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AP Psychology
Review Questions: Learning
Name ____________________________
Classical Conditioning
1. Why is classical conditioning also called associative learning?
2. In Pavlov's experiment, the food was the _______.
3. Little Albert's fear of white fur coats and Santa's to beard is specifically the result of ____________.
4. I ate ChecksMix and then got the flu and threw up. Now the thought of ChecksMix is enough to make
me feel sick. What would psychologists call this reaction?
5. Two practical jokers hit a cat whenever they flash a red light. Now the cat flinches when it sees the red
light. Name, in order, the N, UCS, UCR, CS, CR.
Operant Conditioning
1. Removing a desired stimulus is which type of operant conditioning?
2. Using food to gradually guide an animal's actions toward a desired goal, such as Skinner's work with
birds, is called ________
3. Putting on your seatbelt in the car stops the car from beeping. This is which type of operant
conditioning?
4. State Thorndike's law of effect
5. What is the type of reinforcement schedule used in playing the slots?
6. Once conditioning has occurred, which schedule of reinforcement is most effective in maintaining
reinforced behavior?
Other types of learning
1. When Kohler's chimps realized they could stack boxes to reach the bananas, which type of learning did
they demonstrate?
2. Which type of neurons fired when the kids in Bandura's bobo doll experiment observed adults hitting
the bobo doll?
3. Why did the mice in Tolman's experiment who had been exposed to the maze but not rewarded for
completing it (at first) begin to complete the maze at much quicker rates when they began to be
rewarded?
4. What is abstract learning?
5. What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Memory
1. Name the three stages in the memory process.
2. Which type of failure explains why we don't recall the details of a penny?
3. Name one of the two types of explicit memories.
4. What is the neural basis for long term memories?
5. What is the memory disorder characterized by an inability to form new memories?
6. Damage to which part of the brain causes the disorder referred to in #5?
7. Define the spacing effect (as related to memory).
8. What is memory?
Mumbo Jumbo
1. A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience is _________.
2. The initial stage in classical conditioning is called ____________.
3. What is spontaneous recovery (in classical conditioning)?
4. What type of operant conditioning is used in a token economy system?
Answers
Classical Conditioning
1. Subjects learn to associate two previously unrelated stimuli (the UCS and the NS/CS)
2. UCS
3. Generalization
4. Learned taste aversion
5. N = red light, UCS = hit, UCR = flinch, CS = red light, CR = flinch
Operant Conditioning
1. Negative punishment
2. Shaping
3. Negative reinforcement
4. Behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated.
5. Variable-ratio
6. Variable-ratio
Other types of learning
1. Insight learning
2. Mirror Neurons
3. Latent learning (they had made cognitive maps of the maze during the first trials)
4. Understanding concepts
5. Intrinsic = motivated by personal satisfaction; Extrinsic = motivated by external rewards/punishments
Memory
1. sensory, short-term, long-term
2. Encoding failure
3. Semantic, Episodic
4. Long-term potentiation
5. Anterograde amnesia
6. Hippocampus
7. Rehearsal that is distributed over time is more effective in storing long-term memories than cramming
at the last minute
8. The persistence of learning over time
Mumbo Jumbo
1. Learning
2. Acquisition
3. When a CR reoccurs after extinction has taken place.
4. Positive reinforcement