Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Wales in the Early Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Medieval technology wikipedia , lookup
European science in the Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Post-classical history wikipedia , lookup
Late Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
History of Christianity during the Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Early Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Christianity in the 11th century wikipedia , lookup
Post-Classical Era 500-1000 CE (Unit 3) [CHAPTER 17] Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe I EARLY MEDIEVAL W EUROPE (500-1000 CE) Background - “Middle Age” “Dark Age” - Early Medieval Europe time of recovery o Fall of Rome o Invasions - Political Disunity o No centralized authority o Local & regional rulers o No Germanic state possess military & economic resources to dominate others o Lack social & political organization to create centralized rule - Disengaged hemispheric trade & exchange o 900s after effective political authority & productive agricultural economy – trade Increase land under cultivation New tools & techniques o No large cities o No powerful industry - Christianity o Main basis of cultural unity & authority GERMANIC SUCCESSOR STATES Background - Late 400s Germanic invaders end Roman empire o 476 CE Germanic general Odoacer depose last W Roman emperor WRE did not immediately disappear Provincial governors continue rule Roman bureaucrats & tax collectors aid governors Roman generals continue army o 400s-700s continued invasions & conflicts o W Europe in shambles Declining population Invasions & conflicts over power disrupt trade & economy - Visigoths (Late 470s-Early 700s) o Conquer Spain o Survive until Muslim invasions in early 700s - Ostrogoths (400s-530s) o Dominate Italy o Justinian reassert imperial authority 530s - Lombards (Mid500s-Mid700s) o Byzantine departure of Italy leave power vacuum – Lombards take over o No centralized monarchy - Burgundians (Mid 400s o Gaul, S & E Europe - Franks (Mid 400s-early 800s) o N & W Europe o Temporarily restore imperial authority o Profound influence on dev. of W Europe o Did not participate in commercial world but drew on agricultural resources of Europe o Help develop decentralized political institutions that last over millennium o Firm alliance w/ W Christian church ensure Roman Christian cultural & religious primacy o Fall victim to internal power struggles - Angles & Saxons o From Germany & Denmark o Cross English Channel & dominate Britain as regional kingdoms - Late 800s new invasions o Muslims, Hungarian Magyars, Vikings - Return to local/regional authorities Impact of WRE - Germanic ppl replace authority & insitutions of WRE - Absorb much of Roman empire o Many convert to Christianity o Adapt Roman law 1 Post-Classical Era 500-1000 CE (Unit 3) [CHAPTER 17] Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe I FRANKS: MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY (Mid 400s – 751) Background - Little experience in govt. - Little exposure to Roman society - Since 200s ancestors live in Roman boundaries but few convert to Christianity - 200s develop group identity much later than other Germanic states - 400s strong military & political leader emerge Clovis (481-511 CE) - 486 Clovis wipe out last vestiges of Rome in Gaul - Franks become most powerful state in W Europe - Conversion o Franks rapid rise due to Clovis’ conversion Most Franks polytheists Many Germanic invaders settled and convert to Arian Christianity Both Rome & Constantinople condemn Arians as heretics Most Franks pagans before Clovis conversion to Roman Christianity Clovis’ conversion due to influence of Christian wife Clotilda o Political Implications of Conversion Attract allegiance of Christian population of former WRE Support from pope Alliance w/ church strengthen Franks Decline (Early 700s) - Clovis death o Frankish kings lose much authority o Aristocratic warriors seize control o Rule Frankish kingdom until early 700s FRANKS: CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY (751-987 CE) Background - Carolingians displace line of Clovis - Frankish aristocratic clan Charles Martel - “Charles the Hammer” - Founder of dynasty o Never serve as king of the Franks o Serve as deputy to last Clovis’s descendants - Military prowess - 732 Battle of Tours o Turned back Muslim army from recently conquered Spain by N African Muslims o Martel’s victory persuade Muslim rulers of Spain to cease further conquests in W Europe - 751 Charles’s son claim throne Charlemagne (768-814 CE) - Background o “Charles the Great” o Temporary reestablishment of central authority o Enormous energy – empire personal accomplishment o Barely literate but very intelligent o Capital at Aachen o Diplomatic relations w/ Byzantine & Abbasid - Imperial realm & Conquest o Most of France, Belgium, Netherlands, SW Germany, NE Spain, Bavaria, Italy o 32 yr military campaign to impose rule on Saxons of N Germany & repress rebellions o Rulers in E Europe & S Italy pay tribute - Politics o Constant travel Necessary due to lack of financial resources to maintain elaborate bureaucracy o Counts Relied on aristocratic deputies Hold local political, military, legal authority Sometimes ambition led to pursuit of policies contrary to imperial authority o Missi Domnici “envoys of the lord ruler” New group of imperial officials sent to keep check on counts Travel every year to all local jurisdictions to review accounts of local authorities - Coronation (800 CE) o Hesitate to call himself emperor 2 Post-Classical Era 500-1000 CE (Unit 3) [CHAPTER 17] Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe I Direct challenge to Byzantine authority Byzantine emperors saw themselves as sole legitimate successors of Roman empire 800 Pope Leo III proclaim Charlemagne emperor Coronation public recognition of Charlemagne’s accomplishments Decline - Internal Pressures o Louis the Pious (814-840 CE) Charlemagne’s only surviving son Lack strong will & military skills Lose control of counts & local officials Before Louis’s death 3 sons dispute over inheritance – bitter wars o 843 Louis 3 sons divide empire in roughly equal portions - External Pressures o Late 800s 3 groups of invaders pillage Frankish realm o Muslims (Mid 800s-Late 900s) S Europe, Mediterranean Seize Sicily, S Italy, S France o Magyars (Late 800s-Mid 900s) Descendants of nomads of C Asia settled in Hungary Expert horsemen – raid Germany, Italy, S France o Vikings (790s-900s) Background From Norway & Denmark Raids in N France during Charlemagne Most feared of all invaders Most merchants or migrants seeking land to cultivate Some use maritime skills for raiding & plunder Term originally from group raiding British Isles from home at Vik – later loosely used for all Norse mariners Causes of Norse Expansion Reflect pop. growth as result of agriculture in Scandinavia Possible lashing out against Christian missionaries o Principle cause – quest for wealth through trading & raiding Carolingian empire & neighbors Maritime Skills (600s-700s) Remarkable shipbuilding techniques & sea skills Rugged boats outfitted w/ sails – travel safely in open ocean Shallow draft boats cross heavy seas & also navigate internal rivers Coordinate ships’ movements and time attacks to advantage of tides Overseas Settlements Shetland Islands Faeroes Iceland Greenland 1000 CE colonies in Newfoundland, N America By 1500s cooling global climate – colonies disappear Viking Invasions 790s First Vikings attack unprotected monasteries Mount larger more daring raids Large scale of hundreds of fleets W Europe, Mediterranean, Constantinople Carolingian Response No navy No protection for vulnerable sites Defense rest on local forces to respond rapidly After 800s regional & local authority 3 Post-Classical Era 500-1000 CE (Unit 3) [CHAPTER 17] Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe I REGIONAL AUTHORITIES AFTER CAROLINGIANS Background - Fall of Carolingian empire - Regional kingdoms in response to Viking invasions England - Bore brunt of initial Viking attacks - Viking invasions prompt small kingdoms established by earlier Angles, Saxons & other Germanic ppl to merge into single larger realm - King Alfred (871-899 CE) o Expand base in S England to N held by Danish invaders o Built navy to challenge Vikings o Fortresses on land o Mid 900s successors establish themselves as kings of all England Germany - Carolingians unable to prevent Magyar invasions - Local lords take over - King Otto I of Saxony (936-973 CE) o Most successful lord in fighting the Magyars o 955 Magyar defeat end threat o Impose authority over all Germany o 2 armies into Italy to support papacy against Lombards o 962 Otto’s coronation as Holy Roman Emperor – imperial title last until 1800s o Kingdom rather than empire France - Effective local rule o Counts & official withdraw alliance to Carolingians or other central authorities o Vikings settle in N France – small independent states o 900s power of local authorities encourage decentralization o Establish stable political order & end invasions COMPLEXITY Feudalism - Political & social order of Medieval Europe - Local political & military elites use ad hoc ways to organize territory & maintain order in absence of central authority Social Hierarchy - King or emperor - Lords or Nobility o After Carolingian – decentralized society Protect lands Maintain public order in times of invasions/weak central authority Nominal allegiance to higher authority (most often Carolingian king descended from Louis the Pious) o Administration Became increasingly independent & enhance own authority Collect rents & fees Administer local affairs Decide legal disputes Mobilize armed forces o Military Built military/political relations w/ other prominent individuals in territory Drew on military talent starting later WRE and early Frankish kingdom Private armies by attracting retainers into service for land or money - Retainers o Serve lords as military officers o 800s-900s revive practice after fall of Carolingian empire o Grants by lords enable retainers to support family - more time for service rather than domestic tasks Usually grants parcels of land Right to income generated by mill Right to receive rents or payments from a village Payment of money Resources to maintain horses Expensive military equipment, armor, weapons o Exchange Loyalty, obedience, respect, counsel & military service 4 Post-Classical Era 500-1000 CE (Unit 3) [CHAPTER 17] Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe I o o Stronger Relations Rights over land Pass down land as inheritance o Growing power Land ownership make retainers responsible for organization of local public works, resolution of disputes, administer justice Increasingly lords & retainers merge into hereditary noble class o Complications Complex web of relationships between multiple lords & retainers Retainers w/ many retainers of their own may pursue own interests Tight control & monitoring of retainers necessary - Serfs & Slaves o Most of population in W Europe o Serfs - semi-free peasants o Slaves & serfs work on same agricultural tasks o Frequent intermarrying among serfs & slaves o Serf Rights Right to work certain lands Pass rights to heirs o Serf Obligations Labor services Males – 3 days/wk – additional labor during planting/harvesting Women – churn butter, make cheese, brew beer, spun thread, wove cloth, sewing, keep cattle Payment of rent Portion of harvest, livestock Delivered at specified times in a year Limitations Landlords provide land, tools & animals Little opportunity to move to different lands Move only w/ permission by lord Pay fees for right to marry a serf of a different lord Agriculture - Background o Economic activity slower than in other regions - - - Agriculture suffer due to invasions by Germanic ppl, Magyars, Muslims, Vikings o Decay of urban centers diminish industry o 900s begin economic recovery after political stability Rural Society o Agricultural surplus not sufficient to support cities o Medieval Europe mostly rural o Little commerce o Manors & local communities produce most manufactured goods o Towns sparsely populated Manors o Early middle ages serfdom encourage dev. of manors o By Carolingian, manors dominate France, W Germany, Low Countries, S England, N Italy o Manor principle form of agricultural org. Large estates Largely self-sufficient communities Limited industry & crafts Serfs bound to estates Lord of manor prominent political or military figure Provide govt. admin. police, justice Deputies maintain order, investigate, determine resolution Many lords right to execute serfs for serious crimes Technology o Agricultural tools of classical Mediterranean didn’t transfer well in heavy moist soils of N Europe o Heavy Plows After 700s iron plows w/ mouldboard turn soil to aerate thoroughly Break up root network of weeds Known as early as 100 CE but not used until Carolingian era More expensive & require energy to pull – hitched to oxen & draft horses – increased agriculture o Organized Public Works Clear new lands under direction of lords Construction of water mills – renewable source of inanimate energy – free humans/animals for other work o Special Horse Collar 5 Post-Classical Era 500-1000 CE (Unit 3) [CHAPTER 17] Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe I o Trade - - Rely less on slow-moving oxen Speedier horses – increase cultivated land New methods of crop rotation Cultivate land more intensively Trade did not entirely disappear Local markets & fairs for small scale exchange Mediterranean o Maritime trade flourish despite Muslim conquests in Medit. o Christian merchants of Italy & Spain regularly trade w. Muslims o 1000 CE end of early Medieval era food crops spread throughout Medit. Europe o W Europe not as prominent as E Europe Norse Merchant Mariners o Maritime trade flourish in N Sea and Baltic o Norse seafarers one of most active merchants of Medieval period o Back and forth between plunder & trade o Ports from Russia to Ireland o Travel through Russian rivers to Black Sea o Active trade w/ Byzantine & Abbasid o Brought silver from Abbasid & trade w/ Carolingians Principle source of bullion used for minting coins Crucial for W Europe CHRISTIANITY IN WESTERN EUROPE Background - Before Clovis o After fall of WRE, Christianity principal authority o N Europe (Gaul/Germany/British Isles/Scandinavia) attracted little converts o Some Germanic invaders convert to Arian Christianity - Clovis’s conversion o One of most important dev. in early middle ages was conversion of W Europe to Roman Catholicism o Franks, popes & monasteries play key roles in conversion o Inherit crucial elements of classical Roman society: Latin language & institution of church Politics of Conversion - Advantages of Clovis’s Conversion o Won support by church hierarchy o Support by Christian population of former Roman empire o Alliance w/ church give access to educated literate individuals for political service o Scribes, secretaries, record keepers come from ranks of churchmen – very few others educated - Franks & Church o Hallmark of Franks – deep commitment to Roman Christianity o Carolingians – Protectors of the Papacy Military campaigns to destroy Lombards who threatened popes & Rome since 500s Bring C & N Italy into empire Exchange for military & political support, Carolingians receive backing from popes and legitimate title to imperial throne Charlemagne spread Christianity in N Europe Spread of Christianity: Carolingians - Education o Charlemagne encourage Christianity through education o School at Aachen Most prominent scholars Correct texts Copies of Bible Copies of Latin literature Taught Christian doctrine Prepare careers as priests or church officials o Order monasteries to establish schools Advanced instruction available in large monasteries Prepare for priesthood of high ecclesiastical positions Some have libraries & scriptoria where monks copy classical literature & philosophy Latin literature survive due to copies made by medieval monks o Persuade village priests to teach for free in reading & writing – not successful o Increased literacy in Latin & popular understanding of doctrine o Explosion of writing - Military Expansion o Spread Christianity by force o 772-804 campaign against Saxons of N Germany – violent resistance Saxons eventually adopt Christianity o Paganism didn’t disappear Continue for several centuries 6 Post-Classical Era 500-1000 CE (Unit 3) [CHAPTER 17] Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe I Esp. in out of the way areas Scandinavia resist until 1000 - Christianity eventually won allegiance of W Europe Papacy in W Europe - Background o Papacy benefit from support by Franks and strong papal leadership o Papacy survive as spiritual authority after fall of WR o Cooperate w/ Byzantine church for 100 yrs o Late 500s popes act more independently & strengthen W Christian church w/ base at Rome o 1054 Great Schism – split between Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox church - Pope Gregory I (590-604 CE) o “Gregory the Great” o Most important figure in Roman church for sense of direction Strengthen church by extending its appeal in winning converts o Challenges Late 500s Lombards consolidate hold on Italy, menace Rome & church Organize local resources for defense against Lombards Bishops act independently of the pope – reassert papal primacy Bishop of Rome ultimate authority in Christian church o Theology Emphasize sacrament of penance – require confession of sins – atone for sins by penitential acts prescribed by priests Sacrament of penance increase influence of the Roman church o Missionaries Most effective missionaries were monks Gregory himself was a monk Most important missionary campaign was to Angles, Saxons & others in England Monasticism in WE - Background o Christian monasticism begin in Egypt 100-200 CE devout Christians seek ascetic holy lives in deserts of Egypt o 300s Monasticism become popular once Christianity becomes legal o - - - Early days monasteries develop own rules, procedures & priorities Some demand extremely strict lifestyles Some didn’t establish clear expectations – monks waste time and move from one monastery to another o Many forms of monasticism o Benedictine monasticism most prominent St. Benedict of Nursia (480-547 CE) o Strengthen early monastic movement o Provide discipline & sense of prpose o 529 Rule Rules for his monastery at Monte Cassino Did not permit extreme asceticism Require monks to take vows to lead communal celibate lives under absolute direction of the abbot Poverty, chastity & obedience prime virtues Spend time - prayer, meditation, work Monasteries throughout Europe adopt the Rule as standard code of conduct St. Scholastica (482-543 CE) o St. Benedict’s sister o Adapted the Rule to apply to religious life of women Cultural Dominance o After stability of Benedictine monasticism, monasteries become dominant feature of life o Social Services Provide order in countryside Serve as orphanage Medical treatment Set up schools Preserve Latin literature Talented individuals provide crucial admin. service for govt. Missions Preach Christianity Tend to spiritual needs of rural Offer only opportunity to participate in religious activity o Expand agricultural production Teams of monks & serfs clear forests, drain swamps, prepare land for cultivation Organize labor that expanding agriculture in medieval Europe o Accumulate large landholdings Authority over serfs in their lands 7 Post-Classical Era 500-1000 CE (Unit 3) [CHAPTER 17] Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe I Wealthy individuals contribute land to monasteries 8