss and cardiac arrhythmia. The patient presents with muscle hypotonia, flaccid paralyses, weakened peristaltic activity of the bowels. Such condition might be caused by: In a patient a development of calcium deposits in soft tissues, stones in urinary ducts are observed. Preliminary diagnosis is hypercalcemia, which may be caused by: Hypokaliemia Hypophosphatemia Hypoproteinemi a Hyperparathyreos is due to tumor development from cells of parathyroid glands Hypoparathyreosis, induced by injury of parathyroid glands during thyroid gland surgery Vitamin deficiency A 50-year-old patient complains about general weakness, appetite loss and cardiac arrhythmia. The patient presents with muscle hypotonia, flaccid paralyses, weakened peristaltic activity of the bowels. Such condition might be caused by: A 35 y.o. patient who often consumes alcohol was treated with diuretics. There appeared serious muscle and heart weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, AP100/60 mm Hg, depression. This condition is caused by intensified excretion with urine of: Patient N. was admitted to clinic with complaints for pains in renal areas. The most informative biochemical indexes for evaluation of kidney functional state is determination of: Hypokaliemia Hypophosphatemia Hypoproteinemi a Hyperkaliemia Hyponatremia Potassium Sodium Chlorine Calcium Phosphates Creatine in blood Creatinine in blood serum and in serum and in urine urine D Insulin insufficiency Hyperkaliemia D Insulin insufficiency Creatinine in red Creatine in red blood cells and blood cells and in in blood plasma plasma Insulin overproduction Hyponatremia Insulin overproduction Creatine and creatinine in blood plasma. Homogentisic acid Para-aminobenzoic acid δ– Aminolevulinic acid Pangamic acid Fumarylacetoacetic acid Tyrosine metabolism Alanine metabolism Urea synthesis Uric acid biosynthesis Cysteine metabolism 375 Urine of a patient in reaction with iron chloride gives purple-red coloration, by exposure on air is quiqely darkening. Patient complains for pains in junctions. What substance metabolism is impaired in this case? In 15 years old boy, suffering from alkaptonuria, urine after standing changes to a black color. This disease is hereditary disorder of: Arginase 376 In urine of patient M. a high content of Argininosuccinat argininosuccinate is detected. What enzyme e lyase deficiency exists in a body? Argininosuccina te synthetase Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase Tryptophan-5monooxygenase Arginase 377 In a patient argininemia and argininuria is observed. Glutamate Urea content in blood and in urine is decreased. dehydrogenase What enzyme deficiency has a place? Ornithine carbamoyl transferase Argininosuccinate synthetase Tryptophan-5monooxygenase 65 years old man , suffering from gout, complains Bilirubin for pains in kidney area. In course of ultrasound diagnostics renal stones were detected.. Increased concentration of what substance is the most probable cause of stones formation in this case? In patient S. blood glucose level is over the renal Diabetes mellitus threshold, polyuria is observed, as well as acidosis and ketonuria. What pathological state can be suggested? Uric acid Urea Cystine Cholesterol Hypercorticism Starvation Addison disease Hyperthyreosis In 13 years old girl a hypotension and polyuria is Vasopressine observed. Preliminary diagnosis – diabetes insipidus. It is caused by deficiency of: Cortisol Aldosterone Adrenalin Oxytocine In diabetes mellitus and during starvation an Acetyl-CoA increase of ketone bodies in blood and in urine is observed. Chose the substance from which ketone bodies are produced: Citrate Succinyl CoA Α-Ketoglutarate Malate 374 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 Excretion of ammonium cation with urine is increased in the next condition: Metabolic acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Hyperlipidemia Hypoproteinemia Obesity In patient T. erythropoietic porphyria was recognized (Gunter”s disease): urine and teeth are of redish shadow due to uroporphyrin accumulation.Insufficiency of what enzyme from listed below may be observed? In boy P. suffering from mental underdevelopement the consumption of milk induces vomiting and diarrhea. In blood is detected glucose-1-phosphate on a background of low concentration of glucose and very high contentratyion of reducing sugars. In urine is detected galactose. Indicated symptoms are connected with deficiency of: In a patient a Konovalov-Wilson disease was recognized, at which excretion of copper with urine is observed, as well as deposition of copper in organs and tissues. What protein biosynthesis is damaged as the most probable cause of this disease? In large intestine microorganisms synthesize vitamins that participate in organism’s biochemical processes. What vitamins are mainly synthesized by microflora? Parents of the 10-year-old child have made an appointment with endocrinologist due to complaints of child’s low height. The child’s appearance is corresponding with that of 5-year-old child.What hormon secretion disorder causes such physical development changes? Uroporphirinogen synthase Coproporphyrinogen oxidase Uroporphyrinog endecarboxylase Tryptophan pyrrolase Heme synthase Galactose-1UDP-glucose phosphate uridyl pyrophosphorylase transferase Lactase UDP-glucose-4 epimerase Galactokinase Ceruloplasmin Transferrine Haptoglobin Properdin Cryoglobuline K, B12 A, C E, PP B1, B2 B6, E Somatotropic hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Thyroxin Testosterone Insulin 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 During calculous cholecystitis attack the patient has developed the following symptoms: saponated feces and steatorrhea. What stage of fats metabolism is disrupted according to those symptoms? During gastric secretory function research decrease of hydrochloric acid concentration in gastric juice was detected. What enzyme will be less active in such a condition? Information transfer from peptide hormones to intracellular second messengers occures involving adenylate cyclase. What reaction is catalyzed by adenylate cyclase? When hydrogen peroxide solution is administered to bleeding wounds, it is broken up by one of the blood enzymes. Point out this enzyme. Fat digestion, absorption and secretion Fat absorption Intermediary metabolism of fats Fats metabolism in adipose tissue Pepsin Amylase Lipase Dipeptidase Hexokinase Cyclic adenosine monophosphate production ATP breakdown into ADP and inorganic phosphate ATP synthesis from adenosine Catalase Monoamine oxidase Cytochrome oxidase Aspartate aminotransferase Lactate dehydrogenase Catabolism of body’s own tissue proteins is intensified during such diseases as thyrotoxicosis and tuberculosis. This process is attended by intensive synthesis in liver and subsequent excretion with urine of the following: Natural peptides can carry out various functions. What biologically active peptide is one of the main antioxidants and carries out coenzyme functions? Urea Glucose Acetone bodies Fatty acids Nucleotides Glutathione Bradykinin Oxytocin Releasing hormone (Liberine) Anserine A newborn infant has hemolytic jaundice caused by rhesus incompatibility. What bile pigment will be concentrated highest in the blood of this infant? Unconjugated bilirubin Conjugated bilirubin Urobilinogen Stercobilinogen Bile acids 395 396 `397 398 399 400 The 49-year-old female patient suffering long-term from pancreatic diabetes has developed the following symptoms after administering insulin: weakness, facial pallor, palpitation, anxiety, double vision, numbness of lips and tongue apex. Glucose molar concentration in blood was 2,5 mmol/l. What complication has developed in the patient? The 56-year-old patient has developedmegaloblastic anemia in the course of alcoholic cirrhosis. What vitamin deficiency is the main cause of anemia in this patient? L-DOPA and its derivatives are used in treatment of Parkinson’s disease. What aminoacid is this substance made of? Hypoglycemic coma Hyperosmolar coma Hyperglycemic coma Hyperketonemic coma Uremic coma Folic acid Lipoic acid Biotin Thiamine Pantothenic acid Tyrosine Asparagine Glutamate Tryptophan Arginine Ketoacidosis occurs during starvation. What metabolite blood concentration increase is symptomatic of this medical condition? Acetoacetate Oxaloacetate Malonate Beta-hydroxybetamethylglutaryl- CoA The patient with myocardial infarction has been prescribed statines, cholesterol synthesis inhibitors, to prevent complications. What enzyme activity is suppressed by these medicines? Streptomycin and other aminoglycosides by binding with 30Ssubunit of ribosome prevents formylmethionyl-tRNA joining. What process is disrupted due to this effect? Beta-GHBreductase Hydroxylase Lecithincholesterol acyltransferase Esterase Oxygenase Translation initiation Translation termination Transcription initiation Transcription termination Replication initiation 401 402 403 404 405 406 Streptomycin and other aminoglycosides by binding with 30S subunit of ribosome prevents formylmethionyl-tRNA joining. What process is disrupted due to this effect? The patient with mushroom poisoning has developed the following symptoms: yellow coloring of skin and sclera, dark-colored urine. Hemolytic jaundice was diagnosed.What pigment causes such coloring of the patient’s urine? The patient has hypovitaminosis PP. What amino acid taken with meals partially compensates patient’s need for vitamin PP? Translation initiation Translation termination Transcription initiation Transcription termination Replication initiation Stercobilin Conjugated bilirubin Biliverdin Unconjugated bilirubin Verdohemoglobin Tryptophan Phenylalanine Valine Arginine Methionine The 13-year-old female patient having suffered from measles complains of dry mouth, thirst, body weight loss, polyuria, her glucose concentration in blood is 16 mmol/l. What disease can be suspected? During long-term carbon tetrachloride poisoning of animals significant activity drop of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase in hepatocytes was detected. What metabolic process is disrupted in this case? Nucleoproteins contain significant amount of alkaline proteins.What propteins carry out structural function in chromatin? Type I pancreatic diabetes Type II pancreatic diabetes Diabetes insipidus Steroidogenic diabetes Glycogenosis Protein biosynthesis DNA replication RNA transcription Post-translational modification of peptides Reparation Protamines and histones Albumines and globulines Prolamines and glutenins Hemoglobin and myoglobin Interferones and mucin 407 408 409 410 411 412 The poultry factory worker, who has been consuming 5 or more raw eggs daily, complains of weakness, drowsiness, muscle pain, loss of hair, seborrhea. What vitamin deficiency causes such condition? The patient has icteritous skin; unconjugated bilirubin content in blood is high; conjugated bilirubin in urine is not detected. There is significant amount of urobilin in urine and stercobilin in feces. Name the pathology characterized by given symptoms. Oligomycin antibiotic is prescribed to the patient with tuberculosis. What mitochondrial process is slowed down by this medicine? H (biotin) C (ascorbic acid) A (retinol) B1 (thiamine) B2 (riboflavin) Hemolytic jaundice Obstructive jaundice Jaundice of the newborn Hepatocellular jaundice Atherosclerosis Oxidative phosphorylation Substrate-linked phosphorylation Microsomal oxidation Lipid peroxidation Oxidative decarboxylation The patient has been admitted to the hospital with complaints of general fatigue, headache, lumbago, edema of face and extremities. Urine analysis revealed proteinuria, hematuria and cylindruria.What is the main pathogenetic mechanism of edema formation during glomerulonephritis? Cataract (lenticular opacity) has developed in the 52-year-old female patient with pancreatic diabetes. What process intensification has caused lenticular opacity? Detoxication rate is 4 times lower in children than in adults.What enzyme necessary for toxic compounds conjugation has low activity in children? Decrease of oncotic blood pressure Increase of vascular permeability Increase of hydrodynamic blood pressure Hormonal disbalance Protein glycosylation Lipolysis Ketogenesis Protein proteolysis Gluconeogenesis Glucuronosyltran sferase ALAT AspAT Creatine phosphokinase LDH1 Menadione sodium bisulfite Sulfanilamide Aspirin NADH-coenzyme Cytochrome oxidase Q reductase Cytochrome C reductase Adenosine triphosphate synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)- containing monoamine oxidase (MAO) Acetylcholineste Formylkynurenin Kynurenine 3rase ase hydroxylase (Arylformamidase ) 416 Due to prolonged taking of phenobarbital the epileptic patient has developed tolerance for this drug. What is this phenomenon based on? Biotransformatio n acceleration Absorption process weakening Increase of receptor sensitivity Biotransformation suppression Substance accumulation in body Purine nucleotides Metalloproteins Lipoproteins Glycoproteins Ketone bodies 417 A patient with ischemic heart disease has been administered inosine which is an intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of: A patient has been found to have sugar in the urine. Blood glucose is normal. Arterial pressure is normal. What is the mechanism of glycosuria development in this case? Amylolytic enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. They have an effect upon the following chemical bond: Disturbance of glucose reabsorption in the nephron tubules Insulin deficiency Hyperfunction of adrenal medulla Hyperfunction of thyroid gland Glycosidic Hydrogen Peptide Amide Phosphodiester 413 414 415 418 419 Certain drugs can stimulate liver to synthesize enzyme systems taking part in drugs and toxines metabolism. What compound stimulates drug metabolism in liver microsomes? Barbiturates are used as soporifics. These substances, similarly to rotenone, are tissue respiration inhibitors. What complex level do these compounds suppress respiratory chain at? Inhibitors of one of the amides metabolism enzymes are used to treat depression. What enzyme inhibition has such an effect? Phenobarbital Heparine Which of the following names corresponds with the formula: Nicotinic acid amide Isonicotinic acid amide Picolinic acid amide Salicylic acid amide Anthranilic acid amide Depressive states can be treated by means of drugs inhibiting the enzyme that inactivates biogenic amines. Specify this enzyme: MAO (monoamine oxidase) LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) CPK (creatine phosphokinase) AST (aspartate aminotransferase) ALT (alanine aminotransferase) A newborn born to an Rh-negative mother (3rd pregnancy) presents with progressing jaundice, symptoms of CNS excitation, anemia. What type of jaundice is it? Blood serum electrophoresis revealed interferon. This protein is in the following fraction: Hemolytic Parenchymatous Obstructive Parasitic Toxic γ-globulins α1-globulins α2-globulins β-globulins Albumins A patient has been hospitalized for chronic heart failure. Objectively: skin and mucous membranes are cyanotic, the patient has tachycardia, tachypnea. What type of hypoxia has developed in the patient? Urine analysis revealed a decrease in sodium ion concentration. Which hormone provides an enhanced reabsorption of sodium ions in the convoluted nephron tubules? A 40-year-old patient has developed polyuria (10-12 liters per day) and polydipsia induced by damage to the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. What hormone deficiency causes such disorders? Circulatory Anemic Hemic Tissue Hypoxic Aldosterone Vasopressin Somatostatin Adrenaline Acetylcholine Vasopressin Oxytocin Corticotropin Somatotropin Thyrotropin 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 425 426 427 427 430 431 A patient consulted a doctor about sunburns, decreased visual acuity.His hair, skin and eyes are not pigmented. He has been diagnosed with albinism. The patient presents with the following enzyme deficiency: Fatty degeneration of liver is prevented by lipotropic substances. Which of the following substances relates to them? Tyrosinase Arginase Carbonic anhydrase Histidine decarboxylase Hexokinase Methionine Cholesterol Bilirubin Glycine Glucose patient has an increased concentration of hippuric acid in the urine. This acid is the product of benzoic acid detoxification in the liver of. In the human body benzoic acid is formed from the following amino acid: A patient has obstruction of the common bile duct. Which of these substances is usually found in urine in such cases? Phenylalanine Succinate Lactate Aspartate Malate A hospital admitted a patient with arterial hypertension induced by renal artery stenosis, complaints of persistent nausea and headache. The main element in the pathogenesis of hypertension is the activation of the following system: The end product of starch hydrolysis is: Reninangiotensin Hypothalamicpituitary Kallikrein-kinin Sympathoadrenal Parasympathetic D-glucose D-fructose Saccharose Maltose D-galactose It is known that some chemical compounds uncouple the tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. Name one of these compounds: 2,4-dinitrophenol Carbon monoxide Antimycin A Lactic acid Acetyl-CoA 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 A patient with pneumosclerosis has blood pH at the rate of 7,34. Analysis of gas formula of blood showed hypercapnia. Urine analysis revealed an acidity increase. What form of acid-base disbalance is the case? A 70-year-old patient has been found to have atherosclerosis of heart and brain vessels. Examination revealed the changes in the lipid profile. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is greatly influenced by an increase in the following lipoproteins rate: The primary structure of nucleic acids is a polynucleotide chain which has a certain composition and order of the nucleotides. What bonds stabilize this structure? A 28-year-old male got a burn that caused an increase in spontaneous secretion of gastric juice. It is associated with secretion of the following substance: Gaseous acidosis Secretory alkalosis Gaseous alkalosis Non-gaseous alkalosis Non-gaseous acidosis Low-density lipoprotein Very-low-density lipoproteins Intermediatedensity lipoproteins High-density lipoprotein Chylomicrons 3’,5’phosphodiester Peptide Glycosidic Disulfide Amide Histamin Secretin Gastric inhibitory peptide CholecystokininPancreozymin Serotonin Growth of some cancer cells is caused by a certain growth factor. Treatment of leukemia involves applying an enzyme that destroys this essential factor. Specify this enzyme: Blood pressure is regulated by a number of biologically active compounds. What peptides that enter the bloodstream can affect the vascular tone? Asparaginase Glutaminase Succinate dehydrogenase Citrate synthetase Aspartate aminotransferase Kinins Leukotrienes Enkephalins Iodothyronines Endorphins Food rich in carbohydrates at first increases the blood glucose and then decreases its rate due to the insulin action. What process is activated by this hormone? Synthesis of glycogen Gluconeogenesis Breakdown of glycogen Breakdown of proteins Breakdown of lipids A patient has developed megaloblastic anemia on a background of alcoholic cirrhosis. The main cause of anemia in this patient is the following vitamin deficiency: A patient was found to have an increased blood serum LDH-1 activity. In which organ is the pathological process localized? Folic acid Lipoic acid Biotin Thiamin Pantothenic acid Heart Liver Kidneys Stomach Muscles Tryptophan Phenylalanine Valine Arginine Methionine 442 A male patient was found to have hypovitaminosis PP. What amino acid taken with food may partially compensate the vitamin PP deficiency? 443 Antidepressants can increase the concentartion of catecholamines in the synaptic cleft. What is the mechanism of action of these drugs? Inhibition of monoamine oxidase Activation of monoamine oxidase Inhibition of xanthine oxidase Activation of acetylcholinestera se nhibition of acetylcholinesterase When chyme enters the duodenum, it stimulates the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones. Which hormone is responsible for release of enzymes being included in digestive juices? Alkaptonuria is characterized by an excessive urinary excretion of homogentisic acid. Development of this disease is associated with disorder of the following amino acid metabolism: The patient uses a daily basis for several raw eggs, which contain antivitamin biotin - avidin. Violations of any phase of lipid metabolism might arise? Cholecystokininpancreozymin Secretin Glucagon Somatostatin Calcitonin Tyrosine Tryptophan Alanine Methionine Asparagine Fatty acid biosynthesis Cholesterol biosynthesis Lipid absorption Glycerol oxidation Lipid transport in blood Early pregnancy can be detected by using the appropriate test. A positive pregnancy test is based on the presence of the following hormone in urine: Chorionic gonadotropin Progesterone Oestradiol Prolactin Oxytocin 439 440 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 Caffeine inhibits phosphodiesterase which converts cAMP to AMP. The most typical feature of caffeine intoxication is the reduced intensity of: Glycogen synthesis Protein phosphorylation Pentose phosphate pathway Glycolysis Lipolysis A dentist with the aim of plague prophylaxis F administered a 2 year child a medication, containing: J Br Fe Mn The examination of the patient evaluated the liver alteration, accompanied by hyperammoniemia, hyperacidaemia, aminoaciduria and frequent faintings. Which acid is effective for the ammonia bonding in the brain? GABA is the main depressive mediator in the brain. Which drugs interact with alosteric centers of GABA-receptor complexes and potentiate the depressive action of GABA? Glutamate Іsocitrate Succinate Fumarate Oxoloacetate Benzodiazepins MAO inhibitors Endorphines Enkephalines Antidepressants The drug L-DOPA administered to the patient suffering from Parkinson’s disease caused dizziness and memory decline. To decrease the side effects of L-DOPA the physician administered lower doses of this drug and: Phosphororganic compounds, such as pesticides, tabun, zarin, zoman are known to be potent poisons, causing acute excitement of the nervous sytem. By what biochemical process is this mediated? Activator of DOPA decarboxilase Inhibitor of DOPA decarboxilase Inhibitor of monoaminoxida se Activator of monoaminoxidase Activator of diaminoxidase Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinestera se Enhanced biosynthesis of acetylcholinesterase Reversible inhibition of acetylcholineste rase Enhanced biosynthesis of acetylcholine Decreased biosynthesis of acetylcholinesterase Decarboxylase Diaminoxidase Aspartate aminotransferase Amino acid oxidase The experimental animal with the purpose of Monoaminoxidas psychic stimulation was injected iproniazid. e Iproniazid inhibits the enzyme, catalizing the desactivation of biogenous amines. Name this enzyme: FAD TDP PALP CоАSH NADP 456 The experimental aminal with the purpose of psychic stimulation was injected iproniazid, catalizing the deactivation of biogenous amines. Name coenzyme, being the constituent of this enzyme. The nervous-paralytical poison zarin was used in the field of fighting, causing large human losses. What is the mechanism of action of this poison? Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinestera se Increased concentration of catecholamines in the synaptic cleft Activation of tyrosine hydroxylase Decreased dopamine content in brain synapses Depolarisation of postsynaptic membrane Ketone bodies Cholesterol Fatty acids Lactate Acetyl-CoA 457 The patient suffering from psychic disease refuses to consume food within 2 weeks. Due to what compounds is his brains supplied with energy? The feeling of fear in humans is accompanied by the Tyrosine synthesis of dioxyphenylalanine in the limbic system of the brain. What compound is the precursor of dioxyphenylalanine synthesis? Glutamine Triptophan Lysine 5-oxytriptophan ɑ-Ketoglutarate enters the cycle of tricarboxylic GABA acids in brain, avoiding oxidative decarboxylation due to the activation of the metabolitical shunt under the conditions of hypoxia. Which biogeneous amin plays crucial role in this process? During narcosis the consumtion of the rich in Kreatine energy compounds by brain is acutely decreased. phosphate The content of which macroergic compound was increased in nervous cells because of this process? Tryptamin Serotonin Dopamine Histamine ADP Acethyl-CoA Pyrophosphate UDP-glucose The brain activity increases the ammonia content in Glutamate the nervous tissue. What amino acid will play crucial role in ammonia bonding in this tissue? Lysine Arginine Isoleucine GABA A baby after birth manifested clonico-tonic seizures Glutamate caused by food intake, touch, different sounds. It decarboxylase was determined that this disease is mediated by the lack of one of the pyridine dependent enzymes in brain tissue. Name this enzyme. Cistathion synthase Cineruninase Aminotransferase 5-oxytryptophan decarboxylase 455 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 Melatonin in human organism regulates the processes of sexual maturation, sleep, functions of the gastrointestinal tract, cardio-vascular system, has antistressory and anti-seizure effects. What compound activates the synthesis of melatonin? Ammonia toxicity for the CNS is mediated by inhibition of the tricarboxylic acids cycle, decrease of tissue respiration, oxidative phosphorilation, ketonaemia. Name the main pathway of ammonia detoxification in human brain? Which of the mentioned below tissues is the most sensitive to hypoxia? Norepinephrine Serotonin Dopamine Glutamine production Urea synthesis Uric synthesis Nervous Epithelial Fatty Muscular Bone Monoaminoxidase inhibitors are widely used as Acethylcholine psychopharmacological drugs. They influence the content of all mentioned above neurotransmitters in the brain, EXCEPT: Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin Epinephrine GABA is the depressing mediator of CNS. Choose Glutamate the amino acid which is the precursor for GABA synthesis: Tyrosine Aspartate Tryptophan Glutamine Which statement about opioid peptides is not true? 468 469 Activate the Are produced from the adenilate cyclase precursor proteins system in neurons through the limited proteolysis The drugs interacting with alosteric centres of Benzodiazepines GABA-receptor complexes and enhancing the depressive effect of GABA are: MAO inhibitors Methionine acid Ammonia production Are inactivated through the proteolytical breakdown GABA salts Nitrogenous base Interacting with opioid peptides exhibit analgesing and euphoric effects like morphin and its analogues Morphin and its Tricyclic analogues antidepressants Include enkephalines, endorphines, neoendorphines and dinorphinse Neuropeptides GABA is inactivated by: Deamination Reduction Oxidation Transamination Decarboxylation Transamination and decarboxylation of aminoacids Antioxidant defense Oxidative decarboxylation of alphaketoacids Synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides Dehydration of the tissue respiration substrates GABA Histamine Tryptamine Dopamine Serotonine 472 The insufficience of some vitamins in the human organism causes peripheral neuropathy and other neurologic symptoms. What process inducing nervous system disturbances is being altered by the lack of vitamin В6? Which CNS neurotransmitter is synthesized from ketoglutarate in the following sequence – deamination and decarboxylation? 1,3Diphosphoglycerate а-Ketoglutarate 3Phosphoglycerate Pyruvate 473 The intensive muscular work induced the significant Lactate decrease of the buffer capacity of the blood of the worker. Which metabolite induced this condition? Hepatitis, myocardial infarction induce an acute increase of alanine- and aspartate aminotransferase in patient’s blood? What is the cause of the increase of these enzymes? The damage of cell membrane and passage of the enzymes to blood Skeletal muscles and myocardium use different Lactate blood compounds as the substrates of oxidation. Which of the following compounds is utilized in myocardium but is not used by skeletal muscles? Increased rate of Increased rate of Lack of pyridoxin amino acid synthesis amino acids in tissues breakdown in tissues Increase of the enzyme activity by the hormones Glucose Glycogen Fatty acids Ketone bodies McArdle's disease is characterized by the following Glycogen clinical signs: excessive glycogen accumulation in phosphorylase muscles, progressive myopathy, manifested by painful seizures after muscular work, myoglobulinuria. At the same time the lactate content in blood is not changed or decreased. The lack of what enzyme of glycogen metabolism causes this disease? Adenilate cyclase Glycogen synthase Kinase of Protein kinase phosphorylase 470 471 474 475 476 477 478 The deficiency of myoadenilate desaminase, the enzyme catalizing irreversible desamination of AMP to IMP induces fast fatigue during physical exercises as well as delayed onset muscle soreness and muscular pain. This myopathy is caused by: The oxidation of noncarbohydrate compounds (mainly fatty acids) provides 65-70% of energetic needs of the myocard. Which of the free fatty acids is the most easily oxidized in heart muscle? The disturbance of purins metabolism Accessive accumulation of fatty acids Insufficient carnitine content The disturbance of glycogen metabolism Oleic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Arachidonic acid Which of the following clinical signs are not typical Glucosuria for the muscular tissue pathology? Myoglobulinuria Creatinuria Decrease cAMP The changes of the cytoplasm concentration of calcium ions are the main biochemical regulator of the muscular contraction and relax. What component of the troponin system is activated by the increased calcium concentration? The contraction of the smooth muscles when the calcium concentration increases up to 10µm is significantly different from the analogic process in the barred muscles and is initiated by means of bonding of calcium to: The excessive intake of vitamin A is accompanied by increased membrane permeability or membrane destruction with the release of the acid proteases and acid phosphatase from the lysosomes, The excretion of what muscular cells metabolite is indicative for their damage? What effect of magnesium ions on the muscular tissue causes the wide use of the magnesium containing drugs in clinical practice? Troponin C Myosin Actin Troponine T of Significant decrease of content carnosine anserine Troponin I Calmodulin Actin Myosin Troponin С Troponin І Creatine Lactate Pyruvate Creatinine Glucose Decreases calcium concentration Activates complex 479 480 481 482 483 troponin Increases calcium concentration The changes of the number of mitochondrias, their size and internal structure Linolic acid the of and Enhances the Increases ATP and nervous impulses phosphate transfer in the concentration synapses 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 The large quantity of the MB-form of creatine Myocardial kinase isoforms evaluated in the blood of patient infarction with destructive changes of the muscular tissue. What is the most evident diagnosis? A 1 year child got to clinic with the signs of muscular involvement. The examination evaluated carnitine deficiency in muscles. The disturbance of what process is the biochemical background for this pathology? A 46-year-old female has been suffering from progressive myodystrophy Duchenne's disease) for a long time, the change of catalytic activity of what flood enzyme proves to be a diagnostic test for the disease? In modern biochemical investigations for diagnostics of inherited diseases, detection of certain viruses (for example HIV), authentication of individual (gene dactylography in forensic medicine) so called "DNA-diagnostics" is employed. What method is used in these investigations? From nitrates, nitrites and nitrosamines in organism is formed nitrous acid which causes oxidative deamination of nitrogen bases of nucleotides. This induce a point mutation by replacement of cytosine to... 5’-bromouracil inhibits the biosynthesis of one from the listed below compounds. Chose this compound Polymyositis Duchenne disease Тhe fatty acids Regulation of Ca2+ Substrate transport to level in mitochondrias phosphorylation mitochondrias Lactate utilization Actin and myosin synthesis Creatine kinase Pyruvate dehydrogenase Glutamate dehydrogenase Adenylate kinase Polymerase chain Chromatography reaction Electrophoresis Rentgenstructural analysis Electron microscopy Uracil Thymine Adenine Guanine Inosine DNA Protein mRNA rRNA Histones Pepsin Trypsin Lipase Nuclease Physician paid no attention to analysis, which Amylase showed a tenfold increase of diastase activity in urine. Patient has an emergency of pancreas autolysis due to activation of the following enzyme: Muscular atrophy Lactate dehydrogenase Muscular dystrophy Purine bases Amino acids Glucose Pyrimidines Glycerol Bile acids Fatty acids Triglycerides Phospholipids Chylomicrons Hyperglycemic coma Uremic coma Hypoglycemic coma Anaphylactic shock Hypovolemic coma Addison disease Thyrosinosis Histidinemia Hypercorticism Starvation Addison disease Hyperthyreosis 7-dehydrocholesterol Cholecalciferole Ergocalciferole 496 In patients with ill kidneys even in normally 1,25balanced diet osteodystrophic changes frequently dihydroxycholeca are developing. It can be caused by disorder of lciferole biosynthesis of: 25hydroxycholecalcif erole Mixedema Steroid diabetes Diabetes mellitus Thyrotoxicosis 497 A patient complains for polyuria (5 liters daily) and Diabetes thurst. Blood glucose level is 5,1 mmoles/l, urine insipidus specific density is equal 1,010. Glucose and ketone bodies are absent. What may be the cause of this state? 491 492 493 494 495 A patient addressed to the physician with complaints for pains in small joints as well as in temporomandibular joint. Joints are enlarged, looking as thick nodes. In blood serum and in urine an increase of urates content is detected. Metabolism of what substances is impaired? After consumption of fatty meal patient feels, after some time steatorrhea appears. Cholesterol concentration in blood is 9,2 mmoles/l, test for bile acids in urine is positive. A cause of this state may be the deficiency of: A 58 years old woman, in a heavy state, cloudy conciousness, dry skin, eyeballs are, cyanosis, an odor of spoiled apples in expired air. Blood glucose level 15,1 mmol/l , in urine – 3,5 %. This state is caused by: A 13 years old patient. Complains for general weakness, fatigue. Mental underdevelopement is observed. In course of investigation a high concentration of valine, isoleucine, leucine is detected in blood and in urine. Urine has specific odor. What may be the cause of that pathology? In patient S. blood glucose level is over the renal threshold, polyuria is observed, as well as acidosis and ketonuria. What pathological state can be suggested? Maple disease syrup Basedov disease Diabetes mellitus 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 47 years old woman complains for persistent feeling of thurst, rapid fatigue, loss of conciousness. Daily diuresis is 3-4 l. Blood glucose level is 4,8 mmoles/l, in urine there is no glucose.In this case it is resonable to investigate blood content of: In a suckling child the darkening of sclera, mucous sheets, ear bowels is observed, the urine also is developing a dark color after exposure on air. In blood and urine a homogentisic acid is detected. What pathology can be suggested? In a 63 years old women suffering from rheumatism, increased concentration of oxyproline in blood and urine was detected. What is the main reason of this state? Vasopressine Estrogens Aldosterone Cortisole Thyroxine Alcaptonuria Porphyria Albinism Cystinuria Hemolytic anemia Degradation collagen of Synthesis of collagen Activation prolyl hydroxylase of Renal impairment Activation cathepsins A patient with burn disease is at the risk of blood Heparin clots formation. Thrombus formation may also take place in other diseases atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction. What polysaccharide is used to prevent formation of blood clots? Amylose Starch Hyaluronic acid Chondroitin-4sulfate Results of blood and urine tests indicate that the Glucosamine content of glucuronic and sialic acids are above glican normal. Catabolism of which of the following compounds is enhanced? Glycoprotein Collagen Elastin Calmodulin A patient has symptoms of active forms of rheumatism. Clinical examination did not confirm this diagnosis. It should be also emphasized that rheumatism is a connective tissue damage, ie destruction heteropolysaccharides within glycoproteins. What biochemical blood and urine tests may be carried out to clarify the diagnosis? For the resorption of keloids a hyaluronidase is used. What biochemical process causes advantages of enzymotherapy? Determine glycoproteins, nitrogen Identify glucocorticoids, 17-ketosteroids Determine ketone bodies Determine aminosugars, sialic acids Determine total glucose, albumin, globulins Cleavage of Cleavage of heparin. hyaluronic acid. Cleavage chondroitin sulfate. of The synthesis of Cleavage of glycosaminoglyca collagen. ns. of 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 Mukopolysaccharydoses are hereditary diseases that manifested pathological changes during bones and joints formation. What urine index indicates this disease? Excessive Excessive excretion of Excessive excretion of amino acids. excretion glycosaminoglyca lipids. ns. A patient was hospitalized with impaired vascular Collagen permeability. Specify the protein of connective tissue which is disturbed at such conditions. Excessive of excretion glucose. Excessive excretion of of proteins. Myoglobin Albumin Tropomyosin Ceruloplasmin N-sulfamidase. N-acetyl glucose aminidase. Glucose-6phosphatase. β-glucoseamine– N-acetyltransferase. Examination of a 2 years old child revealed deformation of the spine, joints; lagging in growth, progressive coarsening of the face, deafness, thickening of the skin. Increased excretion of dermatine sulfate and heparin sulfate were determined in urine. Deficit of which from the following enzymes caused these changes? In inflammatory diseases of joints decreasing in viscosity of synovial fluid is observed. The reason of this disorder might be: α-L-iduronidase. The process of destruction of connective tissue due to collagenoses was observed. What laboratory tests should be assigning to a patient with a chronic form of collagenosis? Content of The activity of LDH The level of C-reactive protein oxyproline and isoenzymes urates in the oxylisine in blood blood serum and urine Reducing of the number and depolymerization of hyaluronic acid. In a patient with scurvy a disorder of hydroxylation Microsomal of proline and lysine within the collagen molecule oxidation was observed. What biochemical process is inhibited? Examination of a patient revealed erosion of D enamel. What vitamin should be prescribed in this case? Reduction of the Reducing of the number and number and depolymerization of depolymerizatio proteoglycans. n of glycoproteins. Oxidative Lipid phosphorylation peroxidation C K Reduction of Reducing of the protein number and concentration. depolymerization of chondroitin sulfate. Peroxidase Tissue respiration oxidation A Transaminase activity PP 512 Vitamin A was prescribed to a patient with Growth and Hydroxylation periodontitis. What process is activated under the differentiation of proline influence of this vitamin and provides a therapeutic cells effect? of Carboxylation of acids Color vision Thiamine Gluconate Pyridoxine Choline 513 Antioxidants of natural and artificial origin are used Taurine during the treatment of periodontal disease. Which of the following is used as antioxidant agent? Potassium Sodium Mercury Selenium 514 Excess of fluoride in water leads to fluorosis. What Calcium element can be used for elimination of toxic effects of fluoride on the tooth? Human body obtains vitamins, macro-and Iron micronutrients from dietary uptake. Elevated quantities of what trace element has the most pronounced effect on the formation of caries? Barium Selenium Strontium Copper 515 516 Examination of a child revealed the initial stages of Protein, vitamins Fats and fat-soluble Carbohydrates Nucleic acids and Vegetable proteins, caries. Which products should predominate in the C, E A, minerals vitamins and water micronutrients vitamins, minerals diet of the patient? soluble vitamins Disorders of the enamel and dentin formation were Parathyroid observed due to a low content of calcium in the hormone blood. What hormone deficiency may cause such disorders? Triiodothyronine Insulin Somatotropin Thyroxine Oral liquid Saliva Blood plasma Blood serum 518 Plaque - a pathological formation on the surface of Gingival fluid the teeth. The main sources of minerals in the formation of plaque are: Calcium oxalate Urate Pigments Oxaloacetate 519 Examination of a patient revealed plaque Calcium depositions. What compound is essential for plaque phosphate formation? 517 520 521 522 In humans, substances with osteotropic effects are Parotin synthesized. Which of the listed substances possess these properties? Hypovitaminosis of vitamin C reduces the formation of the organic matrix of teeth, delayed remineralization processes; leads to disturbance of collagen synthesis. This occurs, because this vitamin is involved in the process of... In dental practice special pasts are used. They are rich in fat-soluble vitamins A and D, because: Thyroxin Insulin Nerve factor growth Secretory immunoglobulin A Hydroxylation of Carboxylation of proline proline and lysine Carboxylation of Hydroxylation lysine proline of Hydroxylation of lysine These vitamins regulate metabolism of heteropolysacchari des of tooth and promote deposition of calcium salts These vitamins help the transformation of procollagen to collagen that results in remineralization These vitamins activate energy metabolism in tissues of the tooth Promote Provides antioxidant replacement of properties of tissues strontium apatite by hydroxyapatite Insulin Adrenalin Dopamine 523 In the treatment of periodontitis, hormones that stimulate Calcitonin the mineralization of teeth and inhibits of bone resorption are used, namely: 524 A disorder in the structure of collagen fibers associated Lysine hydroxylase Lysine hydroxylase and Glycosil with a deficiency of vitamin C leads to tooth loss. This and proline lysine oxidase transferase can be explained, because vitamin C is a cofactor of: hydroxylase Procollagen peptidase To prevent gingivitis and to improve the regeneration of Retinol epithelial cells special vitamins are added to the periodontal toothpaste. Choose from the list one of the following vitamins that is used in this case: Thiamine Phylochinon Biotin Calciferol A 3 years old child was hospitalized with symptoms of Niacin severe stomatitis and gingivitis, as well as dermatitis of open parts of the body. The examination revealed violations of inherited transport of neutral amino acids in the small intestine. What vitamin’s insufficiency leads to the above symptoms? Vitamin A Cobalamin Biotin Pantothenic acid 525 526 Thyroxin 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 In the complex treatment of periodontitis, tocopherol was Antioxidant used. What effect causes the healing properties of this vitamin? Antiphlogistic Antialergic Osteotropic Prooxydant Examination of a patient revealed gingivitis accompanied Lactate by hypoxia. The formation of what metabolite of carbohydrate metabolism is increased in the periodontal tissues? Ribose-5-phosphate Glycogen Glucose-6phosphate During the treatment of paradontosis antioxidants are used. What natural compound, found in food, serves as antioxidant? Tocopherol Thiamine Calcitriol Pyridoxol N A D P H Choline During inflammation of periodontal tissues hypoxia occurs. This leads to changes of the ratio of ATP / ADP + Pi, resulting activation of phosphofructokinase. What metabolic process is activated? A pregnant woman developed severe toxemia with exhausting recurrent vomiting throughout a day. By the end of the day she developed tetanic convulsions and bodily dehydration. The described changes were caused by the following type of acid-base disbalance: A patient suffers from mutation of a gene that corresponds with hemoglobin synthesis. This condition led to development of sicklecell disease. Name the pathological hemoglobin characteristic of this disease: Genetic information is stored in DNA but does not participate directly in protein synthesis within DNA cells. What process ensures transfer of genetic information into polypeptide chain? Glycolysis PPP Ornithine cycle Oxidation of fatty Synthesis of purine acids nucleotides Nongaseous excretory alkalosis Gaseous alkalosis Gaseous acidosis Nongaseous metabolic acidosis Nongaseous excretory acidosis HbS HbA HbF HbA1 Bart-Hb Translation Formation of rRNA Formation of tRNA Formation of iRNA Replication 534 535 536 537 538 A patient with gastric juice hypersecretion has been recommended to exclude from the diet rich broths and vegetable infused water. A doctor recommended it, because these food products stimulate production of the following hormone: There are various diseases that cause sharp increase of active oxygen, thus leading to cell membranes destruction. Antioxidants are used to prevent it from happening. The most potent natural antioxidant is: A woman has scalded her hand with boiling water. The affected area of her skin became red, swollen and painful. This effect is caused by accumulation of the following substance: A child with signs of rickets has been prescribed a certain liposoluble vitamin drug by pediatrician and dentist. This drug affects the metabolism of phosphorus and calcium in the body and facilitates calcium accumulation in bone tissue and dentine. If its content in the body is insufficient, there develop disruptions of ossification process, dental structure and occlusion. Name this drug: A patient is diagnosed with seborrheic dermatitis caused by vitamin H (biotin) deficiency. Observed is activity disruption of the following enzyme: Gastrin Secretin Cholecystokinin Somatostatin Neurotensin α-tocopherol Glucose Vitamin D Fatty acids Glycerol Histamine Lysine Thiamine Glutamine Asparagine Ergocalciferol Retinol acetate Tocopherol acetate Menadione (Vicasolum) Thyroidin Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Pyruvate decarboxylase Alcohol dehydrogenase Aminotranspheras es Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 539 540 541 542 543 A patient with chronic hepatitis complains of increased sensitivity to barbiturates that previously induced no symptoms of intoxication. What hepatic function is disrupted and primarily responsible for such reaction in this patient? Glucose content of blood keeps at sufficient level after one week of starvation. Is it caused by activation of the following process: Metabolic Bilification Hemodynamic Hemopoietic Phagocytic Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis Glycogenolysis Tricarboxylic acid cycle Glycogen phosphorolysis A 43-year-old woman complains of weight loss, hyperhidrosis, low-grade fever, increased irritability. She has been found to have hyperfunction of the sympathetic-adrenal system and basal metabolism. These disorders can be caused by hypersecretion of the following hormone: For several days a 55-year-old woman has been suffering from pain attacks in the right upper quadrant after eating fatty foods. Visually, there is yellowness of sclera and skin. The patient has acholic stool, beer-colored urine. What substance present in the patient’s urine causes its dark color? A patient with diabetes mellitus has been delivered to a hospital unconscious. BP is low, Kussmaul’s respiration is observed, the smell of acetone can be detected from the patient’s mouth. What mechanism is leading in the coma development in this case? Thyroxine Somatotropin Corticotropin Insulin Aldosterone Conjugated bilirubin Ketone bodies Unconjugated bilrubin Stercobilin Bilirubin glucuronides Accumulation of ketone bodies in blood Accumulation of potassium ions Accumulation of sodium ions Accumulation of chlorine ions 544 545 546 547 548 A 45-year-old woman has addressed a doctor with complaints of rapid mood swings, tearfulness, apathy. Antidepressants prescribed for her treatment are monoamine oxidase inhibitors. These drugs have a certain effect on catecholamines, which results in their medicinal action. Name this effect: A patient suffering from parkinsonism has been prescribed levodopa, which resulted in rapid improvement of the patient’s condition. What mechanism of action is characteristic of this drug? A 40-year-old woman suffering from diffuse toxic goiter presents with constant increase of her body temperature. What mechanism results in such clinical presentation? A 19-year-old young man has been examined in a nephrological hospital. Increased potassium content was detected in secondary urine of the patient. Such changes have been most likely caused by the increased secretion of the following hormone: Osteolaterism is charcterized by a decrease in collagen strength caused by significantly less intensive formation of cross-links in collagen fibrils. This phenomenon is caused by the low activity of the following enzyme: Increased concentration Increased deaminization Decreased concentration Neutralization activation Inhibition of back transfer Stimulation of dopamine synthesis Block of muscarinic receptors Stimulation of dopamine receptors Anticholinesteras e action Stimulation of muscarinic receptors Separation of oxidation and phosphorization in cell mitochondria Increased breakdown of glycogen in hepatic cells Increased catabolism of protein in Aldosterone Oxytocin Adrenalin Glucagon Testosterone Lysyl oxidase Monoamine oxidase Prolyl hydroxylase Lysyl hydroxylase Collagenase 549 550 551 552 553 554 Periodontitis induces development of lipid peroxidation in the periodontal tissues, as well as increase in malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentration in the oral cavity. Which of the following enzymes provides antioxidant protection? In the course of evolution there developed molecular mechanisms for correction of damaged DNA molecules. This process is called: Catalase Amylase Maltase Lactase Invertase Reparation Transcription Translation Replication Processing A patient with pituitary tumor complains of increased daily diuresis (polyuria). Glucose concentration in blood plasma equals 4,8 mmol/l. What hormone can be the cause of this, if its secretion is disturbed? Sulfanilamides are applied as antimicrobal agents in clinical practice. Sulfanilamide treatment, however, can result in hemolytic anemia development in patients that suffer from genetic defect of the following enzyme of pentose phosphate metabolism in erythrocytes: Under the influence of physical factors there can develop defects in a DNA molecule. Ultraviolet irradiation, for instance, can cause development of dimers.Dimers are two adjacent pyrimidine bases joined together. Name these bases: Ketoacidosis that develops due to accumulation of ketone bodies in blood serum is a primary complication of diabetes mellitus. What acid-base disbalance develops during this condition? Vasopressin Aldosterone Natriuretic hormone Insulin Angiotensin I Glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase Hexokinase Transketolase Transaldolase Pyruvate kinase Thymine and cytosine Adenine and thymine Guanine and cytosine Adenine and guanine Guanine and thymine Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis - 555 556 557 558 559 560 A 32-year-old patient has B2 hypovitaminosis. The specific symptoms such as epithelial, mucosal, skin and corneal lesions are the most likely to be caused by the deficiency of: During auscultation a 26-year-old patient was asked to breathe deep. After 10 breaths the patient lost consciousness, which is associated with the development of the following condition: A 40-year-old patient suffers from intolerance of dairy food products. This condition has likely developed due to insufficiency of the following digestive enzyme: A patient has been diagnosed with severe B12-deficient anemia with hemopoiesis. Anamnesis states total gastrectomy.What cells allow to confirm this diagnosis, if they are absent in the peripheral blood? Roentgenologically confirmed an obstruction of common bile duct that prevents bile from inflowing to the duodenum. What process is likely to be disturbed? A 13-year-old girl has been prescribed a certain drug for treatment of megaloblastic anemia. This drug stimulates a transfer from megaloblastic haemopoiesis to normoblastic, participates in synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases, activates proteine and methionine synthesis. What drug does the patient take? Flavin coenzymes Cytochrome a1 Cytochrome oxidase Cytochrome b Cytochrome c Respiratory alkalosis Carbon dioxide acidosis Erythropenia Polycythemia Reduced oxygen capacity of blood Lactase Lipase Maltase Invertase Amylase Megalocytes Microcytes Ovalocytes Normocytes Anulocytes Fat emulgation Protein absorption Carbohydrate hydrolysis Hydrochloric acid secretion in stomach Cyanocobalamin Ferric sulfate Haemostimulinu m Erythropoietin Rosehip tea 561 562 563 564 565 566 A 36-year-old patient underwent tooth extraction at a dental clinic. After two weeks the stratified squamous epithelium regenerated at the site of extraction. What organelles were involved in the restoration of the mucous membrane? A 40-year-old patient was revealed to have blood clotting time of 2 minutes under a stressful condition. It is primarily caused by the following hormon affecting hemocoagulation: Experimental studies revealed steroid hormones to have an effect on proteosynthesis. They influence synthesis of the following substances: Ribosomes Centrosomes Postlysosomes Smooth EPR Mitochondria Catecholamine Cortisol Aldosterone Somatotropin Vasopressin Specific messenger RNA Adenosine triphosphate Specific transferRNA Guanosine triphosphate Specific ribosomal RNA Calcification of dental tissues is significantly influenced by osteocalcin protein that can bind calcium ions due to the presence of the following modified amino acid residues in the polypeptide chain: A 2-year-old child presents with mental development retardation, intolerance of proteins, severe hyperammonemia against the background of low blood urea content. This condition is caused by the congenital deficiency of the following mitochondrial enzyme: A 28-year-old patient complains of frequent gingival hemorrhages. Blood test revealed the clotting factor II (prothrombin) deficiency.What phase of blood coagulation is impaired in this patient? γ-carbon glutamine Alanine γ-aminobutyric Carboxy aspargine δ-aminopropionic Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase Citrate synthase Succinate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase Monoamine oxidase Thrombin generation Vascular-platelet haemostasis - Fibrinolysis Clot retraction 567 568 569 570 571 572 Corticosteroid analogues induce breakdown of muscle proteins into free amino acids. Under such conditions these amino acids become involved with the following processes: Which of the named below is the substrate of activated Christmas factor that takes part in blood coagulation? Gluconeogenesis in liver Glycolysis in muscles Synthesis of higher fatty acids Glycogenolysis ecarboxylation Factor X Vitamin K Fibrinogen Fibrin Thrombin A 50-year-old man addressed a hospital with complaints of memory disorders, painful sensations along the nerve trunks, decreased mental ability, circulatory disorders and dyspepsia. Anamnesis states excessive alcohol consumption. What vitamin deficiency can result in such signs? Specify the type of jaundice, during which there is no direct bilirubin in blood, and urine urobilinogen level is high: Thiamine Niacin Retinol Calciferol Riboflavin Suprarenal Hepatic Subhepatic Mechanical - A 50-year-old man addressed a hospital with complaints of memory disorders, painful sensations along the nerve trunks, decreased mental ability, circulatory disorders and dyspepsia. Anamnesis states excessive alcohol consumption. What vitamin deficiency can result in such signs? Patients suffering from xeroderma pigmentosum have extremely photosensitive skin due to disrupted excision repair. Specify the process that is affected in such patients: Thiamine Niacin Retinol Calciferol Riboflavin Repair of DNA molecule Synthesis of iRNA Maturation of iRNA Synthesis of protein primary structure Intron extraction and exon connection 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 Significant amount of biogenic amines in body tissues can be subject to oxidative deaminization due to the action of the following enzyme: Monoamine oxidase Transaminase D-amino acid oxidase Isomerase L-amino acid dehydrogenase Mother had noticed her 5-year-old child’s urine to become dark in colour. Bile pigments in urine were not detected. The diagnosis of alkaptonuria was made. What pigment is deficient? Biogenic amines, such as histamine, serotonin, dopamine and others, are highly active substances affecting various physiological functions. What transformation process of amino acids results in biogenic amines being produced in somatic tissues? There are various diseases that cause sharp increase of active oxygen, leading to cell membranes destruction. Antioxidants are used to prevent it from happening. The most potent natural antioxidant is: In the process of metabolism human body produces active oxygen forms, including superoxide anion radical O2. This anion is inactivated by the following enzyme: A patient with liver cirrhosis has been given intravenously 500,0 ml of 5%glucose solution along with other drugs. There is a high risk of the following water-electrolytic balance disruption: A 34-year-old patient has low endurance of physical loads. At the same time skeletal muscles have increased concentration of glycogen. This is caused by the reduced activity of the following enzyme: Homogentisic acid oxidase Phenylalanine hydroxylase Tyrosinase Oxyphenylpyruva te oxidase Phenylpyruvate decarboxylase Decarboxylation Deamination Transamination Oxidation Reductive amination Alpha-tocopherol Glucose Vitamin D Fatty acids Glycerol Superoxide dismutase Catalase Peroxidase Glutathione peroxidase Glutathione reductase Hyposmolar hypohydration Hyperosmolar hypohydration Iso-osmolar hypohydration Hyposmolar dehydration Hyperosmolar dehydration Glycogen phosphorylase Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Phosphofructoki nase Glycogen synthase Glucose-6phosphatase 580 A patient has been prescribed pyridoxal phosphate. What processes are corrected with this drug? Transamination and decarboxylation of amino acids Breakdown of purine and pyrimidine bases Oxidative decarboxylation of keto acids Hyperglycemia Ketonemia 581 A patient at the early stage of diabetes mellitus was found to have polyuria. What is its cause? Hypocholesterol emia A 67-year-old patient has atherosclerosis of cardiac and cerebral vessels. Examination revealed hyperlipidemia. What class of blood plasma lipoproteids is most important in atherosclerosis pathogenesis? A patient is diagnosed with seborrheic dermatitis caused by vitamin H (biotin) deficiency. Observed is activity disruption of the following enzyme: Low-density lipoproteids Chylomicrons α-lipoproteids High-density lipoproteids - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Pyruvate decarboxylase Alcohol dehydrogenase Aminotranspheras es Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase A 12-year-old child is of short stature, has disproportionate body structure and mental retardation. These characteristics might be caused by the hyposecretion of the following hormone: As a result of treatment of viral RNA with nitrous acid, UCA triplet mutated to UGA triplet. What kind of mutation occurred? Thyroxine Insulin Cortisol Somatotropin Glucagon Transition Nucleotide deletion Missense Nucleotide insertion Inversion A 43-year-old female complains of weight loss, hyperhidrosis, low-grade fever, increased irritability. She has been found to have hyperfunction of the sympatheticadrenal system and basal metabolism. These disorders can be caused by hypersecretion of the following hormone: Thyroxine Somatotropin Corticotropin Insulin Aldosterone 582 583 584 585 586 Deaminization of amino acids Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases Hyperkaliemia Hypercholesterole mia 587 588 589 590 591 592 Tooth extraction in a patient with chronic persistent hepatitis was complicated by a prolonged bleeding. What is the cause of hemorrhagic syndrome? Decreased production of thrombin Increased production of thromboplastin Decreased production of fibrin Increased synthesis of fibrinogen Increased fibrinolysis A patient presented to a hospital with complaints about quick fatigability and significant muscle weakness. Examination revealed an autoimmune disease that causes functional disorder of receptors in the neuromuscular synapses. This will result in the disturbed activity of the following mediator: Osteolaterism is characterized by a decrease in collagen strength caused by much less intensive formation of cross-links in the collagen fibrils. This phenomenon is caused by hypoactivity of the following enzyme: An oncological patient had been administered methotrexate. With time target cells of the tumour lost sensitivity to this drug. At the same time the change in gene expression of the following enzyme is observed: Wilson’s disease is a disorder of copper transport which leads to the accumulation of this metal in brain and liver cells. It is associated with a disturbance in the synthesis of the following protein: A 26-year-old woman at 40 weeks’ gestation was admitted to the maternity ward. Examination revealed that the cervix was open, but uterine contractions were absent. The doctor gave her a hormonal drug to induce labor. Specify this drug: Acetylcholine Noradrenaline Dopamine Serotonin Glycine Lysyl oxidase Monoamino-oxidase Prolyl hydroxylase Lysyl hydroxylase Collagenase Dehydropholate reductase Thiaminase Deaminase Pholate oxidase Pholate decarboxylase Ceruloplasmin Metallothionein Transcobalamin Haptoglobin Siderophilin Oxytocin Hydrocortisone Estrone Testosterone ACTH 593 594 595 596 597 598 Ability to divide is characteristic of procariotic and eukaryotic cells. Procariotic cell division is different from that of eukaryotic, but there is one molecular process that is the basis of both types of division. Name this process. A9-month-old infant is on bottle feeding. Formula used in feeding has insufficient content of vitamin B6. The infant has seizures possibly caused by disruption in production of the following substance in the body: A patient with hypoparathyreosis has multiple carious lesions of teeth. This pathology is caused by insufficiency of the following hormone: DNA replication Transcription Reparation Translation Gene amplification Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) Serotonin Histamine Dopamine β-alanine Calcitonin Thyroxin Triiodothyronin e Thyroidstimulating hormone Somatotropin A patient has myocardial infarction. The first several hours of such medical condition will be characterized by significant increase of activity of the following enzyme in his blood serum: In some areas of South Africa many people have sickle cell disease characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal sickle shape due to the substitution of glutamic acid for valine in the hemoglobin molecule. What is the cause of this disease? A 36-year-old male patient has malabsorption of sodium ions from the intestinal lumen into blood. At the same time, absorption of the following substances REMAINS UNCHANGED: Creatine phosphokinase Lactate dehydrogenase4 Aspartate aminotransferas e Lactate dehydrogenase5 Alanineaminotransferase Gene mutation Disturbances of the mechanisms of genetic information transmission Crossing-over Genomic mutation Transduction Fats Carbohydrates Proteins Water Chlorides 599 600 A 32-year-old female has gingivitis accompanied by gingival hypoxia. At the same time, the level of the following metabolite of carbohydrate metabolism is greatly increased in periodontal tissues: An animal has been given a weak solution of hydrochloric acid introduced into the duodenum through a tube. Which hormone concentration will increase in the animal? Lactate Ribose-5-phosphate Glycogen Glucose-6phosphate NADPH Secretin Cholecystokinin (pancreozymin) Gastrin Glucagon Neurotensin