Download Chapter 10

Chapter 11
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Important Math Calculations
Calculation of NE = excess protein in g  6
Chapter Outline
I. The Water-Soluble Vitamins: Eight Bs and a C. *The water-soluble vitamins include the 8
B vitamins and vitamin C.
II. The B Vitamins
A. Thiamin. *Thiamin (vitamin B1) functions as the coenzyme thiamin
pyrophosphate (TPP) in energy metabolism.
1. Functions of thiamin (Figure 11.3)
2. Dietary recommendations for thiamin
3. Sources of thiamin (Figure 11.5)
4. Thiamin deficiency. *Thiamin deficiency results in the classic disease
beriberi. In industrialized countries, thiamin deficiency most often is
associated with alcoholism. There is no known danger of toxicity related to
high intakes of thiamin.
a. Beriberi
b. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
5. Thiamin toxicity
B. Riboflavin. *Riboflavin (vitamin B2) forms part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN,
which function in energy metabolism as hydrogen and electron carriers.
1. Functions of riboflavin
2. Dietary recommendations for riboflavin
3. Sources of riboflavin (Figure 11.8)
4. Riboflavin deficiency. *Ariboflavinosis (riboflavin deficiency) is
characterized by inflammation of the mouth and tongue.
5. Riboflavin toxicity
C. Niacin. *Niacin (vitamin B3) participates in energy metabolism as part of the
coenzymes NAD and NADP.
1. Functions of niacin
2. Dietary recommendations for niacin
3. Sources of niacin (Figure 11.12)
4. Niacin deficiency. *Niacin deficiency results in pellagra, a disease
characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.
5. Niacin toxicity and medicinal uses of niacin. Niacin supplements
containing more than the RDA should be taken only under medical
supervision.
D. Pantothenic acid. *Pantothenic acid is a part of coenzyme A, a critical player in
energy metabolism.
1. Functions of pantothenic acid
2. Dietary recommendations for pantothenic acid
3. Sources of pantothenic acid (Figure 11.16)
© 2014 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
4. Pantothenic acid deficiency
5. Pantothenic acid toxicity
E. Biotin. *The active coenzyme form of biotin is biocytin, which has an important
role in many reactions involving energy-yielding nutrients.
1. Functions of biotin
2. Dietary recommendations for biotin
3. Sources of biotin
4. Biotin deficiency. *Biotin deficiency is rare, but may be induced by
regularly consuming large quantities of raw egg whites.
5. Biotin toxicity
F. Vitamin B6. *The coenzyme form of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is called pyridoxal
phosphate (PLP); it participates in a variety of reactions, primarily involving amino
acid metabolism.
1. Functions of vitamin B6
a. Protein metabolism
b. Blood cell synthesis
c. Carbohydrate metabolism
d. Neurotransmitter synthesis
e. Vitamin B6, Folate, and Heart Disease
2. Dietary recommendations for vitamin B6
3. Sources of vitamin B6 (Figure 11.20)
4. Vitamin B6 deficiency
5. Vitamin B6 toxicity and medicinal uses of vitamin B6. *Megadoses of
vitamin B6 can cause permanent nerve damage.
G. Folate. *Folate and vitamin B12 work closely together in a number of metabolic
pathways including reactions in cell division and DNA synthesis.
1. Functions of folate
2. Dietary recommendations for folate. *Poor folate status is associated with
development of neural tube defects during pregnancy. Therefore, women of
childbearing age are advised to take in 400 micrograms of folic acid each
day from fortified foods or supplements in addition to other dietary folate.
3. Sources of folate (Figure 11.23)
4. Folate deficiency. *Deficiency of either folate or vitamin B12 will result in
megaloblastic anemia, but vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia) also
causes irreversible nerve damage.
a. Folate and heart disease
b. Megaloblastic anemia
c. Neural tube defects
d. Folate and cancer
5. Folate toxicity
H. Vitamin B12
1. Functions of vitamin B12
2. Absorption of vitamin B12 (Figure 11.28)
© 2014 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
3. Dietary recommendations for vitamin B12
4. Sources of vitamin B12 (Figure 11.29)
5. Vitamin B12 deficiency
a. Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency
b. Pernicious anemia
6. Vitamin B12 toxicity
Key terms: beriberi, thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), decarboxylation, glutathione peroxidase,
ariboflavinosis, glossitis, stomatitis, cheilosis, seborrheic dermatitis, tryptophan, niacin
equivalents (NE), biocytin, carboxylation, biotinidase, avidin, microcytic hypochromic
anemia, anemia, dietary folate equivalents (DEF), megaloblasts, megaloblastic anemia,
macrocytes, neural tube defect (NTD), spina bifida, anencephaly, myelin sheath, R-protein,
atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia
III. Vitamin C. *Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) functions in the synthesis of collagen and other
vital compounds, and also works as an antioxidant.
A. Functions of vitamin C
1. Collagen synthesis
2. Antioxidant activity
3. Iron absorption
4. Synthesis of vital cell compounds
5. Immune function
B. Dietary recommendations for vitamin C
C. Sources of vitamin C (Figure 11.31)
D. Vitamin C deficiency. *Vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy, which is
characterized by bleeding gums and small hemorrhages on the skin.
E. Vitamin C toxicity
Key terms: reducing agent, connective tissues, hemochromatosis
IV. Choline: Vitamin-Like Compounds. You can synthesize most, but probably not all of
the choline you need.
V. Conditional Nutrients
A. Carnitine
B. Inositol
C. Taurine
D. Lipoic acid
E. Bogus vitamins
What About Bobbie?
Bobbie’s intake of five water-soluble vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B12, and
C) is examined.
1. Would Bobbie benefit from a vitamin/mineral supplement? If so, which one would you
recommend and why?
© 2014 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
2. Which other B vitamin should be examined in Bobbie’s diet? Why? Is a vitamin
supplement of this B vitamin necessary?
Classroom Activities
ACTIVITY 1: IDENTIFY THE VITAMIN THAT MATCHES THE DEFICIENCY
OR THE TOXICITY
The following can be used as a worksheet or as a pre-quiz for the discussion of watersoluble vitamins. Students should match the deficiency or toxicity with the proper vitamin
that is responsible for the disease. Answers may be used more than once or not at all. Some
questions may have two answers.
a. riboflavin
e. thiamin
i. vitamin B12
b. niacin
f. pantothenic acid
c. vitamin C
g. biotin
d. folate
h. vitamin B6
1. ____ Beriberi is a disease marked by peripheral neurologic, cerebral, and cardiovascular
abnormalities. Early deficiency produces fatigue, poor memory, irritation, and sleep
disturbances.
2. _____ Ariboflavinosis is characterized by inflammation of the mouth and tongue.
3. _____ Pellagra, is a disease characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.
4. _____ Scurvy is characterized by bleeding gums and small hemorrhages on the skin.
5. ___ Deficiency of this vitamin can result in megaloblastic anemia, which is characterized
by excess amounts of megaloblasts, large immature red blood cells produced when
precursor cells fail to divide normally due to impaired DNA synthesis, in the blood.
6. ____ Excess amounts of this vitamin can cause diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nosebleeds,
and nausea.
7. ____ Toxicity of this vitamin can cause flushing of the face, arms, and chest; itching;
headaches; rash; nausea; glucose intolerance; and blurred vision.
8. ____ A deficiency of this vitamin can cause irreversible nerve damage.
9. ____ This vitamin does not cure the common cold, but has been speculated to decrease
the intensity and duration of the cold.
10. _____ Low intake of this vitamin can result in high homocysteine levels increasing the
risk for heart disease.
Answers: e; a; b; c; d and o; c; b; o; c; d, i, and h
© 2014 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
ACTIVITY 2: WHAT DOES TREVOR NEED TO KNOW ABOUT VITAMIN
SUPPLEMENTS?
This case study can be presented during the lesson on water-soluble vitamins. Students
should try to identify the misconceptions Trevor has about vitamin supplements and any
other fallacies presented.
Case Study
As a college student, Trevor is extremely stressed preparing for finals. He’s feeling tired
and run down, and so decides to buy a vitamin supplement to give him an energy boost. He
saw a commercial on television for Vibrant Vitamin that was advertised to boost energy and
decrease stress.
Trevor goes to a health food store because he knows that is the only place to buy a
reliable vitamin supplement. A salesman approaches Trevor and introduces himself as a
nutritionist. Trevor now feels much more assured that he will buy a high-quality supplement
because a professional is guiding him. Trevor mentions to the nutritionist that he saw an
advertisement on the television for Vibrant Vitamin. The nutritionist seems very pleased
with Trevor’s comments and takes him to the aisle where he sells Vibrant Vitamin.
As Trevor goes down the aisle, he notices that most of the vitamins are in the price
range from $8 to $35. Trevor hopes that his vitamin choice is in the lower price range as he
is on a college student’s budget. They come to the vitamin of his choice and he sees that it is
$28. The nutritionist states that this is one of the best vitamins because it is all natural and a
brand name supplement. He states that if Trevor buys the generic vitamins, he will receive a
lower quality product.
Trevor looks on the label and notices that the % Daily Value is over 500 percent for
vitamin A, vitamin D, folic acid, riboflavin, niacin, and many others. He is now assured that
he is getting adequate nutrients for his money. Trevor does ask the nutritionist if the %Daily
Value is too high. He states that there is no need to worry about the %Daily Value being too
high because any excess vitamins that Trevor consumes will be excreted in his urine. He
also emphasizes that it is better to take more vitamins than not enough. Trevor feels
confident about the product now that he has evaluated it. He decides to purchase Vibrant
Vitamin.
Misconceptions
1. Vitamins provide no direct energy (kcalories), but facilitate the metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2. Emotional stress does not increase the need for vitamins.
3. Health food stores are not the only place to buy vitamin supplements.
4. Just because the salesman introduced himself as a nutritionist, it does not mean that he is
an expert or a professional. A nutritionist does not necessarily have an education in
nutrition. Registered dietitians complete extensive schooling with a focus in nutrition, an
internship, and take a national exam.
5. Cost and brand name does not necessarily indicate the quality of a vitamin supplement.
© 2014 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
6. Trevor could try a children’s vitamin and pay less for the supplement.
7. As a rule of thumb, individuals should buy a supplement that has 150 percent or less of
the % Daily Value.
8. Water-soluble vitamins are excreted in the urine, however fat-soluble vitamins are not.
9. More is not necessarily better. Certain vitamins taken in excess can cause toxicity.
10. The body uses synthetic vitamins in the same way it uses natural vitamins.
ACTIVITY 3: NAME THAT VITAMIN
This activity works well with smaller classes and can make note taking on vitamins more
interesting. This game is implemented within the lesson. Students will divide into teams
(teams of 5–7 work best). When students hear the word “Name” within the lesson, they
know that the question being asked is worth 10 points. It is a good idea for the instructor to
ask a student to keep score. Students can raise their hand to answer the question and the
person can discuss the answer with their team for 5 seconds. If the team answers the
question right, they get 10 points and if they answer it wrong, they get –10 points. If the
first group gets the answer wrong, the question is in play until two more groups answer it.
After that, the question is dead. The teams with the most points win. At the discretion of the
instructor, a reward for winning can be bonus points, free questions on tests or quizzes, or
just simply that the team has won. Instructors should inform students prior to the lesson that
the game will be played so that it is an incentive to read the book and understand the
material on vitamins. Students should not be allowed to use their book during the game.
After each Name question, the instructor can give the notes on that particular
question and elaborate on the specific vitamin. This game can be a continuation of Chapter
9, Activity 3. Instructors may want to make more questions multiple choice depending on
the difficulty of the class. Questions that can be used in the Name game are the following:
NAME: What organ in the body readily removes and excretes excess water-soluble
vitamins?
ANSWER: kidneys
NAME: Name two of the best cooking methods for preserving water-soluble vitamins.
ANSWER: steaming, stir-frying, microwaving
NAME: What is the name of the thiamin deficiency that was discovered through changing
the diets of sailors to include more thiamin rich foods?
ANSWER: beriberi
NAME: Name one of the richest sources of thiamin in the American diet.
ANSWER: pork, wheat germ, enriched breakfast cereals
NAME: What vitamin is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN?
© 2014 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
ANSWER: riboflavin
NAME: Which of the following does thiamin play a role in?
a. citric acid cycle
b. beta-oxidation pathway
c. all of the above
ANSWER: c
NAME: True or False? Riboflavin is more stable than thiamin and resistant to heat.
ANSWER: True
NAME: This vitamin plays a key role in oxidation-reduction reactions and can be produced
by oxidizing nicotine from tobacco.
ANSWER: niacin
NAME: Name two of the most common food sources of preformed niacin in the United
States.
ANSWER: meat, poultry, fish, enriched and whole-grain breads and bread products, and
ready-to-eat cereals
NAME: What is another name for the niacin deficiency mal de la rosa?
ANSWER: pellagra
NAME: Name two out of the four Ds related to pellagra.
ANSWER: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death
NAME: What microorganism was used in identifying that pantothenic acid is needed in the
human body?
ANSWER: yeast
NAME: Pantothenic acid is a precursor to:
a. ketone bodies
b. vitamin A c. homocysteine
ANSWER: a
NAME: When proteins are digested a complex is released that contains lysine and which
vitamin?
ANSWER: biotin
NAME: If eaten raw over a long period of time, this food can cause a biotin deficiency.
ANSWER: raw eggs
NAME: Without an adequate supply of this vitamin, all amino acids become “essential.”
ANSWER: vitamin B6
NAME: Vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and ____ influence homocysteine blood levels.
ANSWER: folate
NAME: True or False? Megadoses of vitamin B6 can cause irreversible nerve damage.
© 2014 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
ANSWER: True
NAME: Adequate consumption of this vitamin can help decrease the risk of neural tube
defects if taken before and during the early stages of pregnancy.
ANSWER: folate
NAME: Folate works with what vitamin to perform a number of biochemical functions? A
deficiency of either one produces the same abnormalities in red blood cells.
ANSWER: vitamin B12
NAME: Where does most of the folate in the U.S. diet come from?
ANSWER: fortified, ready-to-eat cereals and various vegetables
NAME: Recent research suggests that folate has an important role in preventing what
disease in adults?
ANSWER: heart disease
NAME: What is the name of the disease that is characterized by excess amounts of
megaloblasts in the blood caused by deficiency of folate or vitamin B12?
ANSWER: megaloblastic anemia
NAME: For vitamin B12 to be absorbed in the small intestine, it must bind with what
substance produced by the parietal cells of the stomach?
ANSWER: intrinsic factor
NAME: Vitamin C enhances the absorption of what mineral?
ANSWER: iron (nonheme iron)
NAME: What is the name of the well-known vitamin C deficiency that is characterized by
gum and joint bleeding?
ANSWER: scurvy
© 2014 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company