Download Answer the following questions, define key terms, and outline

Engineering 2 Course Review Guide for Midterm
Answer the following questions, define key terms, and outline processes. This guide is to help remind you of
important concepts that were covered during the course. This is not an all inclusive list; some material related to
these concepts can be covered on the midterm. Completing this review guide is just the one of the steps to
preparing for this comprehensive final. You should have already started reviewing old material. Please make sure
that you study the material and look over your chapter packets, chapter reviews, notes, flashcards and old quizzes
and exams.
What are the steps of the Scientific Process?
o Hypothesis
o What is the purpose of a Control Group?
o Dependent/Independent variables
Graphing—which variables go on which axes?
o When do you use a bar/line graph?
o What are the important parts of a proper graph?
What are the 7 characteristics of life?
What are the levels of biological organization?
What is the structure of an atom?
o electron, neutron, proton
o element
o ion
How do you draw an atom’s electron configuration?
What determines how an atom reacts? how many bonds it can form?
Chemical bonds—What are the different types? How strong are they? Provide examples of each type.
What makes up a chemical reaction? Be sure to know how to balance a chemical equation.
What are the properties of water? How are they important to life?
o Hydrogen bonding
o evaporative cooling
o Hydrophobic/hydrophilic o solution (aqueous)—solute; solvent
o cohesion
What determines the pH of a solution? (i.e. what is actually measured?)
o pH scale o neutral
o acid
o base
How does a buffer work? Why are buffers important to living organisms?
Effect of acid rain on the environment
Why are carbon atoms so versatile in making diverse macromolecules?
What are the major chemical functional groups and their characteristics?
Organic compounds vs. inorganic compounds?
What are the 4 major organic compounds?
For each type, what is/are the:
 monomeric units
 function
 basic structure of the molecule
 different types
What reaction links monomeric units together to form long chains?
What reaction breaks long chains of polymers apart into monomeric units?
Protein structure—primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
o basic structure of an amino acid/peptide bond
o What is responsible for the chemical property of an amino acid?
1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics
What are the different kinds of energy?
Energy coupling—exergonic/endergonic reactions
Describe the structure of ATP and ATP cycle. How is it used to transfer energy in the cell?
What is the function of an enzyme? How does it accomplish its function?
o Explain the “induced fit model” of how an enzyme works?
o substrate/active site/allosteric site
o competitive inhibition/allosteric inhibition
o environmental effects on rate of enzymatic reactions—temp., enzyme conc., pH
o feedback inhibition
Light microscope—how does it work? What can you see?
Electron microscopes—TEM, SEM—what are each used for?
What is the structure and function of the various organelles in the plant and animal cell?
o nucleus
o endoplasmic reticulum
o chloroplast
o chromatin
(smooth and rough)
o peroxisome
o chromosomes
o vesicles
o ribosome
o nucleolus
o vacuoles(central/contractile)
o lysosome
o Golgi apparatus
o mitochondria
Why are cells so small? (surface to volume ratio?)
What are the similarities/differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
What are the similarities/differences between plant cells and animal cells?
Describe the path a secretory protein takes from start to export from the cell.
Describe the fluid mosaic model for the plasma membrane.
Why is the plasma membrane said to be selectively permeable?
Discuss the different types of cell transport:
o diffusion
o active transport (Na+/K+ pump)
o osmosis
o endocytosis/exocytosis
o facilitated diffusion
o phagocytosis/pinocytosis/receptor mediated endocytosis
Explain the difference between isotonic/hypertonic/hypotonic solutions.
What happens to a plant cell/animal cell placed in each type of solution (isotonic/hypertonic/ hypotonic)?
Know how solutions can reach equilibrium. For example:
B
A
A solution of 1 M glucose and 1 M fructose is separated by a
selectively permeable membrane from a solution of 0.1 M glucose
and 1.5 M fructose. The membrane is permeable to both sugar
0.1
glucose
M glucose
0.2
MM
fructose
1 M 1glucose
molecules.
0.7
MM
sucrose
1.5
fructose
1 M fructose
 Initially, side A is ______________________ relative to side B.
 Describe how this system will reach equilibrium.
Selectively permeable
membrane
Describe the stages of mitosis? What is the end result?
Describe the cell cycle?
What gives the go-ahead signal for the G1, G2, and M checkpoints?
Density-dependent inhibition, anchorage-dependent inhibition
How do cells become cancerous?
Describe the stages of meiosis? What is the end result?
What is the purpose for the reduction of the chromosome number during meiosis?
Synapsis
Cytokinesis
Process when gametes join to form a zygote?
What feature of plant cell division distinguishes it from animal cell division?
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
How many chromosomes are found in a somatic cell?
How many chromosomes are found in a gamete?
Oogenesis/Spermatogenesis—what are these processes and where do they take place?
What aspects of reproduction increases genetic diversity?
Review Lab Activities: Review both procedures and results of the labs. Make sure you can explain why
the expected results make sense (background information to support).
 Characteristics of life Activity
 Acids/Bases lab
o Know how red/blue litmus paper and pH paper works.
o Be able to analyze results to determine pH of a solution.
 Antacid Lab
o Explain how a titration works.
o Explain how a buffer works.
 Testing for Macromolecules (Murder and a Meal)
o Benedict’s test, Biuret test, Sudan III test, and Lugol’s (Iodine) test
 How do they work?; What are they testing for?; What is a positive/negative result?
 Be able to analyze results to determine which macromolecules are present.
 Toothpickase Lab (Enzymatic Reaction Simulation)
o Effects of different environmental conditions on rate of enzymatic reaction
o Calculate rate of reaction from data given—what is the necessary equation?
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Cell Lab
o review use and parts of microscope and what cells observed looked like
o calculate total magnification of an image
o differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
o differences between plant and animal cells
Diffusion/Osmosis Lab
o How do you determine the solute concentration of a cell?
o What happens to cells placed in isotonic/hypotonic/hypertonic solutions?
o How do you calculate percent change in mass?
Kidney Dialysis Lab
o What materials diffused out? Why?
o What function does the kidney play in maintaining homeostasis?
o Compare/contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
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