Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Ms. Areces 8th grade U.S. History Chapter 2 Guided Notes Section 1: Europeans Set Sail Viking Sailors Reach North America Vikings were the first Europeans to make contact with _____________________________________________ They came from _____________________________________________ Their longships enabled them to travel across the North Atlantic because of its unique design They ________________________ countries but also _________________________ with a lot of people Settled Iceland (_________________) and Greenland (_________________) _______________________________________ was travelling to Greenland when winds knocked him off course and he ended up in present-day Canada o He then traveled farther south to the island of _____________________________ and probably New England He settled in a coastal area he called ____________________________ o But they left after a few years because __________________________________________________________________ o And it was ____________________________ from other Viking settlements Prince Henry the Navigator Early 1400s: ______________________ became a ________________________ in world exploration Prince Henry ______________________ went on a voyage but helped advance Portugal’s exploration efforts o Built and founded a _________________________________________________ to teach better methods of sailing o He ___________________________________________________ by mapmakers and shipbuilders o He ______________________________________________________ to explore the west coast of Africa Started exploring the world because… o They wanted _________________________________________ Merchants on land had total control over the Asian products trade, so they wanted to find a sea route instead o _____________________________ wanted to convert more people to their faith o Europeans were __________________________________________________________________ Explorer _________________________________ wrote a book about his travels through Asia which interested people New technology helped in world exploration o ______________________________: a device that enabled navigators to learn their ship’s location by charting the position of the stars Portuguese made advances in shipbuilding (lighter, smaller, easier to steer) o _______________________________: used triangular sails that, unlike traditional square sails, allowed ships to sail against the wind o Rudders at the back of the ship improved steering A Sea Route to Asia By the 1400s: Portugal had _________________________________________, ___________________________________________________, and the __________________________________________ necessary for exploration But travel on the ocean seas was ________________________________ and ___________________________________ o Especially when they traveled south to Africa They set up trading posts along the way o Bartolomeu Dias founded the ________________________________________ in 1488 (the most southern tip of Africa) His men did want to continue on King Manuel of Portugal sent Vasco da Gama on an expedition to go ______________________ the Cape of Good Hope He left Lisbon, Portugal in July 1497 and arrived in India a year later o Portugal had won the _________________________________________________! Muslim traders met Vasco da Gama in the Indian port of Calicut o They even spoke __________________________________! Because they had been trading with Muslim and Italian merchants who knew the language Portugal’s explorations would have major results: o ____________________________________________________________ Portuguese traded for gold, ivory, and slaves Slave trade devastated African communities (increased warfare and broken families) Slaves were sent to Europe and the Atlantic islands o ____________________________________________________________ Other countries soon followed Section 2: Europeans Reach the Americas Columbus Sails across the Atlantic Sailor from Genoa who was convinced that he could reach ________________ by sailing west across the ______________________________________ He asks King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of _____________________ to pay for his expedition o It took him a few years to convince them o They wanted ________________________________ and to _________________________________ he explored to Spain Aug. 3, 1492: Columbus sets sail on the ___________________, ____________________, and _________________________________________ o 90 sailors and a year’s worth of supplies o Quick stop at Canary Islands and then they didn’t see land for over a month! Oct. 12, 1492: ___________________________________________________! They landed in the Bahamas, but thought they had reached ______________________ o Called the island San Salvador (“Holy Savior”) o He also visited the island he called Hispaniola where he met Taino people He called the islands the _________________________ thinking he was in India—and called the people _______________________________ Taino people lived in small farming communities o They were very “______________________________” to the Europeans o But the Europeans were only interested in the ___________________—not the people He collected ______________________________________ and ________________________ over three months and then went back to Spain He made _______________________ more voyages to the America o 1504, he became very sick and died two years later He died believing _____________________________________________ Columbus brought in a new era of _________________________________ between Europe and the Americas But it also created _________________________ between European countries o ______________________________ vs. _______________________________ 1493: Pope Alexander VI (from Spain) issued the ___________________________________________________, which was an imaginary line that divided the Atlantic Ocean o Spain got all the land west of the line The Portuguese king believed this was unfair to Portugal To prevent war, they signed the __________________________________________, which moved the Line of Demarcation 800 miles further west Other Explorers Sail to the Americas 1501: _______________________________ Vespucci led a Spanish fleet to modern-day South America o He did not believe this was Asia; he called it the “_________________________” o A German mapmaker called the new land America to honor Vespucci Europeans started calling the continents North America and South America Vasco Nuñez de Balboa was living in a Spanish settlement in present-day Panama o He heard stories of a big ocean on the west coast o ______________________: after battling thick jungle and deadly swamps, they reached a top of a mountain that showed them the _____________________________________________ 1519: Ferdinand Magellan from Portugal set out to sail around _______________________________________________ o After sailing around the southern tip, he continued across the Pacific even though his ships were low on food o They crossed the Pacific! o But Magellan was killed in the _________________________________ in a battle against native people o They continued to sail west into the Indian Ocean 1522: They reached Spain again with only _________________ of the original crew members o They were the first people to _________________________________________, or go all around, the world Their journey must have been about 40,000 miles European explorers brought animals and plants to the Americas and they also took plants and animals over to Europe, Asia, and Africa o This became known as the ____________________________________________ because it started with Columbus’s exploration Europeans found such plans as corn, potatoes, tobacco, and cocoa (highly valued in Europe) They introduced ____________________________, ________________________, and _______________________________ to the Americas o Natives started to use these animals for food and transportation o They also began to farm European grains like _____________________ and ____________________________ But the explorers also introduced ____________________________________________ to the Americas o And the Natives had no natural resistance to it so many died Eventually a trading network of raw materials, manufactured goods, and slaves develops between _______________________, __________________________, and the Americas Millions of enslaved ________________________________ were shipped to the Americas to work