Download Gender Stratification

Gender Stratification
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender and Inequality
• Gender–Personal traits and social
positions that members of a society
attach to being female and male
• Gender stratification–Unequal
distribution of wealth, power, and
privilege between men and women
• Male-female biological differences
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender in a Global
Perspective
• Israeli kibbutzim
– Gender equality is a stated goal.
• Margaret Mead’s research
– Culture is key to gender differences.
• George Murdock’s research
– Some global agreement about feminine and
masculine tasks.
• Gender and culture
– What it means to be male or female is mostly a
creation of society.
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 13.1
Men’s and Women’s Athletic Performance
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Patriarchy and Sexism
A form of social organization in which males dominate
females
• Matriarchy–A form of social organization in
which females dominate males
• Sexism–Belief that one sex or the other is
innately inferior or superior
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-IrhRSwF9U
• Institutional sexism
–Found throughout the economy
• The costs of sexism
–Sexism has a high price for both women and men.
• Inevitability of patriarchy
–Most sociologists believe gender is socially
constructed and can be changed.
Sociology, 13 Edition by John Macionis
h
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Global Map 13.1
Women’s Power in Global Perspective
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender and Socialization
• Gender roles (sex roles)–Attitudes and activities
that a society links to each sex
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CWMCt35oFY
&feature=related
• Gender affects how we think of ourselves and
teaches us how to behave.
• Research suggests that most young people
develop personalities that are a mix of feminine
and masculine traits.
• How to “act like a man”
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
• http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/tony_porter_a_
Gender and the Family
• Is it a boy or girl?
– Color-coding gender
• Traditional notions of gender identity
• Handling of children
– Female: passivity and emotion
– Male: independence and action
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender and Peer Groups
• Janet Lever (1978)
– Boys favor team sports with complex rules and
clear objectives.
– Girls’ sports teach interpersonal skills and the value
of sharing and cooperation.
• Gilligan (1982)
– Boys reason according to abstract principles. Girls
consider morality a matter of responsibility to
others.
• Schooling
– Gender shapes interests and beliefs, guides areas
of study, and career choices.
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender and the Mass Media
• White males have center stage.
• Minorities locked out until the early 1970s.
• Women receive roles based on sex appeal.
(Photoshop)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YP31r70_QNM&
feature=fvwrel
• The “beauty myth”. Mona Lisa Smile (below)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1w9QYDmV3MU
&feature=related
• Media Influence
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMxtBL8lHbU&f
Sociology, 13 Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
eature=related
h
Social Stratification
• 60% of all women work and 72% of working
women work full-time
• Women hold primary responsibility for
housework and parenting – the “second shift”
• On average, women earn 78 cents for every
dollar earned by men.
• Some work defined as “men’s work”
• “Pink-collar” are at the lower end of the pay
scale. 9 to 5 (below)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWKwuZX
1tNo
Sociology, 13 Edition by John Macionis
h
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Table 13.1
Jobs with the Highest Concentrations of Women, 2007
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 13.2
Housework: Who Does How Much?
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Table 13.2
Significant “Firsts” for Women in US Politics
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Education, Politics, and
Military
• Gender and education
• In 2007 women earned 59% of all associate and
bachelor degrees, 61% of master’s degrees and 50%
of doctorates.
• Politics
• Nineteenth Amendment (1920)
• Women active in local, state politics
• Military
• 14% of US military personnel are women, including
deployed troops.
Sociology,
Edition
by John Macionis
• Culture influences our views of women
in 13the
military.
h
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
National Map 13.1
Women in State Government across the United States
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Are Women a Minority?
• At every class level, women have less
income, wealth, education, and power
than men.
• Intersection theory–The interplay of race,
class, and gender, often resulting in
multiple dimensions of disadvantage.
– Disadvantages linked to gender and race
often combine to produce especially low
social standing.
• Multilayered system of disadvantage for
some and privilege for others
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Violence Against Women
• In the 19th century, men claimed the right to
physically discipline their wives.
• Sexual assaults, rapes, attempted rapes, and
physical assaults
• Campus and university gender violence
• Much gender-linked violence occurs in the
home.
• Female genital mutilation
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Global Map 13.2
Female Genital Mutilation in Global Perspective
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Violence Against Men
• Men are more likely to be both the
perpetrators and victims of violence.
• Our culture tends to define masculinity
in terms of aggression and violence.
• Men’s lives involve more stress and
isolation than women’s lives.
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sexual Harassment
Comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual
nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome.
• Rules for workplace interaction
• Causes of sexual harassment
– Culture encourages men to be sexually assertive
and perceive women in sexual terms.
– Men occupy most positions of power.
– By the “effect standard,” a hostile environment
involves different perceptions of the same
behavior.
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Pornography
• People take different views of what is and
isn’t pornographic.
• Concerns about pornography as a moral
issue
• The gender-stratification point of view
considers pornography a power issue.
• Concern that pornography promotes
violence against women by portraying them
as weak and undeserving of respect
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Applying Theory
Gender
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Theoretical Analysis of Gender
• Structural-functional analysis
– Parsons: Gender forms a complementary set of
roles that links men and women into family units
– Modern societies relax traditional gender roles
as they become more meritocratic
• Symbolic-interaction analysis
– Gender involves differences in behavior
– Women are expected to be more deferential
• Social-conflict analysis
– Gender involves differences in power
– Engels: Capitalism strengthens male domination.
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 13.3
Use of Contraception by Married
Women of Childbearing Age
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Feminism
The advocacy of social equality for women and men,
in opposition to patriarchy and sexism
• Working to increase equality
• Expansion of human choice
• Eliminate gender
stratification
• Ending sexual violence
• Promotes sexual freedom
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Feminism
• Liberal feminism
– Free to develop own talents and interests
• Socialist feminism
– Family form must change with some collective
means of carrying out housework and childcare
• Radical feminism
– Seek an egalitarian, gender-free society
• Opposition to feminism
– Threat to male status and privilege
– Resistance to feminism is strongest among women
with lower levels of education
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Applying Theory
Feminism
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 13.4
Opposition to Feminism among First-Year College Students, 1970-2008
The share of college students expressing antifeminist views declined after 1970. Men are still more likely than women to hold such attitudes.
Source: Astin et al. (2002) and Pryor et al. (2008)
Sociology, 13h Edition by John Macionis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.