Download Which are these time forms and how are they used? (b)

The English verb has 3 forms.
the infinitive, the gerund & the participle
The 3 verb forms are only used to link
sentences.
Right answer: not only that but also to
shorten speech
The infinitive is the base form of the verb
+ -ing.
Right answer: It’s the base form of the
verb without a personal pronoun-subject
before it & with no ending.
The infinitive is divided in 2 sub-forms: the full
infinitive (with ‘to’) & the bare (without ‘to’).
Where/ how is the bare infinitive
used?
Where/ how is the bare infinitive
used? (cont’d)
Where/ how is the full infinitive used?
Verbs followed by a ‘to-infinitive’
agree
arrange
care
decide
fail
want
wish
need
urge
beg
claim
pretend
seem
appear
attempt
tend
seek
cause
dare
hope
manage
enable
empower
promise
tell
encourage
trust
force
compel
expect
choose
hesitate
ask
demand
instruct
turn out
oblige
order
prepare
refuse
require
either immediately or in the structure: sb + to-infinitive
Where/ how is the full infinitive used?
(cont’d)
The infinitive has time forms that show
how it relates to the time/ tense of the
main verb.
Which are these time forms and how
are they used? (a)
These refer to a time point that is either the same
as or later than that of the main verb.
Which are these time forms and how
are they used? (b)
These refer to a time point that is earlier than
that of the main verb.
When the subject of the infinitive is the same as that
of the main verb we have a same-person construction.
And then the subject of the infinitive is not
mentioned/ repeated.
e.g. I want to go home.
What happens when the subject of the
infinitive is different from that of the
main verb?
e.g. I want Jim to go home/ I want him to go home
When the subject of the infinitive is the object of the
main verb, it’s already in the accusative case.
But what do we do if it’s not?
I held the door wide open for granny to come in.
The gerund is formed by adding –ing to the
bare infinitive.
The gerund is a verb-noun & used as
one.
i.e. as a preposition complement, subject
and object [after i) certain verbs, ii)
certain expressions & iii) certain other
expressions with the preposition ‘to’]
i) Verbs followed by a gerund
admit
avoid
appreciate
anticipate
carry on
consider
delay
deny
dislike
despise
detest
discuss
enjoy
entail
escape
envisage
excuse
finish
fancy
foresee
forgive
give up
hate
imagine
involve
justify
keep (on)
love
like
loathe
lose
miss
mind
mention
necessitate
postpone
put sth off
quit
risk
recall
recollect
report
resent
resist
save
suggest
set/ start sb
spend
stop sb
tolerate
understand
waste
ii) Expressions followed by a gerund
be busy
can’t stand
can’t bear
can’t help
it’s no use/ good
how/ what about
it’s (not) worth
what’s the use of
what’s the point of
there’s no point in/ it’s pointless
feel like
it’s a waste of
there is no
have difficulty/ trouble/ a hard
time
iii) Expressions with ‘to’ followed by a
gerund
be used/ accustomed to
get used/ become accustomed to
object to
objection to
look forward to
in addition to
prefer … to ...
The gerund also has time forms that show
how it relates to the time/ tense of the
main verb.
Which are these time forms and how
are they used? (a)
These (mainly) refer to a time point that is either
the same as or later than that of the main verb.
Which are these time forms and how
are they used? (b)
These refer to a time point that is earlier than that
of the main verb although they are rarely used
because: a) they are too formal & b) the order of
actions is evident even with the simple forms.
When the subject of the gerund is the same as that of
the main verb we have a same-person construction.
And then the subject of the gerund is not
mentioned/ repeated.
e.g. I enjoy walking in the rain.
What happens when the subject of the
gerund is different from that of the main
verb?
e.g. I object to Jim’s/ his – Jim/ him going home
alone.
Which is commoner, the possessive or
the accusative case?
e.g. His coming in late made it hard for us to go
ahead as planned.
There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can
be followed by either a gerund or an
infinitive (I).
(I) Without meaning changes
start/
begin
(but no –ing if
continuous
themselves)
continue/
bother
intend/
propose
There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can
be followed by either a gerund or an
infinitive (II).
(II) Without meaning changes but
depending on structure
allow/
permit
forbid
advise/
recommend/
encourage
+ -ing when the –ing word is their object,
+ to –inf when there is a person-object & in the
passive voice
There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can
be followed by either a gerund or an
infinitive (III.a).
(III.a) With meaning changes
remember/
forget/
regret/ be
sorry
stop/ go on
be afraid/
dread
There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can
be followed by either a gerund or an
infinitive (III.b).
(III.b) With meaning changes
try
mean
verbs of like
& dislike
There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can
be followed by either a gerund or an
infinitive (III.c).
(III.c) With meaning changes
teach/ learn
need/ want/
require
How many participle forms are there
in English?
Which are the two participle forms?
How are the participles used?
How can you shorten a subordinate
clause using a participle?
The participle also has time forms showing
its relation to the time of the main verb.
Which are these time forms and how
are they used? (a)
These refer to a time point that is either the same
as or later than that of the main verb.
Which are these time forms and how
are they used? (b)
These refer to a time point that is earlier than that
of the main verb.
Which are these time forms and how
are they used? (c)
This form replaces the other two passive forms for
brevity.
When the subject of the participle is the same as that
of the main verb we have a same-person construction.
And then the subject of the participle is not
mentioned/ repeated.
e.g. Coming in, she said ‘hello’ to all of us.
What happens when the subject of the
participle is different from that of the
main verb?
e.g. Jim being present, she couldn’t lie about it.
Some verbs are followed by a present
participle or an infinitive but with
differences in meaning/ message (I).
(I) Participle or Infinitive?
motion
see/ hear/
verbs:
feel/
notice/
come/ go
observe/ – take sb/
etc
send sb
have/
get
Some verbs are followed by a present
participle or an infinitive but with
differences in meaning/ message (II).
(II) Participle or Infinitive?
find/ leave
be
What is the negative form of all the
verb forms?
What is an infinitive cut short?
I’d love to join you but I’m afraid I won’t be
able to.