Download 7.2 ISLAM EXPANDS

10.2 ISLAM EXPANDS
Mr. Marijanovich
10.2 Objectives
 Describe
how Muhammad’s
successors spread Islam.
 List conflicts within the Umayyad
state.
 Explain how rivalries split Islam.
Muhammad’s Successors Spread
Islam
Muhammad did not name a successor or
instruct Muslims how to name a successor
 Muslims followed tribal customs and
decided on…
 Abu-Bakr, Muhammad’s close friend

 First
caliph after Muhammad died
 Caliph means “successor”
Rightly Guided Caliphs

Four Rightly Guided
 Abu-Bakr
 Umar
 Uthman
 Ali
Used the Quran and Muhammad’s
example to lead
 Their rule was called a “caliphate”

TIME OUT #1 
TURN TO THE PERSON NEXT
TO YOU!
- TELL THEM THE DEFINITION OF
THE WORD “CALIPH”
- Where did the Caliphates get an example to
lead? Write it down here…
Rightly Guided cont.




Abu-Bakr pledged to uphold Muhammad’s
teachings
Many Muslims left the religion after his death
Others claimed to be prophets themselves
Abu-Bakr invoked “jihad”
“Jihad”= inner struggle against evil; striving; armed
struggle against unbelievers
 Abu-Bakr used this to expand the empire

EXPANSION



Under Abu-Bakr = all of Arabia
Under Umar = Syria and Lower Egypt
Under Uthman & Ali = Atlantic Ocean to Indus
River
EXPANSION cont.
Muslims saw success as a sign from
God to continue their mission
 Armies

 Expertly
trained
 Well disciplined

Persecuted people of the Byzantine and
Sassanid Empires welcomed invaders
 (This
helped Muslims succeed)
TREATMENT OF CONQUERED
PEOPLES

Non-Muslims in the Islamic empire were
allowed to follow their own religion
BUT THEY HAD TO
 Pay
a tax for not being Muslim
 Pay a tax to be exempt from the military

Jews and Christians in conquered lands were
not allowed to spread their faith, but could
be officials and scholars.
INTERNAL CONFLICT
Uthman was murdered
 Disagreement over who was to succeed
him:

 Ali
- cousin and son-in-law of the prophet
Or
 Muawiya - governor of Damascus

Ali won but was later murdered, and the
elective system died with him.
Move to Empires

The Umayyad family
took over after Ali’s
murder
Moved Muslim capital
to Damascus, Syria
 Centralized location
 Others felt it was too
far and wasteful


Division in the Muslim
community grew
Sunni-Shi’a Split
Some resisted Umayyad rule and believed
the leadership should be in the family of
the prophet = Shi’a (“party” of Ali)
 Those who went along with the Umayyad
= Sunni (followers of Muhammad’s
example)
 Sufi’s = rejected the luxurious life of the
Ummayads

 Pursued
faith
a life of poverty and devotion to
TIME OUT #2 

TURN TO A PARTNER TO DISCUSS AND
THEN WRITE DOWN:
DESCRIBE THE REASON WHY THE 3
DIFFERENT PARTIES SPLIT…
ABBASID DYNASTY
Umayyad’s were overthrown in 750
A.D.
 Taken over by Abbasid Dynasty

 Killed
all remaining Umayyads but one
escaped
 Set up the Umayyad Dynasty in Spain
 Spain
was previously conquered by the
Berbers of North Africa
ABBASID CASTLE IN BAGHDAD,
IRAQ
ABBASID DYNASTY (750-1258)
Capital = Baghdad, Iraq
 Easier to control empire and trade
routes
 Strong bureaucracy
 Income = they taxed land, imports and
exports, and non-Muslim’s wealth
 Too difficult to control the empire
 Smaller empires (e.g. Fatimid) arose

Fatimid Caliphate
It was an independent Muslim state
that sprang up during the Abbasid rule
 Formed by Shi’a Muslims who claimed
descent from Muhammad’s daughter
Fatima
 Began in North Africa and spread out
across the Red Sea to western Arabia
and Syria

Muslim Trade Network





Engaged in land and sea trade
Banks opened in many cities throughout the
empire
Single language and single currency made
trade easier
The word “check” and the concept of a check
was invented during this time. (from “sakks”)
Huge Muslim cities and trade gave birth to
achievements in the arts and sciences (Sec.
10.3)