Download European Contact

Contact
Exploring the Globe
Submitted by
C. Stephen Ingraham
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Label the following: Africa, Europe, Australia,
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Equator, International Date Line, South America, South Pole,
Tropic of Capricorn, Tropic of Cancer, North America,
Prime Meridian, Asia, and North Pole.
Social Studies Block # __ Name ________________________
Mr. Ingraham & Mr. McBride
Date ____________
Age of Exploration Table of Contents
1.The Age of Exploration Song
2.The Exploration Vocabulary
3. World Map
4. The Fall of Constantinople
5. Europeans look to the Atlantic
I. Age of Exploration Song Sung to Rainbow Brite
When the Ottoman Turks took Constantinople
It closed the world to trade
So Europeans look for all water routes
So their ships could continue to trade
Portugal’s Prince Henry had an idea where
The African continent you could go around there
Vasco Da Gama sails to India one day
For Spain’s Isabella & Ferdinand
westward Columbus sails away
He says the Caribbean San Salvador
Is just off the coast of Cathay.
But Amerigo Vespucci say’s he’s wrong
as he maps the Brazilian coast
and then Pedro Cabral comes along
saying undiscovered lands are in the way.
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I. Age of Exploration Song (continued)
Spain’s Ferdinand Magellan makes a voyage
and circumnavigates the world.
Then the English pirate Sir Francis Drake
also sails around the world.
The English want to claim a stake
So Henry VII sends John Cabot to take
a trip searching for passage make no mistake.
But let’s not forget the French
and the voyages of Jacques Cartier
exploring along the St. Lawrence River
For fur traders he leads the way.
Or missionary Father Jacques Marquette,
who travels with his Indian friends
down the Mississippi River
until he reaches its end.
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I. Age of Exploration Song
(continued)
Meanwhile the Spanish Conquistadors
explore the new found Mexican lands
Hernando Cortes conquers the Aztec
stealing gold from Motecuhzoma’s hands.
In South America Francisco Pizarro
causes the Inca Atahuallpa sorrow
breaking his promise to release him tomorrow
and this is how it ends.
Native Americans have no immunity
and die from European disease.
So African slaves are brought to the new world
to labor as the Europeans please.
The Columbian Exchange soon begins
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to benefit the Europeans
They export horses, sugarcane, and chicken
Importing squash, corn, bean, chocolate & tobacco smokin’
I. Age of Exploration Song (continued)
(Final Chorus)
The Age of Contact is the
African and American exploration
it involves all the Western European nations.
The Ages of Contact is the
African and Native American exploitation
it involves all the Western European nations.
By C. Stephen Ingraham
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I.
Exploration Vocabulary
caravel -a new ship design using square or lateen sails and
able to travel in heavy seas long distances.
circumnavigation - a journey completely around the world.
armada - a fleet of warships
plantations - huge farms growing sugarcane, pineapples, cotton,
tobacco or coffee.
triangle trade - the route slave merchants used from Europe to
Africa, to the Americas, and back to Europe
forming a triangle shaped journey.
middle passage - the second phase of triangle trade where
chained slaves are jammed into boats and
shipped from Africa across the Atlantic Ocean.
conquistadors - Spanish treasure seeking soldiers known as
“conquerors”.
immunity - resistance as to sickness or diseases.
Columbian exchange - the movement of people, animals, plants,
diseases, and ideas between Europe and the Americas.
I.
Exploration Vocabulary II
Olmec - The earliest Native Central Americans who farmed the
fertile river valleys along the coast of Gulf of Mexico.
Mayas -Native Central Americans who farmed the rainforests of
the Yucatan Peninsula.
Aztecs -Native Central Americans living on the Mexican plateau.
Their emperor was Motecuhzoma
Incas -Native South Americans living in the Andes Mountains.
Their emperor was Atahuallpa
Encomienda system - where Native Americans work for the
Spanish colonists and accept their religion in
exchange for food & fair treatment.
coureurs de bois - French trappers known as “runners of the
woods”.
Intercropping - The Native Americans growing of different crops
together. beans, squash, & maize (corn).
Terrace farming - building walled gardens in the mountains to
raise crops.
Reclaim - To clear jungle rainforest to farm the low coastal land.
I. Found, but Forgotten?
A. The Discoveries of New Lands (more than legend)
1. About 500 CE. An Irish Catholic monk named Brendan was
blown off course and sails to an unknown land across the
Western Sea. (Canada or U.S.?)
2. The Chinese told of Huishen, a Buddhist monk who also
about 500 CE.crosses Eastern Sea to find an undiscovered
land there. (California coast?)
3. The Viking Sagas tell of voyage Leif Ericson
who sails from Greenland in search of new lands to farm
about 1000 CE. He discovers a “new found land” and his
brother Thorvald tries to build a colony in “Vinland”.
Native peoples drive them off. (Canada)
4. Archaeologists have found evidence proving this
Greenlanders Saga as true. There was a Viking Settlement
in North America about 500 years before Columbus.
I. Europeans Explore the Globe 13- 3
A. The Fall of Constantinople
1. European countries wanted to break the Italian & Muslim
trade monopolies in the Mediterranean Sea
2. In 1453 the Ottoman Turks captured the city of
Constantinople.
3. The City-State of Venice tried to keep its chain of trading
posts along the eastern Mediterranean.
4. When Constantinople was closed to all merchants &
traders, Europeans were forced to look for new water
routes to trade directly with Asia to get the goods they
wanted.
I. European Explore the Globe 13- 3
B. European Look Toward The Atlantic
1. The Viking had discovered Greenland & Iceland crossin
the unknown Atlantic Ocean. A Saga told of Leif Ericson
discovering Newfoundland in Canada.
2. In Portugal shipbuilders built a stronger new type of ship
called a caravel, which used square or lateen sails. This
ship could travel in heavy seas long distances swiftly.
3. Europeans sailors now had: (because of trade)
a. Better Maps using longitude & latitude (Greeks)
b. The Astrolabe (Muslims)
c. the Compass (Chinese)
d. better ocean going ships (Portuguese)
I. European Explore the Globe 13- 3
C. Portugal and Spain Lead the Way
Portugal
1. Portugal a small European country wanted the wealth
trade with Asia would bring.
2. In 1419 Prince Henry the Navigator (not an explorer)
began a school for navigators. Using the best mapmakers,
scientists, and ship designers he began paying for
exploration of Africa’s Atlantic coast.
3. In 1488 Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of
Africa and sailed into the Indian Ocean.
4. In 1499 Vasco da Gama returned from India with a cargo
of spices and jewels.
5. The Portuguese quickly set up a network of trading posts
along the coasts of Africa and India.
Europe
Asia
Portugal
China
India
Africa
Portuguese Explorers
Bartholomeu Dias 1487-88 CE.
Vasco da Gama 1497-99 CE.
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
I. European Explore the Globe 13- 3
C. Portugal and Spain Lead the Way
Spain
1. An Italian Christopher Columbus meets with
King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella of Catholic Spain.
2. He promised them great wealth in trade and the
spreading of the Catholic Faith in Asia.
3. On August 3, 1492 Columbus set sail with three ships.
4. On October 12 he landed on the island of San Salvador
in the Caribbean Sea.
5. Columbus thought he had reached islands off of China.
Even though he makes three more voyages he never
realizes he has discovered new lands.
I. European Explore the Globe 13- 3
C. Portugal and Spain Lead the Way
Proving Columbus wrong
1. In 1501 Amerigo Vespucci another Italian sailing for
Portugal explores the coast of Brazil. His carefully drawn
maps indicate an unknown new world.
2. Spain and Portugal sign a treaty which divide up the
undiscovered world between them.
3. In 1519 Ferdinand Magellan leaves Spain with 5 ships
looking for a westward route to Asia.
4. Magellan rounds the tip of South America and sails into
the Pacific Ocean (which he names).
5. Although he dies in the Philippines, his sailors continue
their circumnavigation, or journey around the world.
(which Ferdinand Magellan is credited with)
I. European Explore the Globe 13- 3
D. English Exploration
1. The English King Henry VII paid for a voyage looking for a
Western trade route to China.
2. In 1497 and 1498 another Italian Sailor John Cabot sails
along the Northeastern coast of North America and claims
this land for England.
3. Henry VIII (son of Henry VII) did not support exploration,
but under his rule England become a Protestant country.
4. Queen Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII) provided money
to support sea captains such as Francis Drake,
John Hawkins, & Walter Raleigh, who were both explorers
and pirates. (attacking Spanish & Portuguese gold ships)
5. In 1588 the Spanish King Philip II assembled an Armada
of 130 warships to attacK England. The faster English
ships drove away the armada and a fierce storm destroyed
most of the surviving ships returning to Spain.
French Explorers Viking Explorer
Leif Ericson 1000 CE
English Explorer
England
North
Sea
Asia
John Cabot 1497 CE
North
America
Europe
Jacques Cartier 1530 CE
Portugal
France
Spain
China
Christopher Columbus 1492 CE
Pedro Cabral
1500 CE
Pacific
Ocean South
America
India
Africa
Atlantic
Ocean
Amerigo Vespucci
1501 CE
Portuguese Explorers
Ferdinand Magellan 1519 CE
Spanish Explorers
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Pacific
Ocean
Indian
Ocean
Australia
I. Africa & Europe 14- 1
B. Europeans In Africa
1. The Europeans arrival in Africa brought change:
a) the Portuguese established trading settlements.
Rulers of the African kingdom rented trading stations to
the Portuguese for part of the profits & a promise of
protection.
b) At first the Portuguese traded for spices, gold, and
ivory.
c) Later African leaders found it profitable to offer their
prisoners of war with other African tribes as slaves.
2. Across the Atlantic North & South American settlers needed
cheap labor for:
1. Mines
2. Huge farms called plantations
I. Africa & Europe 14- 1
C. The Slave Trade
1. Slavery was not new. Conquered people had been
enslaved by the Sumerians, the Egyptians, the Greeks,
Roman, and other ancient civilizations.
2. Many times these prisoners of war & criminals were
treated fairly and could gain their freedom someday.
3. This European Slavery was different because African
slaves were viewed as property:
a) Owned by a master for life
b) Families were separated
c) Children born to slaves were also slaves.
4. First Portugal and then other European countries began
the profitable trading in slaves.
5. African slave catchers went into the countryside and
capturing anyone they could to sell to the Europeans.
Triangle Trade
England
North
Sea
Asia
Europe
North
America
3
France
Spain
China
India
1
2
Pacific
Ocean South
America
Atlantic
Ocean
Africa
Indian
Ocean
Products carried by traders
1) Iron products, cloth, guns, & liquor
2) Middle Passage (Slaves)
3) tobacco, fur, lumber, & rice
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Pacific
Ocean
Australia
I. C. The Slave Trade (continued) Africa & Europe
1. Triangular Trade
a) First, traders sailed from Europe to Africa exchanging
iron, cloth, guns, and liquor for __________________.
b) Second, the traders’ ships sailed to the Americas where
the African slaves were sold for gold or the products from
the plantations who wanted the slaves. This was called
_____________ and conditions were horrible. More slaves
meant more money so the traders jammed the ship full of
slaves chained together.
c) Finally, the traders returned to Europe with goods from
the Americas to sell so they could buy more iron, cloth,
guns, and liquor and return to Africa for more slaves.
2. In 1807 The British Government put an end to the British
slave trade. Soon all European nation had stopped. Only
the United States continued until slavery was ended in
1865 by the _____________________.
I. Africa & Europe 14- 1
D. Effects of the Slave Trade
1. Twelve million African were enslaved in 300 years
2. Huge areas of Africa were depopulated:
a. At first all slaves were _______________ or criminals
b. Later nearby communities were raided for slaves.
c. Wars among the African tribes broke out and many
Africans died.
3. African trading kingdoms which had made huge profits in
the sale of slaves were left with nothing when the slave
trade ended.
4. In Europeans and Americans involved with the slave trade
had to act without _______ or ________. They thought of
themselves as superior beings and the African slaves as
somehow inferior. These feeling are ________________.
I.
Ancient Civilizations of the Americas
4- 3
A. Early Olmec Farmers (1500 BCE. - 300 BCE.)
1. The Olmec people settled on the Gulf of ________ along
________________ made fertile by seasonal flooding.
2. They _____________, or planted different crops together,
beans, squash, and maize (corn).
3. The Olmec hieroglyphic symbols stood for sounds.
4. They worshipped many gods of nature, most important
was the _______________, the cat god who sent the rain.
B. The Mayas (500 CE.- 900CE.)
1. The Mayas cleared the jungle rainforests of the ________
Peninsula and built over 100 city-states, but had no
central government.
2. The largest city, _____________, had a 100,000 people.
3. They worshipped 160 different gods in huge limestone
_________________________.
4. The Mayas had 2 calendars(one with 365 days), zero and
a base 20 number system, & a pictograph writing system.
I.
Civilizations in the Americas
10- 4
A. The Aztecs Build An Empire (1150 CE. - 1521 CE.)
1. The Aztec god Huitzilopochtli promise a homeland when
they saw an _________ fighting a _________ on a cactus.
2. They built their capital city, ___________________ on an
island in lake Texcoco ( in central Mexico).
3. To farm they built:
a) __________ - islands made of platforms of woven reeds.
b) reed houses on posts c) dikes & bridges
d) two brick aqueducts e) large palaces & flat top pyramids
4. The Empire grew to 5 million people and those conquered
paid tribute in gold, silver & cocao beans.
B. The Aztec Way of Life
1. The Aztec civilization borrowed both the Olmecs & Mayas.
They had an accurate calendar & hieroglyphic writing.
2. The Aztec (& Mayas) religion included _______ _______.
As many as 20,000 prisoners died each year so their
beating hearts could be given to their gods.
I.
Civilizations in the Americas
10- 4
A. The Inca Empire (1200 CE. - 1526 CE.)
1. The Inca Empire covered 2,500 miles along the ________
Mountains in South America.
2. Their capital city was Cuzco and connected all parts of the
empire together by a system of wide stone ___________ .
3. Conquered peoples were forced to follow the Incan way of
life. (speak the Incan language & have the same beliefs.)
4. The Empire grew to 9 million people.
5. They changed their environment using ________ ______,
cutting flat ledges into the hillside and edging them with
stone walls.
6. The Incas used ________ & fertilizer to grow beans, corn,
squash, tomatoes, & potatoes, which went to government
storehouses, but food was given to the army and anyone
who needed it, if they would help on Inca building projects.
.
Native Central & South American
Civilizations
Olmec homeland 1500 BCE.
Terrace Farming
building walled
gardens in the
mountains
0 - 655 feet above sea level
Maya homeland 500 BCE.
0 - 13,120 feet above sea level
Aztec homeland 1325 CE.
0 - 13,120 feet above sea level
Inca homeland 1200 CE.
1,600 - 20,000 feet above sea level
Reclaiming, or taking land, by
clearing land in the rain forests.
Farmers intercropped, or grew
Different crops together. They grew:
beans, squash, & maize (corn).
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I. A Time of Encounter 14- 2
A. Spain Builds An Empire
1. Columbus started colonies on islands in the Caribbean
Sea
2. Others followed looking for gold. The Spanish called these
treasure seeking soldiers conquerors, or “_____________”
3. In 1519 ___________________ began exploring Mexico
4. The Aztec emperor, Motecuhzoma, thought Cortes was
the god Quetzalcoatl. (a light skinned & bearded god)
Gifts of gold and jewelry only made the Spanish more
greedy.
5. The Spanish captured the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.
6. In 1526 another Spanish expedition led by ____________
____________________ explored South America.
7. The Inca Emperor, Atahuallpa met Pizarro and was taken
prisoner.
8. Pizarro agreed to exchange him for a room filled with gold,
but once he had the gold he killed the Inca Emperor.
I.B. Spanish Encounters
A Time of Encounter 14- 2
1. Within 100 years of Columbus Spain ruled the Southern United States,
Mexico, and all of South America, except Brazil, which Pedro Cabral
claimed for Portugal.
2. Gold, Silver, and precious stones from the Americas made Spain very
wealthy.
3. The _________________________________ the movement of people,
animals, plants, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the Americas
4. Indian food crops were introduced to Europe: corn, beans, squash,
peppers, avocados, peanuts, tomatoes, potatoes, and chocolate.
5. A non-crop also introduced to Europe was ______________________.
6. Spanish settlers brought to the Americas:
cattle, chickens, pigs, sheep, and the horse. Plus these crops:
chickpeas, sugarcane, and wheat.
7. However the Spanish brought diseases (Influenza, smallpox, &
measles). With no ___________________, or resistance to them many
Native Americans died.
8. The ________________ -Spanish colonists were supposed to teach the
Catholic faith and treat the Native Americas fairly, however most were
treated as slaves.
9. When more workers were needed they were replaced by African slaves.
I.C. French Encounters
A Time of Encounter 14- 2
1. In 1530 the North American French Explorer _____________
explored the St. Lawrence River and claimed what is now
Canada for France.
2. The Native Americans there were willing to trade animal furs
to the French trappers. There was a great demand for these
furs in Europe.
3. The French “_______________________”, or runners of the
woods became friendly with the Algonkin and Huron peoples.
4. French priest brought the Catholic Faith to the Native
Americans.
5. _______________________ explored the whole Mississippi
River and claimed the lands in drained for France.
I. People of the Age of Exploration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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12.
13.
14.
15.
___ Lief Ericson
___ Prince Henry the Navigator
___ Bartholomeu Dias
___ Vasco de Gama
___ Christopher Columbus
___ Amerigo Vespucci
___ Ferdinand Magellan
___ John Cabot
___ Hernando Cortes’
___ Motechzoma
___ Francisco Pizarro
___ Atahualla
___ Pedro Cabral
___ Jacques Cartier
___ Father Jacques Marquette
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
L.
m.
n.
o.
Emperor of the Aztecs
Traveled up the St. Lawrence River
Emperor of the Incas
Traveled down the Mississippi River
Viking who discovered
Newfoundland in Canada
Sailed to North America for the
English King Henry VII
Portuguese Leader that set up a
school seamen
Rounded the horn of Africa
Claimed Brazil for Portugal
Conquered the Incas
First to sail around Africa to India
Sailed for Portugal & claimed
Columbus discovered a new world
Conquered the Aztecs
Thought he had reached China
Credited with Sailing around the
world.
I.D. English Encounters
A Time of Encounter 14- 2
1. The English came to America to search for __________, and
discovered tobacco instead. At first the Native Americans
were friendly to the English settlers. They taught them to
grow corn, pumpkins, beans, and squash.
2. As more English colonists turned to farming and cleared the
land Native Americans were forced more westward.
3. The Iroquois League were tribes of Native Americans, who
were governed by a _____________, which was empowered
to declare war, control trade, and protect their members.
4. The colonists made treaties with the Iroquois and later would
copy their organization in our new nation’s first government
under a document called “__________________________”.
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Label the following:Africa, Europe, Australia, North Sea
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Equator, International Date Line, South America, South Pole,
Tropic of Capricorn, Pacific Ocean, North America,
Prime Meridian, Asia, Atlantic Ocean, North Pole,
Indian Ocean, and Tropic of Cancer