Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Gender Stratification Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender and Inequality • Gender–Personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female and male • Gender stratification–Unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women • Male-female biological differences Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender in a Global Perspective • Israeli kibbutzim – Gender equality is a stated goal. • Margaret Mead’s research – Culture is key to gender differences. • George Murdock’s research – Some global agreement about feminine and masculine tasks. • Gender and culture – What it means to be male or female is mostly a creation of society. Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 13.1 Men’s and Women’s Athletic Performance Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Patriarchy and Sexism A form of social organization in which males dominate females • Matriarchy–A form of social organization in which females dominate males • Sexism–Belief that one sex or the other is innately inferior or superior • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-IrhRSwF9U • Institutional sexism –Found throughout the economy • The costs of sexism –Sexism has a high price for both women and men. • Inevitability of patriarchy –Most sociologists believe gender is socially constructed and can be changed. Sociology, 13 Edition by John Macionis h Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Global Map 13.1 Women’s Power in Global Perspective Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender and Socialization • Gender roles (sex roles)–Attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CWMCt35oFY &feature=related • Gender affects how we think of ourselves and teaches us how to behave. • Research suggests that most young people develop personalities that are a mix of feminine and masculine traits. • How to “act like a man” Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. • http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/tony_porter_a_ Gender and the Family • Is it a boy or girl? – Color-coding gender • Traditional notions of gender identity • Handling of children – Female: passivity and emotion – Male: independence and action Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender and Peer Groups • Janet Lever (1978) – Boys favor team sports with complex rules and clear objectives. – Girls’ sports teach interpersonal skills and the value of sharing and cooperation. • Gilligan (1982) – Boys reason according to abstract principles. Girls consider morality a matter of responsibility to others. • Schooling – Gender shapes interests and beliefs, guides areas of study, and career choices. Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender and the Mass Media • White males have center stage. • Minorities locked out until the early 1970s. • Women receive roles based on sex appeal. (Photoshop) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YP31r70_QNM& feature=fvwrel • The “beauty myth”. Mona Lisa Smile (below) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1w9QYDmV3MU &feature=related • Media Influence • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMxtBL8lHbU&f Sociology, 13 Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. eature=related h Social Stratification • 60% of all women work and 72% of working women work full-time • Women hold primary responsibility for housework and parenting – the “second shift” • On average, women earn 78 cents for every dollar earned by men. • Some work defined as “men’s work” • “Pink-collar” are at the lower end of the pay scale. 9 to 5 (below) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWKwuZX 1tNo Sociology, 13 Edition by John Macionis h Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 13.1 Jobs with the Highest Concentrations of Women, 2007 Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 13.2 Housework: Who Does How Much? Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 13.2 Significant “Firsts” for Women in US Politics Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Education, Politics, and Military • Gender and education • In 2007 women earned 59% of all associate and bachelor degrees, 61% of master’s degrees and 50% of doctorates. • Politics • Nineteenth Amendment (1920) • Women active in local, state politics • Military • 14% of US military personnel are women, including deployed troops. Sociology, Edition by John Macionis • Culture influences our views of women in 13the military. h Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. National Map 13.1 Women in State Government across the United States Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Are Women a Minority? • At every class level, women have less income, wealth, education, and power than men. • Intersection theory–The interplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage. – Disadvantages linked to gender and race often combine to produce especially low social standing. • Multilayered system of disadvantage for some and privilege for others Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Violence Against Women • In the 19th century, men claimed the right to physically discipline their wives. • Sexual assaults, rapes, attempted rapes, and physical assaults • Campus and university gender violence • Much gender-linked violence occurs in the home. • Female genital mutilation Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Global Map 13.2 Female Genital Mutilation in Global Perspective Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Violence Against Men • Men are more likely to be both the perpetrators and victims of violence. • Our culture tends to define masculinity in terms of aggression and violence. • Men’s lives involve more stress and isolation than women’s lives. Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sexual Harassment Comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome. • Rules for workplace interaction • Causes of sexual harassment – Culture encourages men to be sexually assertive and perceive women in sexual terms. – Men occupy most positions of power. – By the “effect standard,” a hostile environment involves different perceptions of the same behavior. Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pornography • People take different views of what is and isn’t pornographic. • Concerns about pornography as a moral issue • The gender-stratification point of view considers pornography a power issue. • Concern that pornography promotes violence against women by portraying them as weak and undeserving of respect Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Applying Theory Gender Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Theoretical Analysis of Gender • Structural-functional analysis – Parsons: Gender forms a complementary set of roles that links men and women into family units – Modern societies relax traditional gender roles as they become more meritocratic • Symbolic-interaction analysis – Gender involves differences in behavior – Women are expected to be more deferential • Social-conflict analysis – Gender involves differences in power – Engels: Capitalism strengthens male domination. Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 13.3 Use of Contraception by Married Women of Childbearing Age Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feminism The advocacy of social equality for women and men, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism • Working to increase equality • Expansion of human choice • Eliminate gender stratification • Ending sexual violence • Promotes sexual freedom Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Feminism • Liberal feminism – Free to develop own talents and interests • Socialist feminism – Family form must change with some collective means of carrying out housework and childcare • Radical feminism – Seek an egalitarian, gender-free society • Opposition to feminism – Threat to male status and privilege – Resistance to feminism is strongest among women with lower levels of education Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Applying Theory Feminism Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 13.4 Opposition to Feminism among First-Year College Students, 1970-2008 The share of college students expressing antifeminist views declined after 1970. Men are still more likely than women to hold such attitudes. Source: Astin et al. (2002) and Pryor et al. (2008) Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.