Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Name……………………................................... A and B words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1) Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes 1 Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the body 2 Made up of a systolic and a diastolic component, with units either in kPa or mmHg 3 A type of drug that works by reducing the tendency of blood to form clots. Warfarin is an example of this type of drug Anticoagulant 4 Carried out around 15-17 weeks of pregnancy, with a risk of between 0.5 – 1% of causing a miscarriage, this is a technique used to sample cells from the foetus by inserting a needle into the fluid surrounding it Amniocentesis 54 Chest pain when heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen, due to narrowing of coronary arteries 65 Found in some vitamins, these protect against damage by reactive, unstable, radicals to cell components. They work by providing hydrogen atoms which stabilise the radical by pairing up with its unpaired electron. 7 Base in nucleic acids Adenine 8 A molecule in starch, with an un-branched chain of 200 -5000 glucose molecules Amylose 9 The disease process that leads to coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke 10 These open when atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure 11 A condition in which a defective gene prevents production of pigment in skin or hair Albinism 12 Movement of substances across a membrane against a concentration gradient Active transport 13 Deposit on arterial wall, mainly composed of cholesterol, which has not yet had a build up of calcium salts or fibrous tissue Atheroma 14 What heart muscle is forced to do when insufficient oxygen is available 15 Small airway ending in alveolus 16 Chamber of the heart 17 Body mass in kg divided by height in metres squared, gives this internationally accepted method of classifying people Body Mass Index / BMI 18 A bulge in an artery wall, due to narrowing of the lumen in front. If it ruptures, it could be fatal Aneurysm 19 One of the different forms of a particular gene Allele 20 Energy transfer molecule ATP AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth Aorta Blood Pressure Angina Antioxidants Atherosclerosis Atrio-ventricular valves Anaerobic respiration Bronchiole Atrium Name……………………................................... C and D words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1) Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes 1 Formed when two sugars have combined in a condensation reaction 2 Molecules that span the cell membrane. They have water-filled pores. They have a specific shape so only molecules / ions with matching shapes can pass. Some of the pores can be opened or closed 3 The channel protein that allows diffusion of chloride ions out of an epithelial cell in the lungs – when it is defective (due to a gene mutation) extra-sticky mucus forms and cystic fibrosis results CFTR 4 Blood vessels composed only of squamous epithelial cells and a basement membrane Capillaries 5 Hair-like extensions of the cell membrane in cells lining the airways, that help keep microbes / dust / particles out of the lungs 6 Diseases of the heart and circulation 7 Passive movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Diffusion 8 Ventricular relaxation / filling phase Diastole 9 Scientists look for links between various factors that might cause a disease and the incidence of the disease i.e. they look for a …………….. 10 Epidemiological studies may show a correlation between a factor and a disease but it does not prove that they are linked.... 11 Proteins within cell membranes that have specifically shaped binding sites for ions or molecules that are required to cross membranes 12 The opposite of hydrolysis Condensation (reaction) 13 Diffusion relies on this – if this becomes zero, net movement of substances by diffusion will stop. Concentration gradient 14 Every triplet code on DNA gives rise to a complementary one of these on mRNA 15 The 5 carbon sugar that makes up DNA (along with a phosphate group and an organic base) 16 One of the two main forms of cardiovascular disease, the other being stroke 17 One complete sequence of filling and pumping blood 18 Deposits of this on an artery wall is called an atheroma, but it is needed in formation of animal cell membranes 19 hydrogen bonding between water molecules is the result of the molecules ..... 20 Blue dye used to determine concentration of vitamin C in food and drink AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth Disaccharides Channel proteins Cilia Cardiovascular disease / CVD Correlation Causally / by causation Carrier proteins / carriers Codon Deoxyribose Coronary heart disease Cardiac cycle Cholesterol Dipole nature DCPIP Name……………………................................... E, F and G words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1) Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes 1 Name given to current model of the structure of the unit (cell) membrane Fluid mosaic (model) 2 Replacement of a faulty allele of a gene with a normal allele of the gene Gene therapy 3 One of the first steps (involving cells) in the course of events leading to atherosclerosis Endothelial damage 4 During blood clotting, insoluble fibrin protein is made from this soluble plasma protein 5 Transport across a cell membrane that is passive (requires no additional energy), moves substances down their concentration gradient (from high to low) and uses carrier protein molecules Facilitated diffusion 6 Sequence of triplet bases in DNA determining which amino acids are linked and in which order is known as this Genetic code 7 Used for bulk transport of substances out of the cell 8 Studies designed to determine health risk factors 9 Biological catalysts that can be immobilised for industrial use, thus allowing higher temperatures to be used for some reactions and / or the product to become less contaminated 10 These surfaces in mammalian lungs have large surface to volume ratios, are thin and have a high concentration difference across them Gas exchange 11 The characteristic caused by this, i.e. its observable effect, is the phenotype Genotype 12 A carbohydrate stored in the liver Glycogen 13 Factors that increase the risk of CVD include genetic, diet, age, high blood pressure and smoking. Another factor is ……… 14 A type of gene therapy that is not currently permitted in the UK as it could alter the genetic content of every cell in the body 15 An example of this: when DNA replicates, an incorrect base may slip into place 16 Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are two techniques used for this Embryo testing / genetic screening 17 These are formed when substrate molecules form temporary bonds with the amino acids of the active site Enzyme-substrate complexes 18 Synthesis of triglycerides involves the formation of these type of bonds between glycerol and three fatty acids Ester 19 A sequence of bases on a DNA molecule coding for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain Gene 20 Disaccharides contain these type of bonds AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth Fibrinogen Exocytosis Epidemiological Enzymes Gender Germ line therapy Gene mutation Glycosidic Name……………………................................... H, I, J and K words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1) Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes 1 Neurones send these 2 The ratio of these to another type of lipoprotein have a lot of significance for health (these are the ‘good guys’) 3 Units for blood pressure kPa / kiloPascals 4 This results when not enough blood gets to the brain Ischaemic stroke 5 Having different alleles for the same gene Heterozygous 6 Part of the course of events leading to atherosclerosis, involving white blood cells Inflammatory response 7 This occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain bursts 8 Having the same alleles for a particular gene Homozygous 9 Another term for high blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure is considered to be one of the most significant factors in the development of cardiovascular disease Hypertension 10 Unit for measuring energy Impulses HDL / high density lipoproteins Haemorrhagic stroke Joule The pressure exerted by a liquid. It will be the same as ‘blood 11 pressure’ in the vessels of the circulatory system. It is important in the formation of tissue fluid Hydrostatic pressure In carbohydrates, there are two parts of this for every oxygen molecule Hydrogen 13 The process that converts lactose into glucose and galactose Hydrolysis 12 14 A factor that is a risk factor for heart disease; the majority of adults in the UK claim that they lack the time to counteract this factor AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth Inactivity Name……………………................................... L, M, N and O words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1) Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes 1 The result of abnormal tissue fluid accumulation 2 A statement that assumes (for the sake of the argument) that there will be no difference between an experimental group and a control group and then testing this statement using statistical analysis Null hypothesis 3 Often calculated to help with risk assessment. It is essential that figures like this are accurate, dated, and specific with regard to country. Often the cause, such as a specific disease, is given. Mortality rates 4 Single sugar units such as glucose 5 A type of diffusion involving free water molecules moving through a partially permeable membrane 6 These carry more cholesterol than the other kind, so this affects their density. They are formed from saturated fats and can overload membrane receptors resulting in high levels of blood cholesterol Low-density lipoproteins 7 Missing bases, incorrect bases and swapped bases in DNA can all lead to this Mutation 8 Cystic fibrosis is an example of this, where the characteristic is controlled by only one gene. Thalassaemia is another example of this type of inheritance Monohybrid (inheritance) 9 Mendel investigated the colour and shape of peas produced by pea plants. The structure of something that includes its shape is known as its ……… Morphology 10 Gene therapy and genetic screening both raise ethical and …………….. Moral issues 11 Some animal groups have this system, in which the blood circulates in large, open spaces 12 The rate at which reactions in the body take place 13 Alternative term for heart attack 14 Product of anaerobic respiration that causes the pain of angina 15 Fats and oils 17 A disaccharide produced when amylase breaks down starch. Found in germinating seeds 18 Insoluble cholesterol is combined with proteins to form these soluble substances that can be transported in the blood 19 The eventual consequence of a positive energy balance Obesity 20 A disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose Lactose AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth Oedema Monosaccharides Osmosis Open circulatory (system) Metabolic rate Myocardial infarction Lactic acid Lipids Maltose Lipoproteins Name……………………................................... P, Q and R words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1) Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes 1 Found on the inner wall of an artery, this hard swelling reduces the elasticity of arteries. It causes arteries to narrow and can lead to an increase in blood pressure 2 Formed from many sugar units joined by condensation reactions Polysaccharides 3 The sequence of amino acids which determines the final (tertiary) shape of a protein Primary structure 4 Contains adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil 5 A soluble plasma protein that is converted into an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin in a series of cascade reactions……the end result being a blood clot Prothrombin 6 Essential for protein synthesis; ‘read’ mRNA. Sometimes free in the cytoplasm, sometimes linked to endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes 7 Things that increase the chance of a harmful outcome Risk factor 8 Primary, secondary, tertiary and sometimes quaternary structure describes these giant molecules 9 Term used to describe how DNA copies itself (also used for viral multiplication) Replication 10 Determined by the genotype Phenotype 11 There is a tendency to overestimate the risks of sudden imposed dangers where the consequences are severe, and underestimate a risk if it has an effect in the long-term, even if that effect is severe – this is described as the ……………of risk 12 Cystic fibrosis impairs the functioning of the gas exchange system, the digestive system and this system 13 Can be felt where an artery passes over a bone close to the skin 14 Cell fragments without a nucleus involved in formation of blood clots AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth Plaque RNA Proteins Perception (of risk) Reproductive system Pulse Platelets Name……………………................................... S and T words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1) Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes 1 Formation of a blood clot that may block an artery 2 Type of circulation found in fish, where the blood only flows through the heart once for each complete circuit of the body 3 Process that starts with mRNA codons and ends with linked chain of amino acids Translation 4 Contraction of the heart, forcing blood out at high pressure. May be used to describe just the contraction of the ventricles, unless qualified. Systole 5 Valves between ventricles and arteries leaving the heart 6 The complicated series of reactions that leads to clotting starts with the release of this substance that catalyses the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Thromboplastin 7 Symptoms of this include: sudden onset, numbness, dizziness, confusion, slurred speech and blurred or loss of vision Stroke 8 Process of making two molecules of DNA from one molecule of DNA 9 Epidemiologists often collect large amounts of data to look for correlations between factors that may cause disease. Large amounts of data are needed to ensure that any correlation found is this Statistically significant 10 Traditional device for measuring blood pressure Sphygmomanometer 11 Type of muscle in walls of some blood vessels 12 Formed by fluid forced out of capillaries Tissue fluid 13 Strand of DNA used to produce mRNA Template 14 Breaks down into glucose and fructose Sucrose 15 Type of very flat, epithelial cells found lining alveoli – otherwise called pavement epithelia 16 The genetic code is this type of code, whereby 3 bases code for one amino acid Triplet 17 Scientist who worked with Meselson on experiment which provided data to support the accepted theory of replication Stahl AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth Thrombosis Single Semi-lunar Semi-conservative replication Smooth Squamous Name……………………................................... U, V, W, X, Y and Z words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1) Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes 1 There is a tendency to do this with risks, if they have an effect in the long-term future, even if that effect is severe 2 Muscular chambers of the heart 3 Description of lipids with double bonds in their structure 4 Organic base found only in RNA 5 These can be water-soluble and fat-soluble. They are key components of a balanced diet 6 An ethical approach with no moral absolutes 7 Rate of diffusion, at gas exchange surfaces, is inversely proportional to this, as described by Fick’s Law Thickness of gas exchange surface 8 The mucus of cystic fibrosis sufferers is stickier than usual as it contains less of this substance Water 9 DNA is said to have done this when the two strands have unwound and the hydrogen bonds between the organic bases have broken 10 CVS stands for chorionic ……………….. sampling Villus 11 IVF stands for in …………….. fertilisation Vitro 12 Epidemiological studies that determine health factors must be designed to produce data that is reliable and .............. Valid 13 The major blood vessel carrying blood from the body to the heart 14 Contraction of the heart forcing blood out into the arteries 15 Small blood vessels that carry blood from capillaries towards the heart AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth Underestimate Ventricles Unsaturated Uracil Vitamins Utilitarianism Unzipped Vena cava Ventricular systole Venules