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The English verb has 3 forms. the infinitive, the gerund & the participle The 3 verb forms are only used to link sentences. Right answer: not only that but also to shorten speech The infinitive is the base form of the verb + -ing. Right answer: It’s the base form of the verb without a personal pronoun-subject before it & with no ending. The infinitive is divided in 2 sub-forms: the full infinitive (with ‘to’) & the bare (without ‘to’). Where/ how is the bare infinitive used? Where/ how is the bare infinitive used? (cont’d) Where/ how is the full infinitive used? Verbs followed by a ‘to-infinitive’ agree arrange care decide fail want wish need urge beg claim pretend seem appear attempt tend seek cause dare hope manage enable empower promise tell encourage trust force compel expect choose hesitate ask demand instruct turn out oblige order prepare refuse require either immediately or in the structure: sb + to-infinitive Where/ how is the full infinitive used? (cont’d) The infinitive has time forms that show how it relates to the time/ tense of the main verb. Which are these time forms and how are they used? (a) These refer to a time point that is either the same as or later than that of the main verb. Which are these time forms and how are they used? (b) These refer to a time point that is earlier than that of the main verb. When the subject of the infinitive is the same as that of the main verb we have a same-person construction. And then the subject of the infinitive is not mentioned/ repeated. e.g. I want to go home. What happens when the subject of the infinitive is different from that of the main verb? e.g. I want Jim to go home/ I want him to go home When the subject of the infinitive is the object of the main verb, it’s already in the accusative case. But what do we do if it’s not? I held the door wide open for granny to come in. The gerund is formed by adding –ing to the bare infinitive. The gerund is a verb-noun & used as one. i.e. as a preposition complement, subject and object [after i) certain verbs, ii) certain expressions & iii) certain other expressions with the preposition ‘to’] i) Verbs followed by a gerund admit avoid appreciate anticipate carry on consider delay deny dislike despise detest discuss enjoy entail escape envisage excuse finish fancy foresee forgive give up hate imagine involve justify keep (on) love like loathe lose miss mind mention necessitate postpone put sth off quit risk recall recollect report resent resist save suggest set/ start sb spend stop sb tolerate understand waste ii) Expressions followed by a gerund be busy can’t stand can’t bear can’t help it’s no use/ good how/ what about it’s (not) worth what’s the use of what’s the point of there’s no point in/ it’s pointless feel like it’s a waste of there is no have difficulty/ trouble/ a hard time iii) Expressions with ‘to’ followed by a gerund be used/ accustomed to get used/ become accustomed to object to objection to look forward to in addition to prefer … to ... The gerund also has time forms that show how it relates to the time/ tense of the main verb. Which are these time forms and how are they used? (a) These (mainly) refer to a time point that is either the same as or later than that of the main verb. Which are these time forms and how are they used? (b) These refer to a time point that is earlier than that of the main verb although they are rarely used because: a) they are too formal & b) the order of actions is evident even with the simple forms. When the subject of the gerund is the same as that of the main verb we have a same-person construction. And then the subject of the gerund is not mentioned/ repeated. e.g. I enjoy walking in the rain. What happens when the subject of the gerund is different from that of the main verb? e.g. I object to Jim’s/ his – Jim/ him going home alone. Which is commoner, the possessive or the accusative case? e.g. His coming in late made it hard for us to go ahead as planned. There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (I). (I) Without meaning changes start/ begin (but no –ing if continuous themselves) continue/ bother intend/ propose There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (II). (II) Without meaning changes but depending on structure allow/ permit forbid advise/ recommend/ encourage + -ing when the –ing word is their object, + to –inf when there is a person-object & in the passive voice There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III.a). (III.a) With meaning changes remember/ forget/ regret/ be sorry stop/ go on be afraid/ dread There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III.b). (III.b) With meaning changes try mean verbs of like & dislike There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III.c). (III.c) With meaning changes teach/ learn need/ want/ require How many participle forms are there in English? Which are the two participle forms? How are the participles used? How can you shorten a subordinate clause using a participle? The participle also has time forms showing its relation to the time of the main verb. Which are these time forms and how are they used? (a) These refer to a time point that is either the same as or later than that of the main verb. Which are these time forms and how are they used? (b) These refer to a time point that is earlier than that of the main verb. Which are these time forms and how are they used? (c) This form replaces the other two passive forms for brevity. When the subject of the participle is the same as that of the main verb we have a same-person construction. And then the subject of the participle is not mentioned/ repeated. e.g. Coming in, she said ‘hello’ to all of us. What happens when the subject of the participle is different from that of the main verb? e.g. Jim being present, she couldn’t lie about it. Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive but with differences in meaning/ message (I). (I) Participle or Infinitive? motion see/ hear/ verbs: feel/ notice/ come/ go observe/ – take sb/ etc send sb have/ get Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive but with differences in meaning/ message (II). (II) Participle or Infinitive? find/ leave be What is the negative form of all the verb forms? What is an infinitive cut short? I’d love to join you but I’m afraid I won’t be able to.