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The Crusades 4 CAUSES 4 DETAILS a c b 4 FIGURES d 4 EFFECTS The Crusades Followalong, and list 4 causes, 4 figures, 4 events & 4 effects. 4 CAUSES 4 DETAILS 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 4 FIGURES 4 EFFECTS 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 The Crusades 4 CAUSES a 1) Expansion of Islam Beginning in the 600s AD, the prophet Muhammad united much of Arabia behind a new religion called Islam. Followers of Islam are called Muslims. Because of trade networks, the religion of Islam spread beyond Arabia to the rest of the Middle East as well as parts of Asia, North Africa and Southern Europe. The Crusades 4 CAUSES a 2) Significance of Jerusalem The city of Jerusalem is of enormous importance to all three major monotheistic religions. Jews believe the city to be the capital of the land promised to them by God in the 1400s BC. Christians know it to be the city where Jesus ministered and was eventually crucified. And Muslims believe that Muhammad ascended to heaven from there. The Crusades 4 CAUSES a 3) Promise of Fortune One thing that was common in the minds of many of the first crusaders was the enormous wealth that existed on the way to the holy lands. The Byzantine Empire and parts of Asia Minor were said to be extremely wealthy. Looting and pillaging would become a common theme of the crusades. The Crusades 4 CAUSES a 4) Pope’s Calling Pope Urban called a meeting of church leaders and nobles in France at the Council of Clermont. Here, the pope discussed the need to aid the (Christian) Byzantine Empire as they were threatened by expanding Muslim powers in Eastern Europe. The pope also mentioned the Holy Lands being occupied by Muslims, and offered forgiveness of sins for those who would go to reclaim it. The Crusades 4 FIGURES b 1) Pope Urban II Pope Urban II was leader of Catholic Church from 10881099. There is much to his legacy, including expanding Catholic influence into Sicily. But his call for a crusade to retake the Holy Lands is the most prominent feature of his legacy. The Crusades 4 FIGURES b 2) Alexius I Alexius I ruled the Byzantine Empire from 19811118. This was the eastern half of the Roman Empire that thrived centuries after the fall of Rome. Alexius appealed to allies in the west such as the pope to come help fight the Muslim Turks who were threatening his territories. The Crusades 4 FIGURES b 3) Saladin Saladin stands above the rest as the greatest Muslim military leader of the crusades. He captured and united regions around the Holy Lands such as modern-day Syria and Palestine. He defeated Crusader armies (notably at the Battle of Hattin) and was highly respected by friends and enemies. The Crusades 4 FIGURES b 4) King Richard I King Richard of England was known as “Richard the Lionheart” and led the Third Crusade. He was of comparable status to Saladin. In fact, the two were both notable for their military excellence, bravery and chivalry and were said to have the highest respect for each other. The Crusades 4 DETAILS c 1 ) Re c o n q u i s t a Around the same time as Pope Urban II called the first crusade, Pope Alexander called for Christians to reclaim the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). This struggle went of for hundreds of years. The Reconquista and the Crusades became linked as a widespread struggle for all of Christendom. The Crusades 4 DETAILS c 2) Series of Crusades Although the pope called for the recapture of the Holy Lands in 1096, there were in fact at least seven separate crusades spanning over 150 years (into the mid 1200s). There were times when Christians reclaimed the city of Jerusalem and surrounding Palestine, and there were times when Muslim armies did. In the end, the region was controlled by Muslims, just as it had started. The Crusades 4 DETAILS c 3) Sieges of cities A notorious feature of these wars was the siege of cities. A siege is the process of starving out a fortified city or breaching its walls with siege towers and latters. This could last months or even years. Large sieges included Jerusalem (1099 and 1187) and the Crusaders taking the port city of Acre in the Third Crusade, which took two years. The Crusades 4 DETAILS c 4) Muslims Unite What ultimately led to the defeat of the Christian crusaders was the fact that the Muslim armies united behind Saladin and others. Unlike the European Christians, most of the Muslim defenders were local to the region and did not need to invest the same level of commitment to journey or go crusading to the holy lands. The Crusades 4 EFFECTS c A lasting effect of the Crusades is of course the negative legacy that it has left on the Catholic Church and Christianity in particular, and on religion in general. The pope offered salvation to men who were known to rape, kill and pillage in barbaric fashion. 1) Tainted Church History The Crusades 4 EFFECTS c 2) Death Toll It is difficult to find a precise death toll from the Crusades. Most estimates are just over or just under 1,000,000. These numbers include not only Christian Crusaders and Muslim defenders, but also civilians killed in massacres and in sieges of cities along the way. The Crusades 4 EFFECTS c 3) Religious Tension The Crusades naturally caused increased tension between not only Muslims and Christians, but also Jews. Many Jews (men, women and children) were killed in a massacre the first siege of Jerusalem. The need for revenge led to yet two more, small scale crusades in 1270 and 1271. The Crusades 4 EFFECTS c 4) Conflict to this day Today, the Holy Lands remain the subject of tension. Jews moved back into Palestine to establish the State of Israel after World War 2, pushing the mostly Muslim Palestinians to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Western ‘Christian’ nations largely supported Israel when they warred with six Arab nations in 1948, and many continue to be allied with Israel. The Crusades 4 CAUSES 4 DETAILS a c b 4 FIGURES d 4 EFFECTS